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BibTeX entry
@Article{Lim:1994:RSA,
author = "Beng-Hong Lim and Anant Agarwal",
title = "Reactive synchronization algorithms for
multiprocessors",
journal = j-SIGPLAN,
volume = "29",
number = "11",
pages = "25--35",
month = nov,
year = "1994",
CODEN = "SINODQ",
ISSN = "0362-1340 (print), 1523-2867 (print), 1558-1160 (electronic)",
ISSN-L = "0362-1340",
bibdate = "Sun Dec 14 09:16:57 MST 2003",
bibsource = "http://portal.acm.org/; http://www.acm.org/pubs/toc/",
URL = "http://www.acm.org:80/pubs/citations/proceedings/asplos/195473/p25-lim/",
abstract = "Synchronization algorithms that are efficient across a
wide range of applications and operating conditions are
hard to design because their performance depends on
unpredictable run-time factors. The designer of a
synchronization algorithm has a choice of {\em
protocols\/} to use for implementing the
synchronization operation. For example, candidate
protocols for locks include test-and-set protocols and
queueing protocols. Frequently, the best choice of
protocols depends on the level of contention: previous
research has shown that test-and-set protocols for
locks outperform queueing protocols at low contention,
while the opposite is true at high contention. This
paper investigates reactive synchronization algorithms
that dynamically choose protocols in response to the
level of contention. We describe reactive algorithms
for spin locks and fetch-and-op that choose among
several shared-memory and message-passing protocols.
Dynamically choosing protocols presents a challenge: a
reactive algorithm needs to select and change protocols
efficiently, and has to allow for the possibility that
multiple processes may be executing different protocols
at the same time. We describe the notion of {\em
consensus objects\/} that the reactive algorithms use
to preserve correctness in the face of dynamic protocol
changes. Experimental measurements demonstrate that
reactive algorithms perform close to the {\em best\/}
static choice of protocols at all levels of contention.
Furthermore, with mixed levels of contention, reactive
algorithms outperform passive algorithms with fixed
protocols, provided that contention levels do not
change too frequently. Measurements of several parallel
applications show that reactive algorithms result in
modest performance gains for spin locks and significant
gains for fetch-and-op.",
acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
classification = "C5440 (Multiprocessing systems); C5640 (Protocols);
C6150N (Distributed systems software)",
conflocation = "San Jose, CA, USA; 4-7 Oct. 1994",
conftitle = "Sixth International Conference on Architectural
Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems
(ASPLOS-VI)",
corpsource = "Lab. for Comput. Sci., MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA",
keywords = "algorithms; consensus objects; contention levels;
correctness; design; dynamic protocol changes;
experimentation; fetch-and-op; measurement; message
passing; message-passing protocols; multiprocessors;
parallel applications; performance; protocols; reactive
synchronization algorithms; shared memory systems; spin
locks; standardization; static choice; synchronisation;
theory",
sponsororg = "ACM; IEEE Comput. Soc",
subject = "{\bf C.1.2} Computer Systems Organization, PROCESSOR
ARCHITECTURES, Multiple Data Stream Architectures
(Multiprocessors). {\bf D.4.1} Software, OPERATING
SYSTEMS, Process Management, Synchronization. {\bf
C.2.2} Computer Systems Organization,
COMPUTER-COMMUNICATION NETWORKS, Network Protocols.",
treatment = "P Practical",
}
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28(7)54-1,
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30(8)11,
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26(3)25,
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29(6)266,
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29(10)51,
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28(6)177,
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30(8)217,
30(11)146-1
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25(4)20,
25(6)9,
26(6)306,
30(3)94,
30(11)7,
30(11)41,
30(11)125,
30(11)146-1,
31(10)232,
31(10)232,
33(7)27
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6(4)77,
25(3)197,
25(4)20,
26(2)64,
26(6)338,
27(7)55,
27(9)223,
28(1)56,
28(6)227,
28(7)54-1,
28(7)169,
28(7)208,
28(7)218,
29(9)22,
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29(10)259,
29(11)51,
29(11)242,
29(12)87,
30(5)29,
31(1)36,
31(10)150,
32(5)320,
32(5)320-1,
32(8)239,
32(8)239,
33(11)252,
34(1)313,
34(1)348,
34(10)207,
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27(7)128,
27(7)200,
27(7)212,
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28(3)359,
28(6)26,
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32(10)162-1,
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30(6)79-1,
30(8)156
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28(1)84,
28(7)54,
28(7)54-1,
32(7)230
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28(7)64,
28(7)198,
30(6)196,
30(8)199,
33(5)258
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28(7)229,
29(6)36,
29(11)38,
29(11)86,
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30(3)71,
30(8)48,
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25(6)112,
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27(7)32,
27(7)44,
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27(7)212,
27(7)235,
27(7)273,
27(7)322,
27(12)20,
27(12)28,
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28(6)13,
28(7)23,
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29(6)13,
29(6)36,
29(6)206,
29(6)266,
29(6)337,
29(6)337-1,
29(6)349,
29(6)349-1,
29(8)46,
29(8)59,
29(11)183,
30(3)1,
30(3)62,
30(6)67,
30(6)246,
30(11)50,
30(11)79,
30(11)125,
30(11)134,
33(7)27,
34(4)17
- memory, shared-,
26(7)61,
26(7)106,
27(9)262,
28(3)353,
28(7)54-1,
28(7)187,
28(7)229,
28(12)1,
28(12)129,
28(12)129-1,
29(7)61,
29(11)12,
29(11)61,
29(11)286,
29(11)297,
30(6)205,
33(7)67
- message,
25(6)150,
25(10)116,
26(11)129,
27(9)285,
28(1)85,
28(3)69,
28(3)367,
28(6)126,
28(7)23,
28(7)218,
28(12)118,
29(6)121,
29(9)105,
29(10)1,
29(10)176,
29(11)2,
29(11)38,
29(11)51,
29(11)61,
29(11)297,
29(12)48,
30(6)93,
30(6)196,
30(7)41,
30(8)39,
30(8)189,
30(8)217,
30(11)79,
32(9)61,
32(9)61-1
- message-passing,
27(9)262,
28(7)54,
28(7)54-1,
29(11)61
- mixed,
26(10)83,
28(3)1,
34(11)12
- modest,
27(7)273,
28(11)13,
29(6)49,
29(11)219,
31(11)74
- multiprocessing,
28(7)198,
29(9)105,
29(11)12,
29(11)38,
29(11)51,
29(11)61,
29(11)196,
29(11)219,
29(11)242,
29(11)274,
29(11)286,
29(11)297,
29(11)308,
29(11)319,
29(11)328,
29(12)87,
30(6)196,
30(6)205,
30(6)258,
30(8)166,
30(8)199
- need,
24(3)34,
25(6)78,
25(6)189,
27(7)22,
27(10)452,
28(3)69,
28(6)207-1,
28(6)237,
28(8)90,
29(6)121,
29(6)278,
29(11)308,
30(3)111,
30(6)130,
30(6)174,
30(8)1,
30(11)117,
31(2)27,
31(3)5,
31(3)5-1,
31(3)6,
31(3)6-1,
31(3)8,
31(3)8-1,
32(1)115,
32(2)54,
32(3)57
- network,
25(7)11,
26(7)167,
27(7)22,
27(9)98,
27(9)111,
28(1)60,
28(7)218,
29(5)17-1,
29(8)101,
29(10)113,
29(11)2,
29(11)38,
29(11)51,
29(11)183,
29(11)286,
29(11)297,
30(6)79-1,
30(7)7,
30(8)207,
30(8)217,
30(10)358,
30(10)358-1,
30(11)79,
30(11)108,
30(11)134,
31(6)226,
31(9)160,
31(9)210,
31(9)222-1,
31(9)258,
32(5)320-1,
33(11)71,
33(11)92,
33(11)159,
33(11)193,
33(11)205,
34(1)86,
34(8)119,
34(8)163
- NETWORKS,
27(9)98,
27(9)111,
29(11)38,
29(11)51,
29(11)183,
29(11)286,
30(11)79,
30(11)108,
31(9)160,
31(9)174,
31(9)210,
31(9)258,
32(5)320-1,
32(5)334,
33(11)71,
33(11)92,
33(11)159,
33(11)193,
33(11)205
- notion,
25(6)234,
25(6)246,
25(6)311,
25(10)312,
27(6)54,
28(3)69,
29(4)31,
30(3)94
- outperform,
30(8)179
- passing,
26(11)129,
28(1)85,
28(7)218,
28(12)118,
29(5)31,
29(9)105,
29(11)2,
29(11)38,
29(11)51,
29(11)61,
29(11)297,
29(12)48,
30(3)13,
30(4)80,
30(8)39,
30(8)217
- passing, message-,
27(9)262,
28(7)54,
28(7)54-1,
29(11)61
- passive,
28(7)23,
29(9)105
- perform,
26(6)219,
27(7)12,
27(7)32,
27(7)82,
27(7)200,
28(6)156,
28(6)177,
28(6)237,
28(6)300,
28(8)90,
29(6)49,
29(6)206,
29(11)145,
29(11)158,
29(11)171,
29(11)319,
30(3)94,
30(6)151,
30(6)163-1,
30(6)186,
30(6)205,
30(8)48,
30(8)80-1,
30(8)123,
30(8)217,
30(11)7,
30(11)20-1
- preserve,
25(6)296,
27(7)200,
28(6)248,
29(6)73,
31(5)12,
33(10)134
- previous,
25(6)28,
25(6)322,
26(6)145,
27(7)44,
27(7)116,
27(9)85,
27(9)248,
28(3)69,
28(6)56,
28(7)129,
29(6)186,
29(6)278,
29(11)263,
30(3)1,
30(6)23,
30(6)47,
30(6)67,
30(6)93,
30(6)279,
30(6)301,
30(8)68,
30(8)102
- PROCESSOR,
25(6)28,
26(6)229,
27(7)94,
27(7)188-1,
27(9)76,
27(9)85,
27(9)111,
27(9)149,
27(9)162,
27(9)175,
27(9)213,
27(9)262,
27(9)274,
27(9)285,
28(6)68,
28(6)112,
28(6)258,
29(6)36,
29(11)38,
29(11)51,
29(11)61,
29(11)98,
29(11)196,
29(11)219,
29(11)232,
29(11)242,
29(11)252,
29(11)274,
30(6)79-1,
31(9)2-1,
31(9)12,
31(9)26,
31(9)37,
31(9)50,
31(9)210,
31(9)279,
32(5)183,
32(5)334,
33(11)58,
33(11)159,
33(11)170,
33(11)181,
33(11)283
- protocol,
25(10)194,
27(2)9,
27(9)149,
27(9)262,
29(8)35,
29(10)176,
29(10)388,
29(10)453,
29(11)38,
29(11)51,
29(11)208,
29(11)274,
29(11)286,
29(12)87,
30(10)285,
30(10)358,
30(10)358-1,
30(11)79,
30(11)108,
31(5)237,
32(5)320-1,
32(7)69,
32(7)80,
32(12)116,
33(11)71,
33(11)205,
34(7)73,
34(7)73-1
- provided,
25(1)52,
25(4)20,
25(6)102,
25(6)296,
27(7)1,
28(3)299,
28(3)363,
28(6)147,
28(6)156,
28(6)177,
28(7)54-1,
28(7)187,
28(7)229,
29(11)38,
29(11)183,
30(11)60,
30(11)117
- range,
25(6)272,
27(7)1,
27(7)300,
27(7)311,
27(9)238,
28(3)359,
28(6)46,
28(6)100,
28(6)268,
28(6)268-1,
29(6)196,
29(6)257,
29(6)257-1,
29(6)290,
29(10)191,
29(11)2,
29(11)86,
29(11)145,
29(11)242,
29(11)274,
29(11)297,
30(6)67,
30(6)79-1,
30(6)103,
30(6)151,
30(6)270,
30(11)79,
33(7)59
- reactive,
32(8)263,
33(5)345
- research,
26(1)14,
26(3)9,
27(5)z,
27(7)1,
28(6)156,
28(6)187,
28(9)26,
28(11)9,
28(11)9-1,
29(8)94,
29(11)145,
29(12)31,
29(12)78,
30(3)103,
30(6)270,
30(6)279,
30(8)39,
30(8)134,
30(11)20-1,
30(11)60,
30(11)146-1,
32(1)59,
32(1)92,
32(10)162-1,
34(4)16
- response,
23(1)17,
23(12)728,
23(12)728-1,
29(11)208,
30(11)41,
30(11)70,
34(2)46
- run-time,
25(4)20,
25(6)150,
26(6)145,
27(7)116,
27(7)224,
28(3)347,
28(6)13,
28(6)46,
28(7)139,
29(6)36,
29(6)61,
29(6)290,
29(6)313,
29(6)326,
29(9)135,
29(10)85,
29(11)110,
29(11)122,
30(6)79-1,
30(6)93,
30(6)218,
30(8)68,
30(8)102,
31(10)406,
31(11)49,
32(12)163,
33(5)224,
33(10)201,
34(3)146,
34(5)293,
34(5)293-1,
34(8)107
- same,
25(4)51,
25(6)85-1,
25(6)165,
27(7)1,
27(7)32,
27(7)44,
27(7)82,
27(7)235,
28(3)69,
28(3)367,
28(6)126,
28(6)237,
28(6)268,
28(7)208,
28(7)218,
28(7)239,
29(6)36,
29(6)196,
29(8)1,
29(11)61,
29(11)171,
29(11)286,
29(11)297,
30(3)35,
30(6)1,
30(6)13,
30(6)205,
30(8)68,
30(8)102,
30(8)179,
30(8)199,
31(5)108
- select,
29(11)252,
30(8)29,
30(8)80-1
- several,
25(4)20,
25(4)59,
25(6)9,
25(6)246,
25(6)283,
25(10)237,
27(7)68,
27(7)175,
27(7)212,
27(9)274,
28(3)1,
28(3)351,
28(6)90,
28(6)126,
28(6)207-1,
28(6)278,
28(7)112,
28(7)218,
29(6)73,
29(8)59,
29(11)12,
29(11)38,
29(11)76-1,
29(11)110,
29(11)242,
29(11)252,
30(3)23,
30(3)50,
30(3)62,
30(6)67,
30(6)116,
30(6)315,
30(8)1,
30(8)48,
30(8)80-1,
30(8)144,
30(8)179,
30(11)1,
30(11)79,
30(11)88,
30(11)146-1,
33(2)65,
33(7)51,
33(7)75,
33(7)83,
33(11)252,
33(11)295
- shared-memory,
26(7)61,
26(7)106,
27(9)262,
28(3)353,
28(7)54,
28(7)54-1,
28(7)73,
28(7)187,
28(7)229,
28(12)1,
28(12)129,
28(12)129-1,
29(7)61,
29(11)12,
29(11)61,
29(11)208,
29(11)286,
29(11)297,
30(6)205,
32(7)240,
33(7)67
- shown,
25(6)40,
25(6)174,
25(6)337,
26(6)219,
27(7)341,
27(9)248,
27(12)20,
28(6)156,
28(7)229,
29(6)36,
29(6)85,
29(6)97,
29(6)266,
29(11)145,
30(8)102
- significant,
17(9)18,
25(6)85-1,
26(4)28,
26(4)290,
27(7)55,
27(7)68,
27(7)273,
28(3)133,
28(3)149,
28(3)177,
28(3)209,
28(3)347,
28(4)58,
28(6)36,
28(6)187,
28(6)197,
28(7)64,
28(12)169,
29(6)36,
29(6)147,
29(6)206,
29(6)218,
29(6)349,
29(6)349-1,
29(8)35,
29(11)51,
29(11)183,
30(3)119,
30(6)79-1,
30(6)218,
30(6)315,
30(8)48,
30(11)125,
33(11)252
- spin,
27(7)116
- standardization,
25(1)59,
28(3)53,
28(3)97,
28(3)177,
28(3)201,
28(3)231,
28(3)347,
29(11)38,
29(11)51,
29(11)208,
29(11)286,
30(3)83,
30(11)79,
30(11)108,
32(5)109,
32(5)122,
32(5)183,
32(5)235,
32(5)320-1,
32(5)346-1,
33(5)174,
33(11)35,
33(11)58,
33(11)71,
33(11)159,
33(11)170,
33(11)205,
33(11)218,
33(11)262,
33(11)283,
34(3)68
- stream,
25(6)28,
26(4)2,
27(7)12,
27(7)68,
27(7)94,
27(7)188-1,
27(9)76,
27(9)85,
27(9)111,
27(9)149,
27(9)162,
27(9)175,
27(9)213,
27(9)262,
27(9)274,
27(9)285,
28(6)68,
28(6)112,
29(3)33,
29(11)38,
29(11)51,
29(11)61,
29(11)98,
29(11)196,
29(11)219,
29(11)232,
29(11)242,
29(11)252,
29(11)274,
30(8)11,
30(8)134,
31(9)2-1,
31(9)12,
31(9)26,
31(9)37,
31(9)50,
31(9)210,
31(9)279,
32(5)183,
32(5)334,
33(11)58,
33(11)170,
33(11)181,
34(1)261
- synchronisation,
28(6)112,
29(7)61,
29(12)87
- synchronization,
25(3)21,
25(3)89,
26(4)269,
26(7)106,
27(9)162,
27(9)223,
27(9)262,
28(6)100,
28(7)54-1,
28(7)64,
28(7)64-1,
28(7)73,
28(7)129,
28(7)159,
28(7)187,
28(7)187,
28(7)198,
28(7)229,
28(10)109,
29(7)61,
29(11)38,
29(11)61,
29(12)87,
30(6)196,
30(8)144,
30(8)166,
30(8)199,
30(11)50,
30(11)79,
31(6)157,
31(9)26,
32(5)71,
32(7)112,
32(7)112,
33(5)258,
33(11)58,
34(3)166,
34(10)35,
34(10)207
- time, run-,
25(4)20,
25(6)150,
26(6)145,
27(7)116,
27(7)224,
28(3)347,
28(6)13,
28(6)46,
29(6)36,
29(6)61,
29(6)290,
29(6)313,
29(6)326,
29(9)135,
29(10)85,
29(11)110,
29(11)122,
30(6)79-1,
30(6)93,
30(6)218,
30(8)68,
30(8)102,
31(10)406,
31(11)49,
32(12)163,
34(3)146,
34(5)293-1,
34(8)107
- too,
25(6)102,
25(6)112,
27(9)285,
29(11)208,
30(6)279,
33(7)27,
34(9)8-1
- true,
25(5)95,
25(6)209,
25(6)296,
26(1)121,
26(6)219,
28(3)97
- unpredictable,
30(6)218,
30(8)68,
30(11)125
- while,
25(4)51,
25(6)92,
25(6)174,
26(4)290,
27(7)1,
27(7)162,
27(7)273,
27(9)248,
28(3)361,
28(6)90,
28(6)177,
28(7)54-1,
29(6)36,
29(6)97,
29(6)186,
29(6)349,
29(6)349-1,
29(8)119,
29(11)38,
29(11)171,
29(11)308,
30(3)83,
30(3)111,
30(6)13,
30(6)23,
30(6)93,
30(6)130,
30(6)205,
30(6)258,
30(8)92,
30(11)1,
30(11)117,
30(11)125,
32(10)158,
32(10)158-1,
33(7)59
- wide,
27(7)1,
27(9)238,
28(3)357,
28(3)359,
28(3)363,
29(6)186,
29(6)196,
29(11)145,
29(11)297,
30(6)103,
30(11)79,
34(8)131,
34(12)37