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BibTeX entry
@Article{Patterson:1995:ASB,
author = "Jason R. C. Patterson",
title = "Accurate static branch prediction by value range
propagation",
journal = j-SIGPLAN,
volume = "30",
number = "6",
pages = "67--78",
month = jun,
year = "1995",
CODEN = "SINODQ",
ISSN = "0362-1340 (print), 1523-2867 (print), 1558-1160 (electronic)",
ISSN-L = "0362-1340",
bibdate = "Sun Dec 14 09:17:06 MST 2003",
bibsource = "http://portal.acm.org/;
http://www.acm.org/pubs/contents/proceedings/pldi/207110/index.html",
URL = "http://www.acm.org:80/pubs/citations/proceedings/pldi/207110/p67-patterson/",
abstract = "The ability to predict at compile time the likelihood
of a particular branch being taken provides valuable
information for several optimizations, including global
instruction scheduling, code layout, function inlining,
interprocedural register allocation and many high level
optimizations. Previous attempts at static branch
prediction have either used simple heuristics, which
can be quite inaccurate, or put the burden onto the
programmer by using execution profiling data or source
code hints.\par This paper presents a new approach to
static branch prediction called {\em value range
propagation\/}. This method tracks the weighted value
ranges of variables through a program, much like
constant propagation. These value ranges may be either
numeric of symbolic in nature. Branch prediction is
then performed by simply consulting the value range of
the appropriate variable. Heuristics are used as a
fallback for cases where the value range of the
variable cannot be determined statically. In the
process, {\em value range propagation\/}subsumes both
constant propagation and copy propagation.\par
Experimental results indicate that this approach
produces significantly more accurate predictions than
the best existing heuristic techniques. The {\em value
range propagation\/} method can be implemented over any
``factored'' dataflow representation with a static
single assignment property (such as SSA form or a
dependence flow graph where the variables have been
renamed to achieve single assignment). Experimental
results indicate that the technique maintains the
linear runtime behavior of constant propagation
experienced in practice.",
acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
affiliation = "Sch. of Comput. Sci., Queensland Univ. of Technol.,
Brisbane, Qld., Australia",
annote = "Published as part of the Proceedings of PLDI'95.",
classification = "C1140 (Probability and statistics); C6150C
(Compilers, interpreters and other processors); C6150G
(Diagnostic, testing, debugging and evaluating
systems); C6150N (Distributed systems software)",
keywords = "Accurate static branch prediction; algorithms; Branch
likelihood; Code layout; Compile time; Constant
propagation; Copy propagation; experimentation;
Factored dataflow representation; Function inlining;
Global instruction scheduling; Heuristics; High level
optimizations; Interprocedural register allocation;
Linear runtime behavior; Optimizations; performance;
Program; Static single assignment property; Value range
propagation; Weighted value variable ranges",
subject = "{\bf D.3.4} Software, PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES,
Processors, Optimization. {\bf F.3.3} Theory of
Computation, LOGICS AND MEANINGS OF PROGRAMS, Studies
of Program Constructs. {\bf D.3.4} Software,
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES, Processors, Compilers. {\bf
F.3.1} Theory of Computation, LOGICS AND MEANINGS OF
PROGRAMS, Specifying and Verifying and Reasoning about
Programs.",
thesaurus = "Optimising compilers; Probability; Processor
scheduling; System monitoring",
}
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30(8)144,
30(11)134,
32(5)273,
33(5)15,
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33(10)65,
34(1)336,
34(5)204
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25(6)28,
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31(5)68,
31(9)37,
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32(8)188
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25(6)85-1,
28(6)248,
28(6)300,
29(6)36,
29(6)85,
29(9)72,
29(11)232,
30(6)79-1,
30(6)186,
30(8)29,
30(8)134,
31(5)1,
31(7)12,
31(7)12-1,
32(5)134,
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25(1)59,
25(6)16,
25(6)78,
26(6)145,
26(6)219,
27(1)95,
27(7)44,
27(7)82,
27(7)106,
27(7)140,
27(7)152,
27(7)212,
27(7)235,
27(7)322,
27(9)274,
27(10)127,
28(3)1,
28(3)133,
28(3)357,
28(6)1,
28(6)26,
28(6)139-1,
28(6)217,
28(6)237,
28(6)258,
28(7)13,
28(7)54-1,
28(7)112,
28(7)179,
28(12)169,
29(6)36,
29(6)107,
29(6)135,
29(6)186,
29(6)196,
29(6)290,
29(6)349,
29(6)349-1,
29(8)74,
29(8)94,
29(10)373,
29(11)2,
29(11)132-1,
29(11)252,
30(6)1,
30(6)103,
30(6)116,
30(6)139,
30(6)270,
30(8)11,
30(8)29,
30(8)39,
30(8)48,
30(8)134,
30(8)144,
30(8)156,
30(11)41,
30(11)88,
30(11)134,
33(7)19
- inaccurate,
25(6)102,
33(7)19
- including,
25(4)59,
25(5)95,
25(6)337,
27(5)z,
27(7)68,
27(7)200,
27(7)322,
28(3)133,
28(3)231,
28(3)357,
28(6)36,
28(6)100,
28(6)187,
28(7)229,
29(6)36,
29(6)85,
29(6)171,
29(6)242,
29(6)242-1,
29(6)257,
29(6)257-1,
30(3)23,
30(6)174,
30(8)134,
30(8)156
- indicate,
28(6)56,
28(6)258,
29(6)349,
29(6)349-1,
29(11)38,
29(11)145,
30(4)13,
30(6)56,
30(6)186,
33(7)27
- inlining,
25(6)150,
27(12)39,
29(6)85,
31(5)193,
32(5)134,
32(8)99,
33(5)291,
33(7)75
- interprocedural,
25(6)28,
27(7)235,
28(5)3,
28(6)56,
28(6)90,
28(7)33,
29(4)41,
29(6)49,
29(6)230,
29(6)242,
29(6)242-1,
30(6)13,
30(6)23,
30(6)23-1,
30(6)258,
32(5)122,
32(5)146,
34(4)70,
34(8)37
- layout,
25(6)85,
25(6)85-1,
25(6)223,
25(10)237,
30(6)205,
30(6)279,
30(8)80-1,
30(8)166,
30(10)124,
34(5)1,
34(10)256
- like,
25(6)85-1,
25(10)237,
27(9)285,
28(3)351,
28(3)363,
29(6)196,
29(11)76-1,
30(6)246,
30(6)258
- likelihood,
25(6)53
- linear,
25(6)311,
26(1)47,
26(6)1,
26(9)255,
27(2)57,
27(4)55,
27(4)59,
27(7)162,
27(8)89,
27(9)285,
28(6)126,
28(7)83,
28(7)112,
28(7)187,
29(2)13,
29(6)107,
29(6)171,
29(6)206,
29(6)349,
29(6)349-1,
29(7)54,
29(9)38,
29(11)86,
30(1)45,
30(1)45,
30(3)62,
30(6)130,
30(6)139,
30(6)246,
30(6)279,
30(8)134,
30(8)144,
30(9)25,
30(11)1,
31(8)60,
31(12)80,
33(5)38,
34(11)52
- maintain,
28(7)102,
30(11)125,
33(7)75
- many,
25(1)59,
25(6)112,
25(6)137,
25(6)189,
25(6)283,
27(1)95,
27(5)z,
27(7)68,
27(7)82,
27(7)116,
27(7)188-1,
27(9)285,
28(3)69,
28(3)343,
28(3)345,
28(3)347,
28(6)100,
28(6)187,
28(6)237,
28(6)258,
28(6)300,
28(7)13,
28(7)33,
28(7)54-1,
29(6)1,
29(6)36,
29(6)49,
29(6)73,
29(6)85,
29(6)171,
29(6)206,
29(6)302,
29(8)94,
29(8)101,
29(11)145,
29(11)171,
29(11)196,
29(11)219,
29(11)252,
29(11)328,
30(3)13,
30(3)94,
30(3)119,
30(6)1,
30(6)103,
30(6)291,
30(8)68,
30(8)134,
30(8)217,
30(11)20-1,
30(11)134,
33(7)19,
33(7)27
- may,
25(6)85-1,
25(6)112,
25(6)246,
27(7)32,
27(7)44,
27(7)55,
27(7)212,
27(7)235,
27(7)273,
27(7)322,
27(12)20,
27(12)28,
28(3)361,
28(6)1,
28(6)13,
28(7)23,
28(7)83,
29(6)1,
29(6)13,
29(6)36,
29(6)206,
29(6)266,
29(6)337,
29(6)337-1,
29(6)349,
29(6)349-1,
29(8)46,
29(8)59,
29(11)25,
29(11)183,
30(3)1,
30(3)62,
30(6)246,
30(11)50,
30(11)79,
30(11)125,
30(11)134,
33(7)27,
34(4)17
- much,
25(6)85-1,
25(6)150,
27(7)44,
27(7)82,
27(7)152,
27(9)248,
27(9)285,
28(3)97,
28(3)349,
28(3)351,
28(7)54-1,
28(8)90,
29(6)49,
29(6)230,
29(8)35,
29(11)2,
29(11)145,
29(11)171,
29(11)308,
29(11)328,
30(3)94,
30(6)116,
30(6)205,
33(7)59
- nature,
28(3)149,
30(3)94,
30(11)31,
32(3)21
- numeric,
28(3)359,
28(6)227,
32(11)17
- onto,
25(6)257,
27(9)213,
28(6)126,
29(6)107,
30(8)134
- particular,
25(6)102,
25(6)246,
27(7)82,
27(7)116,
28(6)90,
28(7)23,
29(6)121,
29(8)46,
30(3)71,
30(3)111,
30(6)291,
30(6)301,
30(8)58,
30(11)20-1,
30(11)79,
30(11)134
- performed,
25(6)272,
27(7)1,
27(7)32,
27(7)116,
27(7)188-1,
28(3)299,
28(6)1,
28(6)26,
28(6)68,
28(6)78-1,
28(6)207-1,
28(7)239,
29(6)49,
30(3)13,
30(8)68,
30(11)20-1
- PLDI'95.,
30(6)1,
30(6)13,
30(6)23,
30(6)32,
30(6)47,
30(6)56,
30(6)79-1,
30(6)93,
30(6)103,
30(6)116,
30(6)130,
30(6)139,
30(6)151,
30(6)163-1,
30(6)174,
30(6)186,
30(6)196,
30(6)205,
30(6)218,
30(6)233,
30(6)246,
30(6)258,
30(6)270,
30(6)279,
30(6)291,
30(6)301,
30(6)315
- practice,
25(6)174,
27(7)224,
27(12)57,
28(3)361,
28(6)1,
28(6)90,
28(7)44,
29(6)1,
29(6)159,
29(6)230,
29(8)46,
29(12)72,
30(3)111,
30(6)23,
30(6)218,
30(8)48,
30(8)102,
30(10)337,
30(11)41,
30(11)60,
33(10)45,
33(10)45-1
- predict,
28(6)187,
28(6)300,
29(6)73,
30(3)94,
30(6)79-1,
30(8)134
- prediction,
25(3)109,
27(9)76,
28(6)187,
28(6)300,
29(6)73,
29(6)97,
29(6)196,
29(11)122,
29(11)132-1,
29(11)232,
29(11)242,
30(6)79,
30(6)79-1,
30(10)108,
30(10)108-1,
30(11)1,
31(9)128,
31(9)138,
31(10)83,
33(11)170,
34(7)35,
34(8)151
- previous,
25(6)28,
25(6)322,
26(6)145,
27(7)44,
27(7)116,
27(9)85,
27(9)248,
28(3)69,
28(6)56,
28(7)129,
29(6)186,
29(6)278,
29(11)25,
29(11)263,
30(3)1,
30(6)23,
30(6)47,
30(6)93,
30(6)279,
30(6)301,
30(8)68,
30(8)102
- probability,
27(7)300,
29(6)186,
30(6)79-1
- produce,
25(6)85-1,
27(7)94,
27(7)152,
27(7)331,
27(7)341,
27(12)28,
28(3)299,
28(3)359,
28(6)90,
28(6)126,
28(6)156,
28(6)237,
28(7)83,
29(6)1,
29(6)36,
29(6)85,
29(6)349,
29(6)349-1,
29(8)59,
30(3)111,
30(3)119,
30(4)29,
30(6)270,
30(11)70,
33(4)44,
33(11)252
- profiling,
25(6)78,
29(1)37,
29(6)36,
29(6)85,
29(6)97,
29(6)196,
30(8)80-1,
31(6)34,
32(5)85,
32(7)240,
32(7)240,
33(7)67,
33(7)75
- programmer,
25(6)102,
25(6)283,
27(6)10,
27(7)188-1,
27(8)14,
27(9)262,
27(9)285,
28(3)177,
28(6)1,
28(6)156,
28(6)177,
28(7)13,
28(7)33,
28(7)208,
28(7)239,
29(1)53,
29(8)1,
30(4)13,
30(8)11,
30(8)29,
30(8)179,
30(8)207,
30(8)217,
30(11)20-1,
30(11)99,
30(11)108,
31(1)6,
31(1)6-1,
31(3)5,
31(3)5-1,
31(3)6,
31(3)6-1,
31(3)8,
31(3)8-1,
33(7)59,
33(7)75,
34(1)338
- propagation,
25(6)272,
25(6)283,
28(6)78-1,
28(6)90,
29(3)28,
29(5)3,
30(3)50,
30(6)23,
30(6)23-1,
30(6)246
- property,
25(6)1,
26(9)243,
27(6)8,
27(7)249,
27(12)20,
28(6)46,
28(6)166,
28(6)248,
28(7)169,
29(8)59,
29(8)119,
29(10)16,
30(11)79,
33(7)1,
33(7)51
- put,
25(6)283,
28(6)237,
28(7)239,
29(8)1,
30(6)32,
30(8)217
- quite,
25(6)174,
26(6)219,
28(3)97,
28(6)56,
28(6)278,
28(7)129,
29(6)290,
29(11)12,
30(3)94,
33(7)67
- range,
25(6)272,
27(7)1,
27(7)300,
27(7)311,
27(9)238,
28(3)359,
28(6)46,
28(6)100,
28(6)268,
28(6)268-1,
29(6)196,
29(6)257,
29(6)257-1,
29(6)290,
29(10)191,
29(11)2,
29(11)25,
29(11)86,
29(11)145,
29(11)242,
29(11)274,
29(11)297,
30(6)79-1,
30(6)103,
30(6)151,
30(6)270,
30(11)79,
33(7)59
- reasoning,
25(10)212,
26(6)338,
29(4)23,
29(8)35,
30(3)13,
30(6)79-1,
30(10)200,
31(5)23,
33(10)329,
34(1)339
- runtime,
25(6)137,
25(6)174,
26(12)26,
27(7)55,
27(7)200,
28(3)349,
28(6)100,
28(7)54-1,
28(7)83,
28(7)149,
28(7)249,
28(10)144,
29(9)105,
29(10)427,
29(11)263,
29(12)38,
30(3)119,
30(6)103,
30(6)174,
30(8)207,
30(11)124,
33(11)151,
34(1)1
- several,
25(4)20,
25(4)59,
25(6)9,
25(6)246,
25(6)283,
25(10)237,
27(7)68,
27(7)175,
27(7)212,
27(9)274,
28(3)1,
28(3)351,
28(6)90,
28(6)126,
28(6)207-1,
28(6)278,
28(7)112,
28(7)218,
29(6)73,
29(8)59,
29(11)12,
29(11)25,
29(11)38,
29(11)76-1,
29(11)110,
29(11)242,
29(11)252,
30(3)23,
30(3)50,
30(3)62,
30(6)116,
30(6)315,
30(8)1,
30(8)48,
30(8)80-1,
30(8)144,
30(8)179,
30(11)1,
30(11)79,
30(11)88,
30(11)146-1,
33(2)65,
33(7)51,
33(7)75,
33(7)83,
33(11)252,
33(11)295
- significantly,
25(6)66,
25(6)272,
27(7)106,
27(7)188-1,
27(7)200,
27(9)223,
28(6)177,
28(6)187,
28(6)197,
29(6)186,
29(11)145,
29(11)252,
30(6)93,
30(6)174,
30(6)205,
30(8)68,
30(11)1,
31(5)108,
33(7)67
- simply,
25(6)66,
27(7)116,
29(6)196,
29(8)46
- single,
25(6)28,
25(6)272,
27(7)162,
27(7)188-1,
27(9)175,
27(9)213,
28(3)177,
28(3)299,
28(6)36,
28(6)78-1,
28(6)126,
28(7)13,
28(7)44,
28(7)239,
29(6)24,
29(6)97,
29(6)107,
29(6)171,
29(6)186,
29(6)196,
29(7)51,
29(8)1,
29(11)38,
29(11)98,
29(11)319,
30(3)13,
30(3)50,
30(3)62,
30(3)119,
30(6)1,
30(6)13,
30(6)47,
30(6)186,
30(8)48,
30(11)60,
33(5)97,
34(5)204
- source,
24(3)34,
25(6)223,
25(12)85,
26(12)132,
27(7)1,
27(7)12,
27(7)68,
27(9)238,
28(6)13,
28(6)156,
28(6)166,
28(6)237,
28(7)179,
29(1)46,
29(6)1,
29(6)13,
29(6)49,
29(6)85,
29(6)278,
29(6)290,
29(9)125,
29(11)51,
30(3)71,
30(6)93,
30(6)246,
30(8)112,
30(11)99,
32(7)206,
33(7)19,
33(7)43,
33(7)75
- specifying,
25(10)169,
25(10)237,
26(6)338,
27(7)311,
29(8)13,
30(3)13,
30(6)79-1,
30(8)19,
30(11)41,
30(11)50,
31(5)23,
33(10)144,
34(10)70
- SSA,
27(7)311,
28(6)36,
28(6)78-1,
30(3)13,
30(3)62,
30(6)32,
30(6)47,
32(5)273,
33(4)17,
33(5)15
- statically,
27(7)116,
27(7)273,
28(7)83,
28(7)129,
30(3)94,
30(6)116,
30(6)218,
30(11)79,
32(8)75,
33(7)27
- statistics,
29(1)37,
29(11)122,
29(11)252,
30(8)80-1
- symbolic,
25(6)283,
26(11)329,
27(7)55,
28(3)209,
28(3)355,
28(6)13,
28(6)100,
28(7)169,
28(7)179,
29(6)73,
29(6)121,
29(6)230,
30(8)144,
30(11)70,
30(11)79,
34(11)104
- taken,
25(6)174,
27(7)322,
28(7)13,
29(8)111,
29(11)208,
30(6)79-1,
30(6)139,
30(11)79,
33(7)59
- then,
25(6)92,
25(6)102,
25(6)209,
25(6)223,
25(6)296,
27(7)152,
27(7)188-1,
27(7)300,
27(7)311,
28(3)37,
28(3)177,
28(3)209,
28(3)231,
28(3)333,
28(6)13,
28(6)78-1,
28(6)166,
28(7)64,
29(11)98,
29(11)122,
29(11)171,
29(11)242,
30(3)23,
30(3)94,
30(6)47,
30(6)116,
30(6)186,
30(6)218,
30(8)166,
30(8)179,
30(11)79,
33(7)59
- through,
25(6)16,
25(6)272,
26(2)75,
27(7)12,
27(7)68,
27(9)248,
28(3)69,
28(3)231,
28(3)299,
28(3)343,
28(3)367,
28(6)56,
28(6)78-1,
28(6)90,
28(7)54-1,
28(7)83,
28(7)119,
28(7)187,
29(6)196,
29(6)290,
29(8)94,
29(8)119,
29(11)232,
29(11)263,
29(11)274,
29(11)286,
29(11)319,
29(12)112,
30(6)196,
30(6)218,
30(8)48,
30(8)179,
30(11)31,
30(11)117,
30(11)146-1,
31(6)251,
33(5)249,
33(6)48,
33(7)11,
33(10)271,
34(5)229,
34(11)52
- track,
29(8)59,
30(6)315,
34(6)14
- valuable,
28(7)239,
30(6)116
- value,
25(1)29,
25(1)59,
25(6)189,
25(6)246,
25(6)257,
25(6)283,
25(8)80,
25(10)237,
27(7)273,
27(7)311,
28(3)359,
28(3)361,
28(3)363,
28(3)369,
28(6)13,
28(6)68,
28(6)90,
28(6)126,
28(6)227,
29(6)159,
29(6)278,
29(11)328,
30(3)50,
30(3)62,
30(4)13,
30(6)23,
30(6)174,
30(6)218,
30(6)246,
30(6)315,
31(9)138,
33(11)262
- verifying,
26(9)106,
27(6)8,
29(6)230,
30(3)13,
30(6)79-1,
30(11)70,
31(5)23,
33(7)51
- where,
25(4)73,
25(6)92,
27(6)84,
27(7)82,
27(7)212,
27(7)224,
27(7)273,
28(3)231,
28(6)100,
28(6)126,
28(7)112,
28(7)239,
29(6)61,
29(6)107,
29(6)135,
29(6)186,
29(6)349,
29(6)349-1,
29(8)59,
29(8)74,
29(11)51,
29(11)61,
29(11)110,
29(11)219,
29(11)286,
29(11)297,
30(3)1,
30(3)50,
30(4)13,
30(6)56,
30(6)93,
30(8)92,
30(8)189,
30(10)156,
30(11)31,
32(10)345-1,
32(10)345-4,
33(6)1