%%% -*-BibTeX-*- %%% ==================================================================== %%% BibTeX-file{ %%% author = "Nelson H. F. Beebe", %%% version = "3.04", %%% date = "14 November 2002", %%% time = "10:17:17 MDT", %%% filename = "sciam1990.bib", %%% address = "Center for Scientific Computing %%% University of Utah %%% Department of Mathematics, 110 LCB %%% 155 S 1400 E RM 233 %%% Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0090 %%% USA", %%% telephone = "+1 801 581 5254", %%% FAX = "+1 801 581 4148", %%% URL = "http://www.math.utah.edu/~beebe", %%% checksum = "07504 49872 202394 1808873", %%% email = "beebe at math.utah.edu, beebe at acm.org, %%% beebe at computer.org, beebe at ieee.org %%% (Internet)", %%% codetable = "ISO/ASCII", %%% keywords = "bibliography, BibTeX, Scientific American", %%% supported = "yes", %%% docstring = "This is a bibliography of the magazine/ %%% journal Scientific American (CODEN SCAMAC, %%% ISSN 0036-8733) for the decade 1990--1999. %%% %%% The companion bibliographies sciam19xx.bib %%% and sciam20xx.bib cover other decades. %%% %%% There is no significant coverage of the %%% Arabic edition (Majallat Al-Oloom), the %%% Chinese edition, the French edition (Pour La %%% Science, l'Edition Francaise de Scientific %%% American), the German translation (Spektrum %%% der Wissenschaft), the Italian edition (Le %%% Scienze), the Japanese edition (Saiensonu), %%% the Polish edition (Swiat Nauki), the Russian %%% edition (V mire nauki), or the Spanish %%% edition (Investigacion Ciencia). %%% %%% The journal has a World-Wide Web site at %%% %%% http://www.sciam.com/ %%% %%% with pointers to incomplete indexes of %%% issues from 1996--date at %%% %%% http://www.sciam.com/previousissues.html %%% %%% In some cases, these indexes have pointers %%% to the full text of selected articles. URL %%% values in the bibliography entries below %%% contain pointers to these indexes and/or %%% articles. %%% %%% At version 3.04, the year coverage looked %%% like this: %%% %%% 1990 ( 133) 1994 ( 209) 1998 ( 418) %%% 1991 ( 156) 1995 ( 348) 1999 ( 230) %%% 1992 ( 153) 1996 ( 287) %%% 1993 ( 202) 1997 ( 278) %%% %%% Article: 2414 %%% %%% Total entries: 2414 %%% %%% The September 1996 issue of Scientific %%% American carried an announcement of the %%% SciDEX CD-ROM with articles from %%% 1948--1995. I purchased a copy, and have %%% used it to add and/or correct several dozen %%% entries in this bibliography; unfortunately, %%% the index on that CD-ROM contains only %%% initial page numbers (and often, no volume %%% and issue numbers), and there is no way to do %%% batch searching, so it is of limited utility %%% for extending this bibliography. %%% %%% The initial draft of this bibliography was %%% derived almost entirely from the OCLC %%% Contents1st database. Additions were then %%% made from all of the bibliographies in the %%% TeX User Group collection, from the Uncover %%% library database, from the Compendex %%% databases (1970--1996), from the IEEE INSPEC %%% 1989--1995 CD-ROM database, from %%% bibliographies in the author's personal %%% files, and from the computer science %%% bibliography collection on ftp.ira.uka.de in %%% /pub/bibliography to which many people of %%% have contributed. The snapshot of this %%% collection was taken on 5-May-1994, and it %%% consists of 441 BibTeX files, 2,672,675 %%% lines, 205,289 entries, and 6,375 %%% String{} abbreviations, occupying 94.8MB %%% of disk space. %%% %%% Regrettably, the OCLC database does not %%% record final page numbers of journal %%% articles, so there are many page ranges of %%% the form 123--?? in this bibliography. Also, %%% the titles and page numbers for this journal %%% in the OCLC database are often inaccurate. %%% %%% It is also troubling that different databases %%% sometimes list completely different page %%% number lists for the same article. This may %%% arise from confusion between the national and %%% international editions, both of which appear %%% to have the same ISSN values. The SciDEX %%% CD-ROM index sometimes shows separate %%% starting page numbers for the international %%% edition. When both page number ranges are %%% available, they are encoded as ``81--85 %%% (Intl. ed. 40--44)''. %%% %%% Page ranges that are believed to correspond %%% only to the international edition have %%% entries with the journal value of %%% j-SCI-AMER-INT-ED instead of j-SCI-AMER, but %%% I expect that a number of entries attributed %%% to the latter should be the former, and vice %%% versa. %%% %%% These defects will be remedied if more %%% reliable sources can be found. %%% %%% Numerous errors in the sources noted above %%% have been corrected. Spelling has been %%% verified with the UNIX spell and GNU ispell %%% programs using the exception dictionary %%% stored in the companion file with extension %%% .sok. %%% %%% BibTeX citation tags are uniformly chosen %%% as name:year:abbrev, where name is the %%% family name of the first author or editor, %%% year is a 4-digit number, and abbrev is a %%% 3-letter condensation of important title %%% words. Citation tags were automatically %%% generated by software developed for the %%% BibNet Project. %%% %%% In this bibliography, entries are sorted in %%% publication order within each journal, %%% using bibsort -byvolume. %%% %%% The checksum field above contains a CRC-16 %%% checksum as the first value, followed by the %%% equivalent of the standard UNIX wc (word %%% count) utility output of lines, words, and %%% characters. This is produced by Robert %%% Solovay's checksum utility.", %%% } %%% ==================================================================== @Preamble{ "\hyphenation{ Kuz-i-ora } " } %%---------------------------------------------------------------------- %% Acknowledgement abbreviations: @String{ack-nhfb = "Nelson H. F. Beebe, Center for Scientific Computing, University of Utah, Department of Mathematics, 110 LCB, 155 S 1400 E RM 233, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0090, USA, Tel: +1 801 581 5254, FAX: +1 801 581 4148, e-mail: \path|beebe@math.utah.edu|, \path|beebe@acm.org|, \path|beebe@computer.org|, \path|beebe@ieee.org| (Internet), URL: \path|http://www.math.utah.edu/~beebe/|"} %%---------------------------------------------------------------------- %% Journal abbreviations: @String{j-SCI-AMER = "Scientific American"} @String{j-SCI-AMER-INT-ED = "Scientific American [International Edition]"} %%---------------------------------------------------------------------- %% Bibliography entries for some cross-references: @Article{Searle:1990:BMC, author = "John R. Searle", title = "Is the Brain's Mind a Computer Program?", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "1", pages = "20--25", month = jan, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "Many people working in artificial intelligence believe that a computer simulation of mental processes could actually think. The author argues that computer programs merely manipulate symbols, without reference to meaning, and so are fundamentally incapable of understanding.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "California Univ., Berkeley, CA, USA", classification = "C1230 (Artificial intelligence); C6110 (Systems analysis and programming)", corpsource = "California Univ., Berkeley, CA, USA", keywords = "Artificial intelligence; Computer model; Machine intelligence; Programming; Tuning test", thesaurus = "Artificial intelligence; Programming", treatment = "G General Review", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Churchland:1990:CMT, author = "Paul M. Churchland and Patricia Smith Churchland", title = "Could a Machine Think?", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "1", pages = "26--31", month = jan, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "Machines that manipulate symbols according to rules may well never achieve intelligence, but, the authors argue, the proposition does not have absolute force. New kinds of systems (such as artificial neural networks) whose physical organization mimics the brain might well succeed.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "California Univ., San Diego, CA, USA", classification = "C1230 (Artificial intelligence)", corpsource = "California Univ., San Diego, CA, USA", keywords = "AI research; Artificial intelligence", thesaurus = "Artificial intelligence", treatment = "G General Review", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Weintraub:1990:ARD, author = "Harold M. Weintraub", title = "Antisense {RNA} and {DNA}", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "1", pages = "40--?? (Intl. ed. 34--??)", month = jan, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "A cell translates code-carrying ``sense'' RNA into protein. Some cells also make ``antisense'' RNA, which can bind to a particular messenger and thwart translation. In the laboratory, such a molecule can block the expression of a gene and thus reveal the gene's function. In the future, antisense molecules might be recruited to turn off viral genes.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Broecker:1990:WDG, author = "Wallace S. Broecker and George H. Denton", title = "What Drives Glacial Cycles?", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "1", pages = "42--50", month = jan, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "Astronomical changes are ultimately responsible. Their effect, though, is to alter the intensity of summer sunlight in the northern latitudes. How are the astronomical changes converted into global climatic changes that trigger ice ages? The authors think the variations in the heat of northern summers force a worldwide reorganization of the ocean and atmosphere.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Lamont-Doherty Geol. Obs., Columbia Univ., NY, USA", classification = "A9100 (Solid Earth physics); A9210K (Sea-air interactions); A9260S (Climatology)", corpsource = "Lamont-Doherty Geol. Obs., Columbia Univ., NY, USA", keywords = "Climate; climate; climatology; Earth orbit; Earth's orbit; Geochronology; geochronology; Glacial cycles; glacial cycles; Ice sheets; ice sheets; Ocean-atmosphere system; ocean-atmosphere system; oceanography", thesaurus = "Climatology; Earth orbit; Geochronology; Oceanography", treatment = "G General Review", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Hegstrom:1990:HU, author = "Roger A. Hegstrom and Dilip K. Kondepudi", title = "The Handedness of the Universe", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "1", pages = "108--?? (Intl. ed. 98--??)", month = jan, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "From electrons and atoms to molecules, from DNA and proteins to spiraling vines and seashells and on to human beings, nature exhibits handedness, or chirality. The preference for left- or right-handedness seems to be related to fundamental asymmetries in the universe at the atomic scale, but the cause-and-effect relations have yet to be figured out.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Sapolsky:1990:SW, author = "Robert M. Sapolsky", title = "Stress in the Wild", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "1", pages = "116--?? (Intl. ed. 106--??)", month = jan, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "The proper study of humankind may be the baboon, at least with respect to understanding the hormonal effects of stress. Observations of the olive baboon in an African wildlife preserve support the notion that personality strongly influences the hormonal response to stress and, in doing so, influences vulnerability to stress-related disorders.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Bollinger:1990:M, author = "John J. Bollinger and David J. Wineland", title = "Microplasmas", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "1", pages = "124--?? (Intl. ed. 114--??)", month = jan, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "Strip electrons from some thousands of atoms, confine the atoms in an electromagnetic trap and cool them to about absolute zero, and you have a microplasma. It forms strange states of matter --- sometimes resembling a solid and sometimes a liquid --- that offer physicists a new way to investigate fundamental theories of atomic structure.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Anonymous:1990:BVS, author = "Anonymous", title = "A Backyard Version of a {Stirling} Engine can be Built with Common Materials", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "1", pages = "130--??", month = jan, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Gulkis:1990:CBE, author = "Samuel Gulkis and Philip M. Lubin and Stephan S. Meyer and Robert F. Silverberg", title = "The {Cosmic Background Explorer}", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "1", pages = "132--?? (Intl. ed. 122--129)", month = jan, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "The satellite, launched late in 1989, may revolutionize our view of the origin and the fate of the universe. Scanning the skies from an earth orbit high above the obscuring atmosphere, its sensitive instruments will be measuring microwave radiation left over from the big bang and looking for infrared radiation from the very first generation of stars.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Jet Propulsion Lab., California Inst. of Technol., Pasadena, CA, USA", classification = "A9555J (Radiotelescopes); A9555L (Aerospace instrumentation); A9870V (Background radiations); A9880B (Origin and early evolution of the Universe)", corpsource = "Jet Propulsion Lab., California Inst. of Technol., Pasadena, CA, USA", keywords = "artificial satellites; astronomical instruments; Background radiation; background radiation; COBE; Cosmic Background Explorer; cosmic background radiation; Cosmology; cosmology; EHF; infrared astronomy; IR; Radio astronomy; radio astronomy; radioastronomy; submillimetre astronomy; Submm; submm; THF", thesaurus = "Artificial satellites; Astronomical instruments; Cosmic background radiation; Cosmology; Infrared astronomy; Radioastronomy; Submillimetre astronomy", treatment = "G General Review", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Anonymous:1990:CAP, author = "Anonymous", title = "The Cellular Automata Programs that Create Wireworld, Rugworld and other Diversions", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "1", pages = "136--??", month = jan, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Melzack:1990:TNP, author = "Ronald Melzack", title = "The Tragedy of Needless Pain", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "2", pages = "27--?? (Intl. ed. 19--??)", month = feb, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "Too often patients suffering from severe pain such as that of cancer receive insufficient amounts of the drug morphine. Why? Because physicians and other health-care workers fear it will turn the patients into addicts. Such fears, the author says, are misplaced: addiction occurs primarily when morphine is taken to elevated mood and not when it is administered to control pain.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Foukal:1990:VS, author = "Peter V. Foukal", title = "The Variable {Sun}", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "2", pages = "34--41 (Intl. ed. 26--??)", month = feb, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "The sun's apparently steady light belies our star's turbulent and dynamic character. Powerful magnetic fields oscillate across its surface, creating sunspots and flares and producing outbursts of charged particles and energetic radiation. Even the solar ``constant'' varies. The sun's changing activity --- some investigators think --- may influence weather on the earth.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Cambridge Res. and Instrumentation Inc., Massachusetts, USA", classification = "A9260S (Climatology); A9460G (Solar wind plasma); A9660H (Magnetic and electric fields); A9660Q (Sunspots, faculae, plages); A9660T (Electromagnetic radiation and spectra); A9660V (Particle radiation, solar wind)", corpsource = "Cambridge Res. and Instrumentation Inc., Massachusetts, USA", keywords = "Charged particles emission; charged particles emission; Climates; climates; climatology; Luminosity; luminosity; Magnetic fields; magnetic fields; solar activity; Solar activity, sunlight; solar activity, sunlight; solar magnetism; solar radiation; Solar terrestrial relations; solar terrestrial relations; Solar wind; solar wind; solar-terrestrial relationships; Sun; sunlight; Sunspots; sunspots; Sunspots; Time scales; time scales", thesaurus = "Climatology; Solar activity; Solar magnetism; Solar radiation; Solar wind; Solar-terrestrial relationships; Sunlight; Sunspots", treatment = "G General Review", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Goldberger:1990:CFH, author = "Ary L. Goldberger and David R. Rigney and Bruce J. West", title = "Chaos and Fractals in Human Physiology", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "2", pages = "42--?? (Intl. ed. 34--??)", month = feb, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "The healthy heart beats to a rhythm that is ever-changing --- but that can become more periodic at the onset of disease. Chaotic dynamics may underlie the formation of many fractal-like structures in the body.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Govindjee:1990:HPM, author = "Govindjee and William J. Coleman", title = "How Plants Make Oxygen", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "2", pages = "50--?? (Intl. ed. 42--??)", month = feb, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "Plants photosynthesize in order to make carbohydrates for themselves. In the process, they generate the molecular oxygen that fuels the animal world. Only now is it becoming clear how photosynthesis makes oxygen. Tucked deep in the photosynthetic center is a ratchetlike water-oxidizing clock whose every four ticks generate an $O_2$ molecule.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, annote = "Yes, first author has only a single name.", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Brodsky:1990:PGA, author = "Marc H. Brodsky", title = "Progress in Gallium Arsenide Semiconductors", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "2", pages = "68--75 (Intl. ed. 56--??)", month = feb, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "``Gallium arsenide is the technology of the future --- always has been, always will be.'' Well, the future has arrived. Electrons move through a lattice of the alloy much faster than they do through silicon, and now the advent of super-computers and optoelectronics has created a US\$1-billion market for gallium arsenide transistors, light-emitting diodes and other components.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "IBM Thomas J. Watson Res. Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA", chemicalindex = "GaAs/bin As/bin Ga/bin", classification = "B2520D (II-VI and III-V semiconductors); B2560 (Semiconductor devices)", corpsource = "IBM Thomas J. Watson Res. Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA", keywords = "Applications; applications; Communications; communications; Computing; computing; Digital circuitry; digital circuitry; GaAs; gallium arsenide; High-speed receivers; high-speed receivers; III-V semiconductor; III-V semiconductors; Microprocessors; microprocessors; Optical capabilities; optical capabilities; Optical generation; optical generation; semiconductor devices; Speed; speed", thesaurus = "Gallium arsenide; III-V semiconductors; Semiconductor devices", treatment = "A Application; G General Review; P Practical", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Wilkinson:1990:FSV, author = "Gerald S. Wilkinson", title = "Food Sharing in Vampire Bats", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "2", pages = "76--?? (Intl. ed. 64--??)", month = feb, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "True to their name, vampire bats consume from 50 to 100 percent of their body weight in blood every night. A bat who fails to feed will perish in two days --- unless it can solicit food from a roostmate. The key to survival for these animals is an elaborate system of food sharing, which the author finds is based on the principle of reciprocal altruism.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Yanin:1990:AN, author = "Valentin L. Yanin", title = "The Archaeology of {Novgorod}", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "2", pages = "84--?? (Intl. ed. 72--??)", month = feb, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "Opera, film and literature celebrate the glories of the medieval Russian city, whose power once extended from modern Poland to the Urals. Now Novgorod can speak for itself. Excavations have revealed layer on layer of wood dwellings and artifacts --- and hundreds of birch-bark manuscripts that record the details of daily life and illuminate historical and political issues.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Anonymous:1990:WPS, author = "Anonymous", title = "When a Polymer Sheet is Stretched, It May ``Neck'' Long Before it Snaps", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "2", pages = "86--??", month = feb, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Arthur:1990:PFE, author = "W. Brian Arthur", title = "Positive Feedbacks in the Economy", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "2", pages = "92--?? (Intl. ed. 80--??)", month = feb, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "Classical economics sees supply and demand, prices and costs brought into nice equilibrium by negative feedback. Yet much of the economic world is nonlinear. The author and his colleagues borrow sophisticated mathematical tools from physics and apply them to describe the dynamic state of markets, the impact of technology and other aspects of economic reality.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Greiner:1990:NR, author = "Walter Greiner and Aurel Sandulescu", title = "New Radioactivities", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "3", pages = "34--??", month = mar, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Burns:1990:OM, author = "Jack O. Burns and Nebojsa Duric and G. Jeffrey Taylor and Stewart W. Johnson", title = "Observatories on the {Moon}", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "3", pages = "42--49 (Intl. ed. 18--??)", month = mar, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "What better site could there be for astronomical observations than the surface of the moon, where there is no atmosphere, low background radiation and great seismic stability? The authors propose plans for establishing high-resolution optical, radio, infrared, gamma-ray and X-ray observatories there.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "New Mexico State Univ., La Cruces, NM, USA", classification = "A9545 (Observatories); A9555C (Ground-based telescopes); A9555L (Aerospace instrumentation)", corpsource = "New Mexico State Univ., La Cruces, NM, USA", keywords = "astronomical observatories; Astronomical satellites; astronomical satellites; astronomical telescopes; Low Earth orbit; low Earth orbit; Moon based observatories; Telescopes; telescopes", thesaurus = "Astronomical observatories; Astronomical telescopes", treatment = "G General Review", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Smith:1990:I, author = "Kendall A. Smith", title = "{Interleukin-2}", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "3", pages = "50--?? (Intl. ed. 26--??)", month = mar, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "The immune system is a diffuse organ composed of many cell types that have differing, interrelated roles. How is the system controlled? It turns out that the cells communicate, and their roles are coordinated, by means of a family of hormonelike messengers. IL-2 was the first to be recognized.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Wright:1990:TCR, author = "Karen Wright", title = "Trends in Communications: {The} Road to the Global Village", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "3", pages = "57--??", month = mar, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Greiner:1990:NRN, author = "Walter Greiner and Aurel Sandulescu", title = "New radioactivities (nucleus models)", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "3", pages = "58--63, 66, 67", month = mar, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Mon May 18 08:08:24 MDT 1998", abstract = "The processes whereby atomic nuclei decay through radioactivity have been well known for decades. There is still plenty of life in nuclear physics, though. Sophisticated theory and deft experiment have enabled the authors to predict --- and then to observe --- many new, rare forms of radioactivity.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Inst. for Theor. Phys., Johann Wolfgang Goethe Univ., Frankfurt, Germany", classification = "A2110F (Shape, charge, radius, form factors and structure functions); A2160C (Shell model); A2160E (Collective models); A2390 (Other topics in nuclear decay and radioactivity)", corpsource = "Inst. for Theor. Phys., Johann Wolfgang Goethe Univ., Frankfurt, Germany", keywords = "Alpha -decay; alpha -decay; Bimodal fission; bimodal fission; Cluster radioactivity; cluster radioactivity; Cold fusion; cold fusion; Collective model; collective model; EM interactions; Energy levels; energy levels; nuclear collective model; nuclear decay by heavy ion emission; Nuclear drops; nuclear drops; nuclear shape; nuclear shell model; Nuclear structure; nuclear structure; Nucleus models; nucleus models; Strong interactions; strong interactions; Two centre shell model; two centre shell model", thesaurus = "Nuclear collective model; Nuclear decay by heavy ion emission; Nuclear shape; Nuclear shell model", treatment = "G General Review", } @Article{Johnston:1990:ESC, author = "Arch C. Johnston and Lisa R. Kanter", title = "Earthquakes in Stable Continental Crust", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "3", pages = "68--75 (Intl. ed. 42--??)", month = mar, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "The word ``earthquake'' conjures up the Pacific rim and other regions where the tectonic plates making up the planet's crust interact. Yet continental sites far from plate boundaries have experienced severe earthquakes --- Missouri, for example. Just where are such events likely to occur? By what mechanisms?", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Memphis State Univ., TN, USA", classification = "A9130B (Seismic sources); A9130D (Seismicity (spatial and temporal distribution)); A9135G (Crust and upper mantle)", corpsource = "Memphis State Univ., TN, USA", keywords = "Earth crust; Earthquakes; earthquakes; Seismic activity; seismic activity; seismology; Stable continental crust; stable continental crust", thesaurus = "Earth crust; Earthquakes; Seismology", treatment = "G General Review", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Wright:1990:RGV, author = "Karen Wright", title = "The Road to the Global Village", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "3", pages = "83--?? (Intl. ed. 57--??)", month = mar, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Tue May 19 18:01:43 MDT 1998", abstract = "The sweep of a technology as it changes contemporary life may well exceed the scope of any one investigator's experience or perception. To capture such events, the Editors of Scientific American have established a bimonthly staff-written feature called TRENDS. In this first article, editor Karen Wright asks innovators, managers and social scientists where they think the fusion of computer and communications technologies is taking us. What are the barriers that obstruct the promised road to the future?", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, keywords = "Airline Information System (AIS); communications technology; computer networks; computer technology; human-machine network (HuMaNet); information technology; multimedia programs; virtual reality", } @Article{Anonymous:1990:LIL, author = "Anonymous", title = "Lunar Infants, Lotteries and Meteorites Expose the Dangers of Math Abuse", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "3", pages = "90--??", month = mar, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Sanderson:1990:SFV, author = "S. Laurie Sanderson and Richard Wassersug", title = "Suspension-Feeding Vertebrates", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "3", pages = "96--?? (Intl. ed. 68--??)", month = mar, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "Flamingos and whales have something in common: both are suspension feeders. They obtain food by taking in large quantities of water (some whales can gulp a volume equivalent to half the mass of their body) and ejecting it through a filtering system (such as baleen), thus extracting prey or plants that are much too small to be hunted individually.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Weiss:1990:UMF, author = "Joseph Weiss", title = "Unconscious Mental Functioning", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "3", pages = "103--?? (Intl. ed. 75--??)", month = mar, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "Can a patient in psychotherapy (or anyone else) make strategic decisions unconsciously? Prevailing wisdom says ``no,'' but by studying transcripts of therapy sessions, the author and his colleagues find that people can actually reason, anticipate consequences and devise plans --- all without knowing they are doing so.Patients apply such skills in the service of getting well.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Gamkrelidze:1990:EHI, author = "Thomas V. Gamkrelidze and V. V. Ivanov", title = "The Early History of {Indo-European} Languages", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "3", pages = "110--?? (Intl. ed. 82--??)", month = mar, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "Generations of scholars have tried to trace the genealogy of this great family of languages in order to recover elements of the lost ancestor language --- and also to determine just who spoke it, and where. The findings that are reported here by Soviet workers indicate that the protolanguage may have arisen in eastern Anatolia more than 6,000 years ago.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Repetto:1990:DT, author = "Robert Repetto", title = "Deforestation in the Tropics", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "4", pages = "36--?? (Intl. ed. 18--??)", month = apr, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "The world's tropical forests are vanishing at the rate of tens of thousands of square miles a year, diminishing biological diversity, perhaps promoting climate change, and depriving developing countries of valuable resources. What can be done to change the government policies in many Southern Hemisphere countries that actively promote the destruction?", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Townes:1990:WHC, author = "Charles H. Townes and Reinhard Genzel", title = "What is Happening at the Center of Our Galaxy?", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "4", pages = "46--55 (Intl. ed. 26--??)", month = apr, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "Optical, radio and gamma-ray telescopes and infrared detectors --- including instruments devised by the authors --- show that the center contains antimatter, intense radiation, turbulent clouds of hot gas and dust and an unseen something with a tremendous gravitational pull. The weight of the evidence indicates that a massive black hole sits at the heart of the Milky Way.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "California Univ., Berkeley, CA, USA", classification = "A9850E (Galactic structure); A9850L (The Galaxy)", corpsource = "California Univ., Berkeley, CA, USA", keywords = "Central region; central region; Centre; centre; galactic nuclei; Galaxy; Galaxy nucleus; galaxy nucleus; Spiral galaxies; spiral galaxies", thesaurus = "Galactic nuclei; Galaxy", treatment = "G General Review", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Mullis:1990:UOP, author = "Kary B. Mullis", title = "The Unusual Origin of the Polymerase Chain Reaction", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "4", pages = "56--?? (Intl. ed. 36--??)", month = apr, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "PCR is a revolutionary biochemical technology that finds --- and then multiplies exponentially --- specific stretches of DNA. The basic techniques and the necessary reagents have been around for years, but it took a stroke of insight in the course of a nighttime automobile ride to put it all together. This is a personal story of the creative process in action.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, annote = "Reprinted in Revolutions in Science special issue 1999.", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Grieve:1990:ICE, author = "Richard A. F. Grieve", title = "Impact Cratering on the {Earth}", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "4", pages = "66--73 (Intl. ed. 44--??)", month = apr, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "The earth efficiently destroys evidence of its past, particularly any traces of meteoritic cratering. Yet more than 120 impact craters have been identified. Indeed, meteorite impacts may have been more common than has been thought; they may have brought on episodes of atmospheric and geologic catastrophe, perhaps accounting for major extinctions of species.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Geol. Survey of Canada, Ottawa, Ont., Canada", classification = "A9190 (Other topics in solid Earth physics)", corpsource = "Geol. Survey of Canada, Ottawa, Ont., Canada", keywords = "Earth; Geology; geology; Impact cratering; impact cratering; Meteorite crater; meteorite crater; meteorite craters; Multiply shocked mineral; multiply shocked mineral; Shatter cone; shatter cone", thesaurus = "Geology; Meteorite craters", treatment = "G General Review", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Yelled:1990:TKK, author = "John E. Yelled", title = "The Transformation of the {Kalahari !Kung}", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "4", pages = "72--??", month = apr, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Golay:1990:ALW, author = "Michael W. Golay and Neil E. Todreas", title = "Advanced Light-Water Reactors", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "4", pages = "82--89 (Intl. ed. 58--??)", month = apr, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "Environmental concerns, economics and the earth's finite store of fossil fuels argue for a resuscitation of nuclear power. The authors think improved light-water reactors incorporating ``passive'' safety features can be both safe and profitable (provided that the utilities sharpen their management act). But can such reactors be sold successfully to a justifiably skeptical public?", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA", classification = "A2850G (Light water reactors)", corpsource = "MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA", keywords = "Advanced light water reactor; advanced light water reactor; Economics; economics; Fission reactor; fission reactor; fission reactors; LWR; Nuclear reactor; nuclear reactor; Safety; safety", thesaurus = "Fission reactors", treatment = "G General Review", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Anonymous:1990:HCC, author = "Anonymous", title = "A Homemade Copper Chloride Laser Emits Powerful Burst of Green and Yellow Light", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "4", pages = "88--??", month = apr, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Barlow:1990:WBT, author = "Robert B. {Barlow, Jr.}", title = "What the Brain Tells the Eye", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "4", pages = "90--95 (Intl. ed. 66--??)", month = apr, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "Studies of vision in the horseshoe crab show that the animal's brain exerts substantial control over just what the eyes detect. At night, for example, the brain increases the eye's sensitivity to light by a factor of a million, thereby enabling the male to find a suitable mate in the dark. Simulations on a Connection Machine model the amplification process.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Inst. of Sensory Res., Syracuse Univ., NY, USA", classification = "A8730E (External and internal data communications, nerve conduction and synaptic transmission); A8732 (Physiological optics, vision)", corpsource = "Inst. of Sensory Res., Syracuse Univ., NY, USA", keywords = "Bioelectric; bioelectric; bioelectric phenomena; Brain; brain; Circadian rhythm; circadian rhythm; Eye; eye; Eye function; eye function; Horseshoe crab; horseshoe crab; Invertebrate zoology; invertebrate zoology; Limulus; Marine biology; marine biology; neurophysiology; Vision; vision; Visual system; visual system; zoology", thesaurus = "Bioelectric phenomena; Eye; Neurophysiology; Vision; Zoology", treatment = "G General Review", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Yellen:1990:TKK, author = "John E. Yellen", title = "The Transformation of the {Kalahari {!Kung}}", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "4", pages = "96--??", month = apr, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "Once strictly hunter-gatherers, the {!Kung} of southern Africa are less mobile today than in the past and they even cultivate plants and tend herds of animals. What explains the shift? It is perhaps no surprise that an influx of wealth and material goods is partly to blame. Such factors may have led earlier humans to make the changeover to agriculture in prehistoric times.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Vandiver:1990:AG, author = "Pamela B. Vandiver", title = "Ancient Glazes", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "4", pages = "106--?? (Intl. ed. 80--??)", month = apr, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "For centuries artisans have labored in vain to recreate such legendary glazed ceramics as the sea-green celadons of 13th-century China and the jewel-like tiles that adorned the palaces of the Ottoman Turks. The lost secrets of ancient glazing technology are now being revealed through the marriage of archaeology, art history and the tools of modern materials Science.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Neufeld:1990:WST, author = "Peter J. Neufeld and Neville Colman", title = "When Science Takes the Witness Stand", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "5", pages = "46--?? (Intl. ed. 18--??)", month = may, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "Science is no stranger in the courtroom. Fingerprints along with ballistic and forensic evidence have long played a key role in the judicial process. But new technology demands careful scrutiny. Although DNA ``fingerprinting'' has been evidence in more than 1,000 cases, it is far from being infallible.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Bahcall:1990:SNP, author = "John N. Bahcall", title = "The Solar-Neutrino Problem", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "5", pages = "54--61 (Intl. ed. 26--??)", month = may, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "Far fewer neutrinos from the sun are detected than current physics predicts. But a grand unification theory that ties together all natural forces permits neutrinos to change so they are not readily detected on the earth. New detectors are being designed to spot these ``mutant'' neutrinos --- and confirm the theory.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Inst. of Adv. Study, Princeton, NJ, USA", classification = "A0130R (Reviews and tutorial papers; A1210 (Unified field theories and models); A1315 (Neutrino interactions); A1460G (Neutrinos); A9440H (Energetic solar particles and photons); A9440T (Muons and neutrinos); A9530C (Elementary particle and nuclear processes); A9660K (Interior); resource letters)", corpsource = "Inst. of Adv. Study, Princeton, NJ, USA", keywords = "cosmic ray neutrinos; Grand unification theory; grand unification theory; Mikheyev-Smirnov-Wolfenstein effect; MSW effect; Neutrino oscillations; neutrino oscillations; reviews; solar cosmic ray particles; solar interior; Solar-neutrino problem; solar-neutrino problem; Sun; unified field theories", thesaurus = "Cosmic ray neutrinos; Neutrino oscillations; Reviews; Solar cosmic ray particles; Solar interior; Unified field theories", treatment = "G General Review", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Wright:1990:TTS, author = "Kared Wright", title = "Trends in Transportation: {The} Shape of Things to Go", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "5", pages = "58--??", month = may, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Rosenberg:1990:AIC, author = "Steven A. Rosenberg", title = "Adoptive Immunotherapy for Cancer", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "5", pages = "62--69 (Intl. ed. 34--??)", month = may, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "Every so often, a cancer mysteriously disappears, probably destroyed by the patient's own defenses. With the aid of recombinant-DNA technology, researcher are boosting the odds by ``teaching'' patients' immune cells to attack cancer. Some patients have been helped and improved treatments are being tested.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Natl Cancer Inst", classification = "461", journalabr = "Sci Am", keywords = "Biological Materials---Cells; Biomedical Engineering; Cancer Treatment; Cell Transfer Therapy; Immunology; Immunotherapy; Patient Treatment", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Wellnhofer:1990:A, author = "Peter Wellnhofer", title = "{Archaeopteryx}", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "5", pages = "70--?? (Intl. ed. 42--??)", month = may, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "Was it a bird? Or a reptile? It turns out that Archaeopteryx was more than a little of both. The six existing fossils of this chicken-size creature, equipped with feathers and lizardlike teeth, tell an intriguing tale about how the development of flight guided the evolution of modern birds.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Anonymous:1990:FFF, author = "Anonymous", title = "How to Transform Flights of Fancy into Fractal Flora or Fauna", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "5", pages = "90--??", month = may, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Wright:1990:STG, author = "Karen Wright", title = "The Shape of Things to Go", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "5", pages = "92--??", month = may, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed May 20 10:04:23 MDT 1998", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "Like all true loves, the automobile can try one's patience. Air pollution, gridlock and sprawling junkyards are just a few of the frustrations. Now automakers are reshaping industrialized society's favorite way to get around. Tomorrow's cars must minimize pollution, use fuels more efficiently and make driving safer. That requires new materials, advanced aerodynamics and electronics for everything from dashboard navigation systems to controls for engines, brakes and suspensions. Even ``smart'' highways are in the offing.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, classification = "662; 664", journalabr = "Sci Am", keywords = "Accident Prevention; Automobile Engines --- Exhaust Gases; Automobile Materials; Automobiles; Automotive Engineering; Design; Highway Systems", pagecount = "10", } @Article{Leggett:1990:SC, author = "William C. Leggett and Kenneth T. Frank", title = "The Spawning of the Capelin", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "5", pages = "102--?? (Intl. ed. 68--??)", month = may, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "Once a year waves of a small, silvery fish called capelin swim on the beaches of Newfoundland to spawn and die. When the eggs hatch, the tiny larvae remain on the beach for hours or days. Then, in response to some signal, they head out to sea. How they know when the time is right is a fascinating story with implications for the fishing industry.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Peterson:1990:HPP, author = "Carl W. Peterson", title = "High-Performance Parachutes", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "5", pages = "108--?? (Intl. ed. 74--??)", month = may, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "Few people would bet that a parachute could slow down a payload weighing as much as a family car if it were dropped from an airplane traveling faster than the speed of sound. But new designs using high-strength fibers can decelerate rockets, missiles and escape pods for pilots to a snail's pace in just a few seconds, landing them from low altitudes with barely a bump.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Sandia Natl Lab", affiliationaddress = "Albuquerque, NM, USA", classification = "431", journalabr = "Sci Am", keywords = "Aerodynamics; Computer Aided Analysis; Materials; Parachutes", pagecount = "7", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Caldwell:1990:HFS, author = "John C. Caldwell and Pat Caldwell", title = "High Fertility in {Sub-Saharan Africa}", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "5", pages = "118--?? (Intl. ed. 82--??)", month = may, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "There is one exception to the nearly worldwide decline in birth rates over the past 50 years: sub-Saharan Africa. Here religious and social beliefs promote large families. The solution may be improved health care to mitigate the fear of dying without descendants. Otherwise the region will double its share of the world's population during the next century.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Ulmann:1990:R, author = "Andre Ulmann and Georges Teutsch and Daniel Philibert", title = "{Ru 486}", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "6", pages = "42--?? (Intl. ed. 18--??)", month = jun, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "Most drugmakers stay out of reproductive research. The development of new contraceptives is costly, the reward slight and the risk of controversy great. France's Roussel-Uclaf was no exception. But its work on synthetic steroids turned up an unexpected result: a compound that can safely terminate pregnancy by inhibiting progesterone. Here is the investigators' own story.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Binzel:1990:P, author = "Richard P. Binzel", title = "{Pluto}", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "6", pages = "50--58 (Intl. ed. 26--??)", month = jun, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "Astronomers have finally pierced the veil that has surrounded the ninth planet since it was first sighted 60 years ago. They find a frigid, rocky world with bright polar caps, a surface of frozen methane and a huge moon covered with ice. Yet many questions will remain unanswered as long as Pluto continues to be the only planet not visited by a scientific spacecraft.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA", chemicalindex = "H2O/bin H2/bin H/bin O/bin; Ar/el; N2/el N/el; O2/el O/el; CO/bin C/bin O/bin", classification = "A0130R (Reviews and tutorial papers; A9630R (Pluto and satellite); resource letters)", corpsource = "MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA", keywords = "Ar atmosphere; Charon; CO; Double planet; double planet; H$_{2}$O ice surface; H/sub 2/O ice surface; Methane ice surface; methane ice surface; N$_{2}$; N/sub 2/; O$_{2}$; O/sub 2/; occultations; outer planets; planetary atmospheres; Planetary diameter; planetary diameter; Planetary mass; planetary mass; Planetary methane atmosphere; planetary methane atmosphere; planetary satellites; Pluto; Pluto's characteristics; Pluto's similarities to Triton; Pluto-Charon eclipses; Pluto-Charon natural eclipse events; Pluto-Charon systems; reviews; Satellite diameter; satellite diameter; solar system; Solar system formation; solar system formation; space mission to Pluto", thesaurus = "Occultations; Planetary atmospheres; Planetary satellites; Pluto; Reviews", treatment = "G General Review", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Suga:1990:BNC, author = "Nobuo Suga", title = "Biosonar and Neural Computation in Bats", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "6", pages = "60--66, 68 (Intl. ed. 34--??)", month = jun, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "With an ease that would be the envy of any fighter pilot, bats use reflected sound to track and capture prey. An investigation of their complex and highly developed echolocating skill opens the way to a deep understanding of how the central nervous system processes auditory signals --- and how it extracts a wealth of information from them.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Washington Univ., St Louis, MO, USA", classification = "A0130R (Reviews and tutorial papers; A8738 (Mechano- and chemio-ceptions); resource letters)", corpsource = "Washington Univ., St Louis, MO, USA", keywords = "Bats; bats; bioacoustics; Biosonar; biosonar; Doppler shifts; Flying insect; flying insect; mechanoception; Neural computation; neural computation; neurophysiology; Outer ear structure; outer ear structure; Prey location; prey location; reviews; Sound interference pattern; sound interference pattern; Sound pulses; sound pulses; Target azimuth; target azimuth; Target size; target size", thesaurus = "Bioacoustics; Mechanoception; Neurophysiology; Reviews", treatment = "G General Review", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Macdonald:1990:MOR, author = "Kenneth C. Macdonald and Paul J. Fox", title = "The {Mid-Ocean Ridge}", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "6", pages = "72--79 (Intl. ed. 42--??)", month = jun, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "The Mid-Ocean Ridge girdles the earth like the seam of a baseball. For more than 75,000 kilometers, this submerged range of razorback mountains --- many higher than the greatest peak on land --- marks the restless boundary between continental plates. An analysis of this huge structure reveals a fascinating picture of how it is created by magma welling up as the plates pull apart.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "California Univ., Santa Barbara, CA, USA", classification = "A0130R (Reviews and tutorial papers; A9140 (Volcanology); A9145D (Plate tectonics); A9150E (Ocean bottom processes); A9150G (Bathymetry and seafloor topography); resource letters)", corpsource = "California Univ., Santa Barbara, CA, USA", keywords = "Constructive plate boundaries; constructive plate boundaries; DEVALS; Deviations from axial linearity; deviations from axial linearity; First-order discontinuities; first-order discontinuities; Fourth-order discontinuities; fourth-order discontinuities; Magma-supply model; magma-supply model; Mid-ocean ridge; mid-ocean ridge; Mid-ocean ridge segmentation; mid-ocean ridge segmentation; oceanic crust; Oceanic spreading centres; oceanic spreading centres; Off-axis structures; off-axis structures; Overlapping spreading centres; overlapping spreading centres; Plate tectonics; plate tectonics; reviews; Second-order discontinuities; second-order discontinuities; Small-scale structure; small-scale structure; tectonics; Third-order discontinuities; third-order discontinuities; Transform faults; transform faults; volcanology; Warped distorted oceanic crust; warped distorted oceanic crust", thesaurus = "Oceanic crust; Reviews; Tectonics; Volcanology", treatment = "G General Review", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Nahin:1990:OH, author = "Paul J. Nahin", title = "{Oliver Heaviside}", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "6", pages = "80--??", month = jun, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Anonymous:1990:SHO, author = "Anonymous", title = "Sunspots and how to observe them safely", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "6", pages = "88--??", month = jun, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Pietsch:1990:F, author = "Theodore W. Pietsch and David B. Grobecker", title = "Frogfishes", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "6", pages = "96--?? (Intl. ed. 56--??)", month = jun, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "Beautifully camouflaged as rock, coral or some other feature of the aquatic landscape, these sedentary superpredators display a modified fin that acts as a lure. When the prey is within range, they engulf the meal in milliseconds.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Lounasmaa:1990:S, author = "Olli V. Lounasmaa and George Pickett", title = "The {$^3{\rm He}$} Superfluids", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "6", pages = "104--111 (Intl. ed. 64--??)", month = jun, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "Physicists despair at re-creating the tremendous temperatures that prevailed at the moment of the big bang. But near the low end of the scale they routinely outdo nature. At temperatures colder than any occurring normally in the universe, matter behaves strangely. Helium 3, for example, becomes superfluid. Its properties may provide insight into conditions at the core of a star.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Low Temp. Lab., Helsinki Univ. of Technol., Finland", chemicalindex = "He/el", classification = "A6750F (Superfluid phase)", corpsource = "Low Temp. Lab., Helsinki Univ. of Technol., Finland", keywords = "$^{3}$He; /Sup 3/He; Cooper pairs; quantum mechanics; Quantum mechanics; superfluid helium-3; superfluids; Superfluids; vortices; Vortices", thesaurus = "Cooper pairs; Superfluid helium-3; Vortices", treatment = "G General Review", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Reganold:1990:SA, author = "John P. Reganold and Robert I. Papendick and James F. Parr", title = "Sustainable Agriculture", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "6", pages = "112--?? (Intl. ed. 72--??)", month = jun, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "Chemical-intensive, fossil fuel-dependent farming made U.S. agriculture the most productive in the world. The price: polluted water, barren soil and economic vulnerability. Growing numbers of farmers are now turning to practices that aim for a ``sustainable agriculture.'' They are profitably applying such techniques as crop rotation, biological pest control and natural fertilization.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Nahin:1990:OHB, author = "Paul J. Nahin", title = "{Oliver Heaviside} (biography)", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "262", number = "6", pages = "122--129", month = jun, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Mon May 18 08:08:24 MDT 1998", abstract = "Every time you talk on the telephone, you benefit from the work of this forgotten Victorian genius. A brilliant, self-taught mathematician, he held only one job --- that of a telegraph operator and quit at 24. He then clarified Maxwell's electromagnetic theory, invented a device that makes long-distance telephony possible and became the first to use vectors to describe forces.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "New Hampshire Univ., Durham, NH, USA", classification = "A0160 (Biographical, historical, and personal notes)", corpsource = "New Hampshire Univ., Durham, NH, USA", keywords = "Age; age; biographies; Biography; biography; Circuit design; circuit design; Earth; Electromagnetic induction; electromagnetic induction; Maxwell's equations; Maxwell's theory; Oliver Heaviside; Operational calculus; operational calculus", thesaurus = "Biographies", treatment = "G General Review", } @Article{White:1990:GCD, author = "Robert M. White", title = "The Great Climate Debate", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "1", pages = "36--?? (Intl. ed. 18--??)", month = jul, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "There is no doubt that human activity is increasing the amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Whether that spells sweeping global climate change is still much debated. Should we act to blunt the impact in the face of this uncertainty? The author thinks so.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{DeRobertis:1990:HGV, author = "Eddy M. {De Robertis} and Guillermo Oliver and Christopher V. E. Wright", title = "Homeobox Genes and the Vertebrate Body Plan", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "1", pages = "46--?? (Intl. ed. 26--??)", month = jul, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "What tells some embryonic cells to become limbs and other seemingly identical cells to form complex organs? It is a fascinating group of genes with a common feature called the homeobox. Key to development in many animals, these genes are remarkably similar in fruit flies, frogs --- and humans.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Corcoran:1990:TAN, author = "Elizabeth Corcoran and Tim Beardsley", title = "Trends in Aerospace: {The} New Space Race", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "1", pages = "50--??", month = jul, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Myers:1990:LC, author = "Stephen Myers and Emilio Picasso", title = "The {LEP} Collider", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "1", pages = "54--61 (Intl. ed. 34--??)", month = jul, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "Until the U.S. builds its Superconducting Supercollider, Europe's Large Electron-Positron Collider is the big gun in particle physics. Almost from the very start in July, 1989, the LEP has produced important results. The design and construction of this giant research tool is a story in its own right.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "European Lab. for Particle Phys., Geneva, Switzerland", classification = "A2920D (Storage rings); A2920L (Synchrotrons); B7410 (Accelerators)", corpsource = "European Lab. for Particle Phys., Geneva, Switzerland", journalabr = "Sci Am", keywords = "electron accelerators; Large electron-positron collider; large electron-positron collider; LEP; storage rings; synchrotrons; Z degrees particles", thesaurus = "Electron accelerators; Storage rings; Synchrotrons", treatment = "G General Review", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Atkinson:1990:WCD, author = "Mark A. Atkinson and Noel K. Maclaren", title = "What Causes Diabetes?", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "1", pages = "62--?? (Intl. ed. 42--??)", month = jul, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "With insulin injections, the diagnosis of type I diabetes is no longer a death sentence. But this treatment is not a cure. A new understanding of how the immune system is turned against the body's own insulin-producing cells is pointing to ways this devastating disease may one day be prevented --- or halted.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Corcoran:1990:NSR, author = "Elizabeth Corcoran and Tim Beardsley", title = "The New Space Race", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "1", pages = "72--??", month = jul, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed May 20 10:04:23 MDT 1998", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "This time around the prize is not military supremacy --- it's market share. The U.S., Europe, the Soviet Union, China and Japan are competing intensely for the satellite-launch business. The front-runners will be those nations that apply fuel chemistry, materials science and electronics to engineer less expensive ways to reach orbit. There aren't enough payloads to go around, and the prospect of manufacturing in space is still elusive. So the contest won't be over until researchers discover what --- if anything --- is commercially viable in space.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", pagecount = "10", } @Article{Anonymous:1990:OJA, author = "Anonymous", title = "An Odd Journey Along Even Roads Leads to Home in {Golygon City}", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "1", pages = "86--??", month = jul, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Conkling:1990:P, author = "John A. Conkling", title = "Pyrotechnics", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "1", pages = "96--?? (Intl. ed. 66--??)", month = jul, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "Fireworks have awed and delighted for centuries. They also have illuminated battlefields and concealed weapons and troops. Early pyrotechnicians worked by guess and by gosh, often passing the secrets of those brilliant displays down through the generations. Modern chemistry reveals the processes underlying the sounds, shapes and colors --- and finds surprising new uses for pyrotechnic devices.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", keywords = "atomic emission; chemistry of pyrotechnics; design and composition of fireworks; fireworks displays; incandescent emission; molecular emission; pyrotechnic fuels", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Newhouse:1990:CB, author = "Joseph R. Newhouse", title = "Chestnut Blight", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "1", pages = "106--?? (Intl. ed. 74--??)", month = jul, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "Settlers in eastern North America were greeted by nearly unbroken forests of majestic chestnut trees. This versatile hardwood provided food, fuel, furniture and fence posts. Then, beginning around 1900, the chestnut was all but wiped out by a blight from Asia. Now biotechnology has uncovered the genetic basis for the disease's virulence, pointing to ways the fungus might be controlled.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Graham:1990:RT, author = "Ronald L. Graham and Joel H. Spencer", title = "{Ramsey} Theory", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "1", pages = "112--?? (Intl. ed. 80--85)", month = jul, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Distributed/QLD/1990.bib; Compendex database", abstract = "The brilliant mathematician Frank Plumpton Ramsey proved that complete disorder is an impossibility. Every large set of numbers, points or objects necessarily contains a highly regular pattern.", abstract-2 = "Stargazers have always found patterns in the sky. But what governs the shape of constellations? In 1928 mathematician Frank Plumpton Ramsey proved that a large enough number of stars will produce any pattern --- from a rectangle to the Big Dipper. By figuring out just how many numbers guarantee a certain pattern, Ramsey theorists help engineers to design better communications networks.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, annote = "(VBI-002858)", date = "01/07/93", descriptors = "Simulation; RNG;", enum = "9880", journalabr = "Sci Am", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Nolan:1990:TWB, author = "Janne E. Nolan and Albert D. Wheelon", title = "{Third World} Ballistic Missiles", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "2", pages = "34--?? (Intl. ed. 16--??)", month = aug, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "The U.S. and the Soviet Union may have buried the hatchet, but the missiles are still out there. More and more of them. Today the governments of Third World countries such as Syria, Iraq, Brazil and Korea have ballistic missiles and the technology to build them. Some may have nuclear capability. So the threat of a government or terrorist group launching an attack is more chilling than ever.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Cava:1990:SB, author = "Robert J. Cava", title = "Superconductors Beyond 1-2-3", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "2", pages = "42--49 (Intl. ed. 24--??)", month = aug, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "In the past four years researchers have developed a dozen ceramics whose electric resistance vanishes at temperatures as high as 125 kelvins. In all the best superconductors, planes of copper and oxygen atoms compete against layers of other elements for electrons. Chemists have now learned to stack the odds against one of the competitors to achieve higher transition temperatures.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "AT\&T Bell Laboratories", affiliationaddress = "Murray Hill, NJ, USA", chemicalindex = "Cu/ss O/ss; YBaCuO/ss Ba/ss Cu/ss O/ss Y/ss", classification = "544; 547; 549; 701; 708; 812; A6160 (Specific structure of inorganic compounds); A7410 (Occurrence, critical temperature); A7470V (Perovskite phase superconductors)", corpsource = "AT and T Bell Labs., Murray Hill, NJ, USA", journalabr = "Sci Am", keywords = "Bismuth Compounds; Bismuth Strontium Copper Oxides; Ceramic Materials; crystal atomic structure of inorganic compounds; Cu-O planes; Electronic state; electronic state; Electronically active planes; electronically active planes; High Temperature Superconductors; High temperature superconductors; High Temperature Superconductors; high temperature superconductors; high-temperature superconductors; Oxide Superconductors; Reviews; Structures; structures; Thallium Barium Calcium Copper Oxides; Thallium Compounds; Transition temperature; transition temperature; Y-Ba-Cu-O; Yttrium Barium Copper Oxides; Yttrium Compounds", thesaurus = "Crystal atomic structure of inorganic compounds; High-temperature superconductors", treatment = "G General Review", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Mills:1990:ARI, author = "John Mills and Henry Masur", title = "{AIDS}-Related Infections", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "2", pages = "50--?? (Intl. ed. 32--??)", month = aug, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "It is not the HIV virus that kills most AIDS patients. It is a fatal progression of opportunistic infections such as Pneumocystis pneumonia that flourish as the virus weakens the body's immune system. Because these infections account for as many as 90 percent of AIDS deaths, prolonging lives depends on controlling them. New treatments are helping.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Jurgens:1990:LF, author = "Hartmut J{\"u}rgens and Heinz-Otto Peitgen and Dietmar Saupe", title = "The Language of Fractals", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "2", pages = "60--?? (Intl. ed. 40--??)", month = aug, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "With fractal geometry, mathematicians can describe the beats of a dying heart or the birth of a storm cloud with the same ease that an architect can draw the blueprints for a house. They can also generate complex structures precisely, using only a few mathematical ``words.'' Fractal algorithms may help cut the complexity and cost of transmitting and storing images.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Berry:1990:WMF, author = "R. Stephen Berry", title = "When the melting and freezing points are not the same", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "2", pages = "68--72, 74 (Intl. ed. 50--??)", month = aug, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "Freezing and melting points are not always one and the same. Experiments with atomic clusters --- small groups of atoms that share the properties of individual molecules and bulk materials --- show that these two temperatures can actually be very different. Depending on the available energy, clusters can simultaneously exist as solids and liquids, then jump abruptly to either state.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Chicago Univ., IL, USA", classification = "A3640 (Atomic and molecular clusters); A6470D (Solid-liquid transitions)", corpsource = "Chicago Univ., IL, USA", journalabr = "Sci Am", keywords = "Atomic clusters; atomic clusters; freezing; Freezing point; freezing point; Liquid; liquid; Melting point; melting point; Solid; solid", thesaurus = "Atomic clusters; Freezing; Melting point", treatment = "G General Review", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Handel:1990:SDA, author = "Steven N. Handel and Andrew J. Beattie", title = "Seed Dispersal by Ants", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "2", pages = "76--?? (Intl. ed. 58--??)", month = aug, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "Many seeds get around by sticking to the fur (or clothes) of passing mammals. But a large number of plants have evolved seeds that are designed to be dispersed by ants. Instead of burrs, these seeds grow a tasty lump of fat. The ants carry the seeds home, eat the fat and discard the rest, which then germinates.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Jones:1990:GWT, author = "Philip D. Jones and Tom M. L. Wigley", title = "Global Warming Trends", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "2", pages = "84--?? (Intl. ed. 66--??)", month = aug, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "One way to see if the earth is actually getting warmer is to check historical temperature records. A decade ago the authors began to do just that. They collected a hodgepodge of readings going back 300 years. Then they attempted to quantify the data. Their verdict: a 0.5-degree Celsius increase.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Anonymous:1990:URS, author = "Anonymous", title = "How to Monitor Ultraviolet Radiation from the {Sun}", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "2", pages = "86--??", month = aug, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Kinoshita:1990:MAR, author = "June Kinoshita", title = "{Maya} Art for the Record", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "2", pages = "92--?? (Intl. ed. 74--??)", month = aug, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "Maya scholars owe a lot to a determined Englishwoman named Adela Catherine Breton. In 1900 she rode into the ruins of Chichen Itza where she spent the next eight years sketching and painting the fading murals and reliefs. Today her record is all that remains of many of those invaluable works of art. Other artists are now making similar copies of the last originals before they, too, are obliterated.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Anon:1990:AS, author = "Anon", title = "Amateur scientist", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "2", pages = "106--??", month = aug, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed May 20 10:04:23 MDT 1998", bibsource = "Compendex database", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", } @Article{Davis:1990:EPE, author = "Ged R. Davis", title = "Energy for {Planet Earth}", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "3", pages = "54--60, 62 (Intl. ed. 20--27)", month = sep, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "Human beings depend on energy for their livelihood. As population and energy production grow so does the threat to the environment. Achieving a sustainable relationship between energy and the environment hinges on technological innovation and our ability to generate and use energy in ecologically sound ways.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Shell Int Petroleum Co Ltd in London", affiliationaddress = "Engl", chemicalindex = "CO2/bin O2/bin C/bin O/bin", classification = "A8610 (Energy resources and their utilisation); B8210 (Energy resources); 454; 481; 525; 657", corpsource = "Shell Int. Pet. Co. Ltd., UK", journalabr = "Sci Am", keywords = "CO$_{2}$ emissions; CO/sub 2/ emissions; Efficiency improvements; efficiency improvements; Energy requirements; energy requirements; energy resources; Energy sources; energy sources; Environment; environment; Fossil fuels; fossil fuels; Sustainable Earth; sustainable Earth; Delivered Energy; Earth Atmosphere --- Radiation; Energy Conservation; Energy Management; Energy Policy; Energy Resources --- Renewable; Energy Utilization; Global Carbon Dioxide Emissions; Global Warming; Horizontal Drilling; Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development; Three Dimensional Seismic Techniques", thesaurus = "Energy resources", treatment = "G General Review", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Bleviss:1990:EMV, author = "Deborah L. Bleviss and Peter Walzer", title = "Energy for Motor Vehicles", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "3", pages = "54--61 (or 102--109??)", month = sep, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "The world's fleet of cars, trucks and buses, numbering 500 million, grows faster than the human population and consumes half of the world's oil. More efficient engines, alternative fuels and new transit systems promise to slow the growth in oil consumption and mitigate its environmental consequences.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Int Inst for Energy Conservation in Washington, DC, USA", affiliationaddress = "Washington, DC, USA", classification = "403; 432; 523; 804; B8210 (Energy resources); B8520 (Transportation)", corpsource = "Int. Inst. for Energy Conservation, Washington, DC, USA", journalabr = "Sci Am", keywords = "Electric Vehicles; Electric vehicles; electric vehicles; Energy efficiency; energy efficiency; Energy Efficient Vehicle Design; Engine technology; engine technology; Ethanol; fuel; Fuel Economy; Fuels; fuels; Motor vehicles; motor vehicles; Nitrogen Oxides; Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development; Pollution reduction; pollution reduction; Prometheus Project; road vehicles; Stratified Charge Technology; Traffic flow; traffic flow; Transportation systems; transportation systems; Urban Planning --- Transportation; Vehicles; Volvo LCP 2000", thesaurus = "Electric vehicles; Fuel; Road vehicles", treatment = "P Practical", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Fickett:1990:EUE, author = "Arnold P. Fickett and Clark W. Gellings and Amory B. Lovins", title = "Efficient Use of Electricity", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "3", pages = "64--68, 71--74 (Intl. ed. 28--36)", month = sep, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "The demand for electrically seems almost insatiable. But building new power plants is costly, time-consuming and can harm the environment. A promising solution --- and one the utilities themselves are pushing --- is greater efficiency. Lights and motors are a good place to begin.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)", classification = "B8500 (Power utilisation); 525; 705; 706; 707", journalabr = "Sci Am", keywords = "Efficiency improvement; efficiency improvement; Electricity consumption; electricity consumption; Energy saving; energy saving; Lighting; lighting; Motors; motors; power utilisation; Refrigeration; refrigeration; Efficient Electricity Usage; Electric Lighting; Electric Motors; Electric Power Utilization; Energy Conservation; Energy Efficient Technologies; Energy Utilization; Fluorescent Lighting; United States Clean Air Act", thesaurus = "Power utilisation", treatment = "P Practical", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Chandler:1990:ESU, author = "William U. Chandler and Alexei A. Makarov and Zhou Dadi", title = "Energy for the {Soviet Union}, {Eastern Europe} and {China}", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "3", pages = "74--80 (or 120--127??)", month = sep, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "The emerging democracies face the challenge of reconciling economic growth with an environmental imperative that the central planners chose to ignore. China, with its expanding population and heavy dependence on coal, faces similar hurdles. Economic reforms and new technology from the West can help.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Adv. Int. Studies Unit at Batelle, Pacific Northwest Labs., Richland, WA, USA; Univ of Tennessee", classification = "525; 614; 642; 804; 901; 911; A8610 (Energy resources and their utilisation); B8210 (Energy resources); B8500 (Power utilisation)", corpsource = "Adv. Int. Studies Unit at Batelle, Pacific Northwest Labs., Richland, WA, USA", journalabr = "Sci Am", keywords = "Acid Rain; Carbon Dioxide --- Environmental Impact; China; Coal; coal; Cogeneration Plants; Desulphurization Equipment; Eastern Europe; Economics --- Fuel Consumption; Efficiency; Energy Intensity; Energy Resources; energy resources; Energy supply; energy supply; Energy use; energy use; Energy Utilization; Environmental protection; environmental protection; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Natural gas; natural gas; Nuclear power; nuclear power; Oil; oil; power utilisation; Process Automation; Soviet Union; Sulphur Dioxide Deposition; Technology --- Environmental Impact", thesaurus = "Energy resources; Power utilisation", treatment = "G General Review; P Practical", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Bevington:1990:EBH, author = "Rick Bevington and Arthur H. Rosenfeld", title = "Energy for Buildings and Homes", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "3", pages = "76--?? (Intl. ed. 38--45)", month = sep, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "Improvements during the 1970's and 1980's cut energy use in U.S. buildings by a third. Even more powerful are today's technologies, which range from advanced heating, cooling and lightning systems to superwindows and automated controls. They improve comfort and dramatically reduce operating costs.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Johnson Yokogawa", classification = "B8530B (Light sources); B8530D (Lighting); B8540 (Electric heating); B8550 (Air conditioning); C3340B (Heat systems); C7420 (Control engineering); 402; 525; 643; 714; 723", journalabr = "Sci Am", keywords = "air conditioning; Automated-control systems; automated-control systems; Building energy bills; building energy bills; Commercial buildings; commercial buildings; Compact fluorescent lights; compact fluorescent lights; fluorescent lamps; heating; home automation; HVAC systems; Light-colored buildings; light-colored buildings; lighting; Residential buildings; residential buildings; Shade trees; shade trees; Superwindows; superwindows; ventilation; Air Conditioning --- Efficiency; Automated Control Systems; Buildings; Commercial Building Energy Consumption; Energy Policy; Heating --- Efficiency; Johnson Controls; Microprocessor Chips --- Applications; Retrofitting; Smart Homes; Solar Radiation Reduction; Superwindows; Windows --- Energy Conservation", pagecount = "7", thesaurus = "Air conditioning; Fluorescent lamps; Heating; Home automation; Lighting; Ventilation", treatment = "P Practical", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Ross:1990:EI, author = "Marc H. Ross and Daniel Steinmeyer", title = "Energy for Industry", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "3", pages = "88--?? (Intl. ed. 46--53)", month = sep, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "Economic growth and energy use once marched in lockstep. Now industrial output is climbing while energy use declines. Incremental changes in processing --- including sensors and on-line control systems --- are the reason. Further savings, though, may require technological breakthroughs.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Univ of Michigan at Ann Arbor", affiliationaddress = "MI, USA", classification = "B8500 (Power utilisation); B8600 (Industrial applications of power); 402; 534; 545; 641; 811; 912", corpsource = "Michigan Univ., Ann Arbor, MI, USA", journalabr = "Sci Am", keywords = "Cost optimisation; cost optimisation; Energy conservation; energy conservation; Industrial energy consumption; industrial energy consumption; Industrial energy supply; industrial energy supply; Industrial processes; industrial processes; industries; Materials recycling; materials recycling; power utilisation; Process refinement; process refinement; Economic Energy Optimization; Energy Utilization; Gradual Process Refinement; Industrial Energy Consumption; Industrial Engineering --- Recycling; Industrial Plants; Open Hearth Furnaces; Paper and Pulp Industry; Steelmaking --- Basic Oxygen Process; Thermodynamics --- Analysis", pagecount = "6", thesaurus = "Industries; Power utilisation", treatment = "P Practical", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Reddy:1990:EDW, author = "Amulya K. N. Reddy and Jose Goldemberg", title = "Energy for the Developing World", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "3", pages = "110--118 (or 62--72??) (Intl. ed. 62--72)", month = sep, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "The developing world faces a dilemma: it needs energy to meet its people's aspirations, yet producing vastly more energy is expensive and threatens the environment. New conservation-minded technologies that deliver more services for less energy may be the answer.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Indian Inst of Science", affiliationaddress = "Bangalore, India", classification = "A8610B (Fossil and other fuels); B8210 (Energy resources); 481; 523; 525; 657; A8610B (Fossil and other fuels); B8210 (Energy resources)", corpsource = "Indian Inst. of Sci., Bangalore, India", journalabr = "Sci Am", keywords = "DEFENDUS scenario; developing countries; end-use technologies; energy conservation; energy consumption; energy requirements; energy resources; energy services; environmental damage; fossil fuels; generating capacity; Karnataka; southern India; wood; Biomass; Defendus Energy Strategies; DEFENDUS scenario; Defendus Scenarios; Developing countries; Efficient End Use Technologies; End-use technologies; Energy conservation; Energy consumption; Energy Management; Energy requirements; Energy Resources; Energy services; Energy Utilization; Environmental damage; Environmental Impact; Ethanol --- Distillation; Fossil fuels; Generating capacity; Global Carbon Emissions; Hydroelectric Dams; Karnataka; LRPPP; South America; Southern India; Wood", thesaurus = "Energy resources", treatment = "P Practical", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Anonymous:1990:CGH, author = "Anonymous", title = "How to Resurrect a Cat from Its Grin", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "3", pages = "124--??", month = sep, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Fulkerson:1990:EFF, author = "William Fulkerson and Roddie R. Judkins and Manoj K. Sanghvi", title = "Energy from Fossil Fuels", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "3", pages = "128--135 (Intl. ed. 82--89)", month = sep, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "Coal, oil and natural gas are versatile, accessible and affordable and thus dominate the world's fuel supply --- but at what cost to the environment? New technologies aim to minimize the unwanted impact of fossil fuels, buying time until other fuels are available.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Oak Ridge Nat Lab", affiliationaddress = "Oak Ridge, TN, USA", chemicalindex = "CO2/bin O2/bin C/bin O/bin", classification = "451; 454; 522; 523; 524; 525; A8610B (Fossil and other fuels); B8210 (Energy resources)", corpsource = "Oak Ridge Nat. Lab., TN, USA", journalabr = "Sci Am", keywords = "Acid deposition; acid deposition; Air Pollution --- Nitrogen Oxides; Atmosphere; atmosphere; Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Concentration; Carbon Dioxide --- Control; Clean Coal Technology Program; CO$_{2}$; Coal; coal; Energy Utilization; Environmental Engineering; Environmental Impact; Environmental Protection; Environmental Stress; Fossil fuels; fossil fuels; Fossil Fuels --- Environmental Impact; Fossil-fuel combustion; fossil-fuel combustion; fuel; Global warming; global warming; Greenhouse gases; greenhouse gases; Integrated Coal Gasification Combined Cycles; Intercooled Steam Injected Gas Turbine Systems; Natural gas; natural gas; Oil; oil; Urban smog; urban smog", thesaurus = "Fuel", treatment = "P Practical", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Hafele:1990:ENP, author = "Wolf H{\"a}fele", title = "Energy from Nuclear Power", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "3", pages = "136--142, 144 (Intl. ed. 90--??)", month = sep, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "Nuclear power should play a pivotal and expanded role in supplying world energy, the author says. Risks must be minimized by designing a new generation of safe reactors and agreeing to establish an international regulatory body to oversee security and the storage of waste.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Juelich Research Cent", affiliationaddress = "Juelich, West Ger", classification = "525 and 613 and 621 and 622 and 932 and A8610N (Nuclear energy) and B8220 (Nuclear power stations and plants)", journalabr = "Sci Am", keywords = "Carbon Dioxide Reduction Technologies; Energy Conservation; Energy Utilization; Environmental demands; Hybrid Nuclear Reactors; International Atomic Energy Agency; International Tokamak Reactor Experiment; Nuclear Energy; Nuclear Fuels --- Reprocessing; Nuclear Industry; Nuclear power; Nuclear Power Plants --- Accident Prevention; Nuclear Reactors --- Wastes; Nuclear weapon proliferation; Safety; Tarapur Reactors; World Commission Of Environment and Development", thesaurus = "Nuclear power", treatment = "G General Review", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Weinberg:1990:ES, author = "Carl J. Weinberg and Robert H. Williams", title = "Energy from the {Sun}", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "3", pages = "146--155 (Intl. ed. 98--106)", month = sep, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "Interest in solar-derived technologies is resurging in response to mounting environmental concerns, including the threat of climate change. Progress is occurring rapidly. Advances in wind, solar-thermal and biomass technologies will soon render them cost-competitive with gasoline and coal-generated electricity.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Pacific Gas and Electr. Co., San Francisco, CA, USA", chemicalindex = "H2/el H/el", classification = "A8610D (Wind energy); A8630J (Photoelectric conversion; A8630P (Photosynthesis); A8630S (Photothermal conversion); A8640K (Hydrogen storage and technology); B8250 (Solar power stations and photovoltaic power systems); B8260 (Other power stations and plants); B8420 (Solar cells and arrays); solar cells and arrays); 525; 611; 615; 657; 804", corpsource = "Pacific Gas and Electr. Co., San Francisco, CA, USA", journalabr = "Sci Am", keywords = "bioenergy conversion; Biomass; biomass; Biomass fuel; biomass fuel; H$_{2}$ production; H/sub 2/ production; hydrogen economy; PV power systems; solar absorber-convertors; solar cell arrays; Solar cells; solar cells; Solar energy; solar energy; Solar thermal electric generation; solar thermal electric generation; Wind power; wind power; Altamont Wind Farms; Biomass; Electric Power Research Institute; Energy Resources; Hydrogen --- Energy Resources; Hydropower; Photovoltaic Cells; Power Generation --- Solar Energy; Solar Energy; Solar Natural Gas Hybrid Electric Power Plants; Solar Thermal Electric Technology; United States Department Of Energy; Wind Power", thesaurus = "Bioenergy conversion; Hydrogen economy; Solar absorber-convertors; Solar cell arrays; Wind power", treatment = "P Practical", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Holdren:1990:ET, author = "John P. Holdren", title = "Energy in Transition", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "3", pages = "156--163 (Intl. ed. 108--115)", month = sep, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "The relationship between energy and the world's economics has begun to change fundamentally. To manage that change, a two-pronged strategy is required based on ``no regrets'' and ``insurance policy'' actions. But steps must be taken soon, or the effectiveness of such actions will weaken.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Univ of California", affiliationaddress = "Berkeley, CA, USA", classification = "A8610 (Energy resources and their utilisation); B8210 (Energy resources); 462; 522; 523; 524; 525; 657", corpsource = "California Univ., Berkeley, CA, USA", journalabr = "Sci Am", keywords = "Coal burning; Energy efficiency; Energy-society interaction; Environmental impacts; Natural gas; Oil; Biomass --- Energy Resources; Commercial Building Retrofitting; Ecological Threats; Energy Management; Energy Resources; Fossil Fuels --- Environmental Impact; Greenhouse Gases; Nuclear Power Plants; Renewable Energy Resources; Solar Energy --- Energy Resources", thesaurus = "Energy resources", treatment = "G General Review", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Hsu:1990:GCM, author = "Feng-hsiung Hsu and Thomas Anantharaman and Murray Campbell and Andreas Nowatzyk", title = "A Grandmaster Chess Machine", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "4", pages = "18--24", month = oct, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "IBM Thomas J. Watson Res. Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA", classification = "C1230 (Artificial intelligence); C7830D (Computer games)", corpsource = "IBM Thomas J. Watson Res. Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA", keywords = "Chess computers; chess computers; computer games; Deep Thought; Exhibition match; exhibition match; games of skill; Grandmaster chess machine; grandmaster chess machine; History; history; Karpov; Kasparov; Searching engine; searching engine; VLSI single chip move generator; World champion; world champion", thesaurus = "Computer games; Games of skill", treatment = "G General Review", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Feng-hsiung:1990:GCM, author = "Hsu Feng-hsiung and Thomas Anantharaman and Murray Campbell and Andreas Nowatzyk", title = "A Grandmaster Chess Machine", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "4", pages = "44--??", month = oct, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "Will a chess-playing computer defeat a grandmaster by the year 2000? ``No way,'' said world chess champion Gary K. Kasparov in 1988. But less than a year later, Deep Thought, a computer designed by the authors, did just that. Already under way is the construction of a successor machine that will be 1,000 times faster. Itmay be able to mount a serious challenge to Kasparov as early as 1992.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Sapienza:1990:PIG, author = "Carmen Sapienza", title = "Parental Imprinting of Genes", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "4", pages = "52--?? (Intl. ed. 26--??)", month = oct, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "When Gregor Mendel crossed wrinkled peas with round ones, all the progeny were round, regardless of whether the round pea plant was the male or the female. But some genes break that rule of classic genetics. Their expression depends on which parent they came from. Parentally imprinted genes play a role in some cancers and in such inherited disorders as Huntington's disease.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Spindel:1990:OAT, author = "Robert C. Spindel and Peter F. Worcester", title = "Ocean Acoustic Tomography", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "4", pages = "62--67 (or 94--??)", month = oct, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "Oceanographers have borrowed a technique from physicians for studying deep-sea currents and temperatures. The method is tomography. Instead of X rays, researchers use sound to create three-dimensional images of the waters that cover 70 percent of the earth's surface and strongly influence its climate.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Appl. Phys. Lab., Washington Univ., Seattle, WA, USA", classification = "A4330 (Underwater sound); A9385 (Instrumentation and techniques for geophysical, hydrospheric and lower atmosphere research); B7710D (Oceanography and hydrology)", corpsource = "Appl. Phys. Lab., Washington Univ., Seattle, WA, USA", keywords = "10 KHz; 10 kHz; acoustic arrays; Currents; currents; Deep sound channel; deep sound channel; Ducted propagation; ducted propagation; Eddies; eddies; Ocean acoustic tomography; ocean acoustic tomography; oceanographic techniques; Pressure changes; pressure changes; Refraction; refraction; Temperature changes; temperature changes; Transmitter/receiver arrays; transmitter/receiver arrays; underwater sound", numericalindex = "Frequency 1.0E+04 Hz", thesaurus = "Acoustic arrays; Oceanographic techniques; Underwater sound", treatment = "G General Review", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Pepper:1990:PE, author = "David M. Pepper and Jack Feinberg and Nicolai V. Kukhtarev", title = "The Photorefractive Effect", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "4", pages = "62--?? (Intl. ed. 34--40)", month = oct, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "Pass a laser beam through a crystal of barium titanate, and suddenly it fans out like a peacock's tail. Somehow the light alters the optical properties of the crystal. Such photorefractive materials are the basis of promising technologies that range from isolating moving images in biology experiments or military encounters to switching beams of light for superfast optical computers.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Dept. of Opt. Phys., Hughes Res. Labs., Malibu, CA, USA", classification = "A4265 (Nonlinear optics); A4270G (Light-sensitive materials); A7820D (Optical constants and parameters)", corpsource = "Dept. of Opt. Phys., Hughes Res. Labs., Malibu, CA, USA", keywords = "Nonlinear optical materials; nonlinear optical materials; nonlinear optics; Optical components; optical components; Optical computing; optical computing; Photorefractive effect; photorefractive effect; Refractive index; refractive index", thesaurus = "Nonlinear optics; Photorefractive effect", treatment = "G General Review", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Horgan:1990:TCU, author = "John Horgan", title = "Trends in Cosmology: {Universal} Truths", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "4", pages = "74--??", month = oct, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Alvarez:1990:WCM, author = "Walter Alvarez and Frank Asaro", title = "What Caused the Mass Extinction? an Extraterrestrial Impact", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "4", pages = "76--?? (Intl. ed. 44--??)", month = oct, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "An Extraterrestial Impact, say Alvarez and Asaro. They and other investigators discovered iridium in the clays that mark the sudden disappearance of dinosaurs from the fossil record. Because iridium is rare in the earth's crust but abundant in some meteorites, they concluded that a giant meteorite collided with the earth, hurling megatons of debris into the atmosphere.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Courtillot:1990:WCM, author = "Vincent E. Courtillot", title = "What Caused the Mass Extinction? a Volcanic Eruption", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "4", pages = "76--?? (Intl. ed. 53--??)", month = oct, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "A. Volcanic Eruption was the culprit, argues Courtillot. He proposes that dust, carbon dioxide and other emissions from an episode of enormous volcanism that formed the basaltic Deccan Traps in India produced the climate changes that led to the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous period. The iridium could, he says, just as easily have risen from the earth's mantle.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Anonymous:1990:RCC, author = "Anonymous", title = "A Remote-Control Camera that Catches the Wind and Captures the Landscape", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "4", pages = "92--??", month = oct, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Barth:1990:BNC, author = "Rolf F. Barth and Albert H. Soloway and Ralph G. Fairchild", title = "Boron Neutron Capture Therapy for Cancer", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "4", pages = "100--?? (Intl. ed. 68--73)", month = oct, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "In theory, it is simple --- even elegant. Boron is concentrated in tumor tissue. Neutrons, which pass harmlessly through normal tissue, are captured by the boron. The boron nuclei then emit lethal radiation, killing the cancer. Problems, such as generating enough neutrons, have been daunting, but progress is being made.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Ohio State Univ., Columbus, OH, USA", chemicalindex = "B/el", classification = "A0130R (Reviews and tutorial papers; A8760J (Corpuscular radiation and radioisotopes); A8770G (Patient care and treatment); resource letters)", corpsource = "Ohio State Univ., Columbus, OH, USA", keywords = "$^{10}$B; /Sup 10/B; B neutron capture therapy; boron; Cancer therapy; cancer therapy; Intense radiation; intense radiation; Low-energy neutrons; low-energy neutrons; Malignant tissues destruction; malignant tissues destruction; Normal tissue sparing; normal tissue sparing; radiation therapy; reviews; Short-range radiation; short-range radiation; Stable isotope; stable isotope; Tumor cells killing; tumor cells killing", thesaurus = "Boron; Radiation therapy; Reviews", treatment = "G General Review", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Horgan:1990:UT, author = "John Horgan", title = "Universal Truths", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "4", pages = "108--??", month = oct, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "In June more than 30 prominent cosmologists, astronomers and physicists gathered for six days at an isolated resort in northern Sweden. Their topic: the origin of the universe. While most agreed the big bang theory is still sound, new data are challenging a more detailed scenario: the cold dark matter model. Here is a look at how cosmologists address the big questions.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Rosenberg:1990:STW, author = "Nathan Rosenberg and L. E. {Birdzell, Jr.}", title = "Science, Technology and the {Western Miracle}", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "5", pages = "42--?? (Intl. ed. 18--??)", month = nov, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "Two hundred and fifty years ago few Europeans enjoyed a standard of living in excess of the minimum required to sustain life. Then, with the advent of the Industrial Revolution, the economy took off. The heart of this miracle, the authors believe, is the close alliance between science as a body of knowledge and the advances of industrial technology driving the marketplace.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Rees:1990:BHG, author = "Martin J. Rees", title = "Black Holes in Galactic Centers", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "5", pages = "56--60, 62, 64, 66 (Intl. ed. 26--??)", month = nov, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "Mounting evidence suggests that dormant black holes lie at the center of many galaxies. In the youngest galaxies, active black holes may be the engine powering quasars that are brighter than 100 billion stars. The first quasars appeared soon after the birth of the universe --- so soon, in fact, that the accepted big bang theory may have difficulty explaining their origin.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Inst. of Astron., Cambridge Univ., UK", classification = "A9760L (Black holes); A9850E (Galactic structure); A9850R (Active and peculiar galaxies)", corpsource = "Inst. of Astron., Cambridge Univ., UK", keywords = "Black holes; Galactic centers; Galactic nuclei; Galaxies; Quasars", thesaurus = "Black holes; Galactic nuclei; Quasars", treatment = "G General Review", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Verma:1990:GT, author = "Inder M. Verma", title = "Gene Therapy", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "5", pages = "68--?? (Intl. ed. 34--??)", month = nov, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "The first attempt to treat an inherited human disease by inserting a healthy gene into a patient is now under way. Although such therapies have the potential to treat some of the 4,000 known genetic disorders, many obstacles remain. The most challenging is to assure that therapeutic genes are expressed adequately and persistently in the body.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Corcoran:1990:TMD, author = "Elizabeth Corcoran", title = "Trends in Materials: {Diminishing} Dimensions", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "5", pages = "74--??", month = nov, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Winson:1990:MD, author = "Jonathan Winson", title = "The Meaning of Dreams", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "5", pages = "86--?? (Intl. ed. 42--??)", month = nov, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "Freud thought dreams were the ``royal road'' to the unconscious. Others see dreams as the random static of a resting brain or as a mechanism for riding the mind of useless information. The author proposes a new view: dreams reflect an evolutionarily important memory process that allows animals to record and evaluate current experience to form strategies for survival.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Anonymous:1990:MAA, author = "Anonymous", title = "A Compendium of Math Abuse from around the World", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "5", pages = "92--??", month = nov, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Jones:1990:KTS, author = "Vaughan F. R. Jones", title = "Knot Theory and Statistical Mechanics", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "5", pages = "98--100, 101--103 (Intl. ed. 52--??)", month = nov, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", MRclass = "4", MRnumber = "91k:57007", MRreviewer = "J. S. Birman", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "Knots are fairly simple. Just take a piece of string and join both ends. Statistical mechanics, on the other hand, deals with huge, complex systems. Surprisingly, the two fields are intimately related. The author discovered the link while studying mathematical theories of quantum physics. His knot theory has already led to better understanding of how DNA twists during replication.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "California Univ., Berkeley, CA, USA", classification = "A0210 (Algebra, set theory, and graph theory); A0240 (Geometry, differential geometry, and topology); A0520 (Statistical mechanics)", corpsource = "California Univ., Berkeley, CA, USA", keywords = "algebra; Algebraic relations; algebraic relations; Mathematical property; mathematical property; Polynomial invariant; polynomial invariant; Statistical mechanics; statistical mechanics; topology", thesaurus = "Algebra; Statistical mechanics; Topology", treatment = "T Theoretical or Mathematical", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Hodge:1990:RF, author = "A. Trevor Hodge", title = "A {Roman} Factory", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "5", pages = "106--?? (Intl. ed. 58--??)", month = nov, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "In the south of France lie the ruins of a large mill complex, whose 16 waterwheels provided flour to the citizens of Arelate, the Roman predecessor of Arles. Ignored until 1940, the mill is rare evidence that the Roman Empire did not fall for want of mechanical power needed for industrial production.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Wootton:1990:MDI, author = "Robin J. Wootton", title = "The Mechanical Design of Insect Wings", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "5", pages = "114--120 (Intl. ed. 66--??)", month = nov, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "Nothing can beat an insect for aerial acrobatics. A. fly, for example, can loop the loop, hover, reverse direction and land upside down, all in a fraction of a second. It owes that agility to ribbed wings that are subtly engineered, flexible airfoils. Insect wings have few, if any, technological parallels --- yet.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Exeter Univ., UK", classification = "A8745 (Biomechanics, biorheology, biological fluid dynamics)", corpsource = "Exeter Univ., UK", keywords = "biomechanics; Elastic properties; elastic properties; Flexible airfoils; flexible airfoils; Insect wings; insect wings; Mechanical design; mechanical design; Mechanisms; mechanisms; Sails; sails; Structures; structures; zoology", thesaurus = "Biomechanics; Zoology", treatment = "G General Review", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Corcoran:1990:DD, author = "Elizabeth Corcoran", title = "Diminishing dimensions", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "5", pages = "122--126, 128--131", month = nov, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Mon May 18 08:08:24 MDT 1998", abstract = "Materials scientists are getting down to basics: they are manipulating matter in layers just an atom thick to form materials that will be the building blocks of complex electronic and optical devices. In these minuscule structures, electrons are trapped in limited dimensions and behave in strange ways. The promise is a new generation of computers and lasers.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, classification = "A4255P (Lasing action in semiconductors with junctions); A7320D (Electron states in low-dimensional structures); A7340L (Semiconductor-to-semiconductor contacts, p-n junctions, and heterojunctions); B2530B (Semiconductor junctions); B4320J (Semiconductor junction lasers)", keywords = "Ballistic transistors; ballistic transistors; Computers; computers; KBE; Lasers; lasers; Quantum dots; quantum dots; Quantum wells; quantum wells; Quantum wires; quantum wires; semiconductor junction lasers; semiconductor quantum dots; semiconductor quantum wells; semiconductor quantum wires; Single electron device; single electron device", thesaurus = "Semiconductor junction lasers; Semiconductor quantum dots; Semiconductor quantum wells; Semiconductor quantum wires", treatment = "G General Review", } @Article{Anon:1990:L, author = "Anon", title = "Letters", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "6", pages = "12--??", month = dec, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed May 20 10:04:23 MDT 1998", bibsource = "Compendex database", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", } @Article{Anon:1990:YA, author = "Anon", title = "50 and 100 Years ago", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "6", pages = "14--??", month = dec, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed May 20 10:04:23 MDT 1998", bibsource = "Compendex database", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", } @Article{Anon:1990:SC, author = "Anon", title = "Science and the citizen", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "6", pages = "16--??", month = dec, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed May 20 10:04:23 MDT 1998", bibsource = "Compendex database", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", } @Article{Zewail:1990:BMU, author = "A. H. Zewail", title = "The birth of molecules (ultrafast photographic observations)", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "6", pages = "40--46", month = dec, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Mon May 18 08:08:24 MDT 1998", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "California Inst. of Technol., Pasadena, CA, USA", classification = "A0768 (Photography, photographic instruments and techniques); A4280W (Ultrafast optical techniques); A8230 (Specific chemical reactions; reaction mechanisms)", corpsource = "California Inst. of Technol., Pasadena, CA, USA", keywords = "Birth; birth; Bond breaking; bond breaking; Bond formation; bond formation; Chemical bonds; chemical bonds; chemical reactions; Femtoseconds; femtoseconds; Final products; final products; high-speed optical techniques; Lasers; lasers; Molecular beams; molecular beams; Molecular reaction; molecular reaction; Molecules; molecules; photographic applications; Picosecond; picosecond; Shutter speed; shutter speed; Time resolution; time resolution; Transition states; transition states; Ultrafast motions; ultrafast motions", thesaurus = "Chemical reactions; High-speed optical techniques; Photographic applications", treatment = "P Practical; X Experimental", } @Article{Blair:1990:ANW, author = "Bruce G. Blair and Henry W. Kendall", title = "Accidental Nuclear War", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "6", pages = "53--?? (Intl. ed. 19--??)", month = dec, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "For now, at least, tensions have eased between the nuclear superpowers. But the chance of a nuclear exchange between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. remains a frightening possibility. In both nations, a missile could be launched accidentally or without the oversight of top officials. To prevent unintended Armageddon, those nations should place additional safeguards on nuclear arsenals.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", keywords = "command destruct system; control of nuclear weapons; launch readiness of nuclear forces; nuclear alerts; permissive action links (PALs); safeguards against unintended launch", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Saunders:1990:SV, author = "R. Stephen Saunders", title = "The Surface of {Venus}", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "6", pages = "60--?? (Intl. ed. 26--31)", month = dec, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "This portfolio of vivid radar images of Venus was sent back by the Magellan spacecraft. The project scientist analyzes features of the rugged terrain, sculpted by intense volcanism, geologic upheavals, impact cratering and even wind.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Jet Propulsion Lab., Pasadena, CA, USA", classification = "A9580D (Radio, radar, and microwave); A9630E (Venus)", corpsource = "Jet Propulsion Lab., Pasadena, CA, USA", journalabr = "Sci Am", keywords = "AD 1990; Magellan spacecraft; Mapping; mapping; mapping of Venus; radioastronomical observations; Surface features; surface features; Synthetic aperture radar; synthetic aperture radar; topography of Venus; Venus; volcanism on Venus", thesaurus = "Radioastronomical observations; Venus", treatment = "G General Review", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", xxtitle = "The Space of {Venus}", } @Article{Todorov:1990:HCM, author = "Igor N. Todorov", title = "How Cells Maintain Stability", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "6", pages = "66--?? (Intl. ed. 32--??)", month = dec, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "Living cells are protein factories that are vital to the survival of organisms. Thus, they too have elaborate strategies for survival. If environmental stress, such as a chemical or temperature, shuts down their protein-making machinery, cells undertake a series of intricate steps to resume production. A Soviet scientist presents his model of this process.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Rennie:1990:TIB, author = "John Rennie", title = "Trends in Immunology: {The} Body Against Itself", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "6", pages = "76--??", month = dec, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Zewail:1990:BM, author = "Ahmed H. Zewail", title = "The Birth of Molecules", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "6", pages = "76--?? (Intl. ed. 40--??)", month = dec, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "Since the 19th century, photographers have used split-second shutter speeds to stop action. But glimpsing the instant in which molecules react to form a product requires an exposure of a millionth of a billionth of a second. That instant bears the same relation to a second as a second does to 32 million years. Toachieve such ``exposures,'' the author uses extremely short pulses of laser light.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Rock:1990:LGP, author = "Irvin Rock and Stephen Palmer", title = "The Legacy of {Gestalt} Psychology", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "6", pages = "84--?? (Intl. ed. 48--??)", month = dec, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "Most people have seen the picture that one moment looks like a vase, then suddenly shifts to two faces about to meet. But few realize that understanding this alternating image reflects a revolution in perception brought about by the Gestalt psychologists at the turn of the century. Today many of their ideas are accepted in the fields of education, learning and social psychology.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Storey:1990:FA, author = "Kenneth B. Storey and Janet M. Storey", title = "Frozen and Alive", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "6", pages = "92--?? (Intl. ed. 62--??)", month = dec, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "Many animals survive the winter by staying warm. But some simply freeze solid. To prevent ice crystals from destroying delicate cell membranes, these creatures manufacture proteins that cause tiny crystals to form in the spaces between cells and produce a natural antifreeze to protect cellular interiors.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Anonymous:1990:FCT, author = "Anonymous", title = "{Fermat}'s {Christmas Theorem} is Explained in One {Dickens} of a Tale", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "6", pages = "94--??", month = dec, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Stringer:1990:EMH, author = "Christopher B. Stringer", title = "The Emergence of Modern Humans", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "6", pages = "98--?? (Intl. ed. 68--??)", month = dec, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "Did humanity evolve from a common ancestor and form racial groupings as it spread across the planet? Or did Homo sapiens arise at many different locations? Archaeological evidence from Africa supports the first theory. Now geneticists examining DNA in living populations are coming to the same conclusion.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Rennie:1990:BAI, author = "John Rennie", title = "The Body against Itself", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "6", pages = "106--??", month = dec, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "Somehow the body distinguishes its own healthy cells from diseased ones. When that mechanism fails, the result is autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis and insulin-dependent. Although the picture is not clear, researchers have found three ways the immune system may learn not to attack the body those discoveries are leading to promising treatments.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Anon:1990:SB, author = "Anon", title = "Science and business", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "6", pages = "116--??", month = dec, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed May 20 10:04:23 MDT 1998", bibsource = "Compendex database", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", } @Article{Anon:1990:MR, author = "Anon", title = "Mathematical recreations", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "6", pages = "128--??", month = dec, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed May 20 10:04:23 MDT 1998", bibsource = "Compendex database", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", } @Article{Anon:1990:B, author = "Anon", title = "Books", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "6", pages = "132--??", month = dec, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed May 20 10:04:23 MDT 1998", bibsource = "Compendex database", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", } @Article{Anon:1990:AI, author = "Anon", title = "Annual index", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "6", pages = "140--??", month = dec, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed May 20 10:04:23 MDT 1998", bibsource = "Compendex database", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", } @Article{Mckay:1990:E, author = "Christopher P. Mckay and Robert H. Haynes", title = "Essay", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "263", number = "6", pages = "144--??", month = dec, year = "1990", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed May 20 10:04:23 MDT 1998", bibsource = "Compendex database", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", } @Article{Anonymous:1991:La, author = "Anonymous", title = "Letters", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "264", number = "1", pages = "12--??", month = jan, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed May 20 10:04:23 MDT 1998", bibsource = "Compendex database", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", } @Article{Anonymous:1991:YAa, author = "Anonymous", title = "50 and 100 years ago", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "264", number = "1", pages = "14--??", month = jan, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed May 20 10:04:23 MDT 1998", bibsource = "Compendex database", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", } @Article{Richelson:1991:FSR, author = "Jeffrey T. Richelson", title = "The Future of Space Reconnaissance", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "264", number = "1", pages = "38--?? (Intl. ed. 18--??)", month = jan, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "During the cold war, the superpowers launched sophisticated spy satellites to monitor each other's weaponry. Lately such satellites have been directed to observing weapon proliferation in other nations, nonmilitary operations and domestic upheavals. This intelligence is so important that many other governments plan to join the space reconnaissance club.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Bak:1991:SOC, author = "Per Bak and Kan Chen", title = "Self-Organized Criticality", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "264", number = "1", pages = "46--53 (Intl. ed. 26--??)", month = jan, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database; Misc/Discrete.event.bib", abstract = "Just as the proverbial straw broke the camel's back, catastrophes, from earthquakes and avalanches to a stock market crash, can be triggered by a minor event. The authors argue that complex systems naturally evolve to a critical state. Their theory already has improved understanding of motion in the earth's crust, economies and ecosystems.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Richards:1991:PFP, author = "Frederic M. Richards", title = "The Protein Folding Problem", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "264", number = "1", pages = "54--?? (Intl. ed. 34--41)", month = jan, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "More than 30 years ago it seemed that the forces that cause inactive, newly formed proteins to fold into their intricate, active state could be explained by the laws of chemistry and physics. But scientists are still unable to predict how a sequence of amino acids will coil. Solutions to the folding problem --- with their implications for biotechnology --- are getting nearer.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Yale Univ., New Haven, CT, USA", classification = "A0130R (Reviews and tutorial papers; A3620H (Configuration (bonds, dimensions)); A8715B (Structure, configuration, conformation, and active sites at the biomolecular level); resource letters)", corpsource = "Yale Univ., New Haven, CT, USA", journalabr = "Sci Am", keywords = "Amino acids; amino acids; Biotechnology; biotechnology; macromolecular configurations; Macromolecular structure; macromolecular structure; molecular biophysics; Molecular coiling; molecular coiling; Protein folding problem; protein folding problem; proteins; reviews", thesaurus = "Macromolecular configurations; Molecular biophysics; Proteins; Reviews", treatment = "G General Review", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Scaglia:1991:BCF, author = "Gustina Scaglia", title = "Building the {Cathedral} in {Florence}", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "264", number = "1", pages = "66--?? (Intl. ed. 42--??)", month = jan, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "By ????. after more than a century of construction, the walls of Santa Maria del Fiore rose high over Florence. Still lacking, though, was a plan for a dome to cap the cathedral. Brunelleschi's design for a double-walled vault topped by an orb and a cross, completed in 1470, was an engineering triumph. His techniques foreshadowed modern structural engineering and his machines, the Industrial Revolution.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Corcoran:1991:TCC, author = "Elizabeth Corcoran", title = "Trends in Computing: {Calculating} Reality", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "264", number = "1", pages = "74--??", month = jan, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Black:1991:WAO, author = "David C. Black", title = "Worlds Around Other Stars", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "264", number = "1", pages = "76--?? (Intl. ed. 50--56)", month = jan, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "If life exists elsewhere in the cosmos, it most likely resides on the surfaces of distant planets. The search for other solar systems, which has been under way in earnest for more than half a century, has turned up some disappointments and some tantalizing clues. New and far more accurate instruments may soon produce the first positive sighting of a new world.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Lunar and Planetary Inst., TX, USA", classification = "A9510J (Astrometry and spherical astronomy); A9575S (Other techniques); A9610 (General, solar nebula, and cosmogony); A9710R (Radiation and spectra); A9710W (Space motions (proper motions, radial velocities, and orbits)); A9780M (Planetary systems)", corpsource = "Lunar and Planetary Inst., TX, USA", journalabr = "Sci Am", keywords = "Astrometry; astrometry; Astronomical technique; astronomical technique; astronomical techniques; Extrasolar planets; extrasolar planets; IR excess; Planet formation; planet formation; planets; Proper motion; proper motion; Radial velocity; radial velocity; Radiation; radiation; Solar nebula; solar nebula; Spectra; spectra; stellar motion; stellar radiation; stellar spectra", thesaurus = "Astrometry; Astronomical techniques; Planets; Solar nebula; Stellar motion; Stellar radiation; Stellar spectra", treatment = "G General Review", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Weissmann:1991:A, author = "Gerald Weissmann", title = "Aspirin", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "264", number = "1", pages = "84--?? (Intl. ed. 58--??)", month = jan, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "No drug is more ubiquitous than aspirin. Annually, Americans consume more than 16,000 tons of it. Yet, more than 200 years after aspirin was discovered in willow bark, investigators are only now figuring out why it has such a broad range of biological effects. Here are some of the most recent findings.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Anonymous:1991:TCG, author = "Anonymous", title = "Tools for Computer Graphics Make an Invisible World Seem Less Alien", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "264", number = "1", pages = "90--??", month = jan, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Davies:1991:CCH, author = "Nicholas B. Davies and Michael Brooke", title = "Coevolution of the Cuckoo and Its Hosts", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "264", number = "1", pages = "92--?? (Intl. ed. 66--??)", month = jan, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "The cuckoo is an accomplished parasite that tricks other birds into rearing its young. The hosts gain no benefit because the hatchling ejects their eggs from the nest. Both species engage in an evolutionary arms race --- the host attempting to thwart predation, the cuckoo developing subtle subterfuge.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Corcoran:1991:CR, author = "Elizabeth Corcoran", title = "Calculating Reality", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "264", number = "1", pages = "100--?? (Intl. ed. 74--??)", month = jan, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed May 20 10:04:23 MDT 1998", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "From the plains of Wisconsin to the outskirts of Tokyo, a few maverick computer architects are scrambling to design the next generation of supercomputers. Their grail is a teraflops computer, a machine that can race through a trillion operations a second. On the way to that goal, powerful computation engines will permit scientists to model nature more closely.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", keywords = "computer modeling of complex systems; computing networks; gallium arsenide supercomputer; multiple-processor computing; parallel computing; pipelining; supercomputer design; teraflops supercomputer; vector processing", } @Article{Anonymous:1991:MRa, author = "Anonymous", title = "Mathematical recreations", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "264", number = "1", pages = "118--??", month = jan, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed May 20 10:04:23 MDT 1998", bibsource = "Compendex database", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", } @Article{Anonymous:1991:Ba, author = "Anonymous", title = "Books", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "264", number = "1", pages = "122--??", month = jan, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed May 20 10:04:23 MDT 1998", bibsource = "Compendex database", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", } @Article{Inman:1991:E, author = "B. R. Inman and Daniel F. Burton", title = "Essay", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "264", number = "1", pages = "126--??", month = jan, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed May 20 10:04:23 MDT 1998", bibsource = "Compendex database", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", } @Article{Anonymous:1991:Lb, author = "Anonymous", title = "Letters", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "264", number = "2", pages = "10--??", month = feb, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed May 20 10:04:23 MDT 1998", bibsource = "Compendex database", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", } @Article{Anonymous:1991:YAb, author = "Anonymous", title = "50 and 100 years ago", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "264", number = "2", pages = "12--??", month = feb, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed May 20 10:04:23 MDT 1998", bibsource = "Compendex database", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", } @Article{Anonymous:1991:SCa, author = "Anonymous", title = "Science and the citizen", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "264", number = "2", pages = "14--??", month = feb, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed May 20 10:04:23 MDT 1998", bibsource = "Compendex database", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", } @Article{Aral:1991:STD, author = "Sevgi O. Aral and King K. Holmes", title = "Sexually Transmitted Diseases in the {AIDS} Era", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "264", number = "2", pages = "62--?? (Intl. ed. 18--??)", month = feb, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "The three classic sexually transmitted diseases --- gonorrhea, syphilis and chancroid --- have nearly disappeared in almost every industrialized nation. The exception is the U.S., where drug-resistant strains of these diseases are ravaging urban minority populations. The causes of this tragic epidemic are poverty, social disintegration, prostitution and drug addiction.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Feldman:1991:NFM, author = "Gary J. Feldman and Jack Steinberger", title = "The Number of Families of Matter", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "264", number = "2", pages = "70--?? (Intl. ed. 26--33)", month = feb, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "Are the fundamental particles that form matter really fundamental? Researchers at the European laboratory for particle physics (CERN) and at the Stanford Linear Accelerator (SLAC) have found that these particles are the basis for just three ``families'' of matter. They arrived at the answer by studying the decay of supermassive particles called Z bosons.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Fermilab Nat. Accel. Lab., Batavia, IL, USA", classification = "A1210 (Unified field theories and models); A1480F (Intermediate bosons)", corpsource = "Fermilab Nat. Accel. Lab., Batavia, IL, USA", journalabr = "Sci Am", keywords = "intermediate boson mass; Mass width; mass width; unified field theories; Z bosons; Z lifetime", thesaurus = "Intermediate boson mass; Unified field theories; Z bosons", treatment = "G General Review", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Freeman:1991:PP, author = "Walter J. Freeman", title = "The Physiology of Perception", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "264", number = "2", pages = "78--85 (Intl. ed. 34--??)", month = feb, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database; Theory/nld.bib", abstract = "A familiar face, a favorite smell or a friend's voice is instantly recognized. This rapid perception depends on the coordination of millions of neurons. How can such a small input stimulate so massive a response? Surprisingly, the author points to chaos --- hidden order in seemingly random activity that allows many neurons to switch abruptly from one task to another.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", keywords = "physiology, perception", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Greenberg:1991:CA, author = "Donald P. Greenberg", title = "Computers and Architecture", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "264", number = "2", pages = "88--93 (or 104--??)", month = feb, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "Computers are enhancing the creative process in architecture. Graphics software and algorithms create moving images that enable architects to ``walk through'' buildings before they are constructed.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY, USA", classification = "402; 723; 921; C7440 (Civil and mechanical engineering)", corpsource = "Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY, USA", journalabr = "Sci Am", keywords = "Advanced graphics-rendering techniques; advanced graphics-rendering techniques; Aesthetic alternatives; aesthetic alternatives; architectural CAD; Architectural Design; Architecture; architecture; Computer Aided Architecture; Computer Aided Design --- Applications; Evaluation; Image Synthesis Algorithms; Mathematical Techniques --- Algorithms; Sketching; sketching", thesaurus = "Architectural CAD", treatment = "G General Review", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Howells:1991:XRM, author = "Malcolm R. Howells and Janos Kirz and David Sayre", title = "{X}-Ray Microscopes", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "264", number = "2", pages = "88--94 (Intl. ed. 42--48)", month = feb, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "Each development in microscopy has revealed a new way to view the world. The optical microscope illuminated single-cell organisms; the electron microscope provided views of minute structures and viruses. Now the X-ray microscope can render three-dimensional images of cells and other specimens in their natural state at10 times the resolution of optical microscopes.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Brookhaven Nat. Lab., Upton, NY, USA", classification = "715; 741; 932; 941; A0785 (X-ray, gamma-ray instruments and techniques)", corpsource = "Brookhaven Nat. Lab., Upton, NY, USA", journalabr = "Sci Am", keywords = "Chemical analysis; chemical analysis; Fresnel Zone Plate; Microscopes; microscopes; Microscopic Examination --- Scanning Electron Microscopy; National Synchrotron Light Source (nsls); Phase Contrast X-Ray Microscopy; Resolution; resolution; X-Ray; X-ray apparatus; X-ray instruments; X-ray microscopes; X-Rays --- Applications", thesaurus = "Microscopes; X-ray apparatus", treatment = "G General Review", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Rismiller:1991:E, author = "Peggy D. Rismiller and Roger S. Seymour", title = "The Echidna", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "264", number = "2", pages = "96--?? (Intl. ed. 80--??)", month = feb, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "It may well be the most reclusive of Australian animals, but the spiny anteater is no longer one of the least understood. The natural history and odd reproductive behavior of this egg-laying mammal are being observed in the field for the first time. Removing misconceptions about the life cycle of this relative of the platypus may provide ways to protect it.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Horgan:1991:TEB, author = "John Horgan", title = "Trends in Evolution: {In} the Beginning\ldots{}", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "264", number = "2", pages = "100--??", month = feb, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Kottick:1991:AH, author = "Edward L. Kottick and Kenneth D. Marshall and Thomas J. Hendrickson", title = "The Acoustics of the Harpsichord", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "264", number = "2", pages = "110--?? (Intl. ed. 94--99)", month = feb, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "Because of its limited dynamic range, the harpsichord was nearly driven into extinction by the piano. But its plucked strings and the design of the soundboard make it unique among stringed keyboard instruments. The authors studied 39 harpsichords, both old and new, to understand their acoustics.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Iowa Univ., Iowa City, IA, USA", classification = "A4375 (Music and musical instruments)", corpsource = "Iowa Univ., Iowa City, IA, USA", journalabr = "Sci Am", keywords = "Acoustics; acoustics; Harpsichord; harpsichord; musical acoustics; musical instruments; Swirling sound; swirling sound", thesaurus = "Musical acoustics; Musical instruments", treatment = "G General Review", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Horgan:1991:B, author = "John Horgan", title = "In the Beginning", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "264", number = "2", pages = "116--??", month = feb, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed May 20 10:04:23 MDT 1998", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "In 1953 a simple experiment seemed to show that lightning could have sparked life on the earth. Since then, finding answers to the questions of how, when and where life began has become more complicated. New evidence is toppling once widely accepted ideas; a rash of recent theories has emerged. For now, the origin of life remains an intriguing mystery.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", } @Article{Anonymous:1991:TSH, author = "Anonymous", title = "The True Story of how {Theseus} Found His Way out of the Labyrinth", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "264", number = "2", pages = "118--??", month = feb, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Anonymous:1991:SBa, author = "Anonymous", title = "Science and business", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "264", number = "2", pages = "126--??", month = feb, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed May 20 10:04:23 MDT 1998", bibsource = "Compendex database", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", } @Article{Anonymous:1991:MRb, author = "Anonymous", title = "Mathematical recreations", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "264", number = "2", pages = "136--??", month = feb, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed May 20 10:04:23 MDT 1998", bibsource = "Compendex database", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", } @Article{Anonymous:1991:Bb, author = "Anonymous", title = "Books", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "264", number = "2", pages = "140--??", month = feb, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed May 20 10:04:23 MDT 1998", bibsource = "Compendex database", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", } @Article{Nelson:1991:E, author = "Bill Nelson", title = "Essay", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "264", number = "2", pages = "144--??", month = feb, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed May 20 10:04:23 MDT 1998", bibsource = "Compendex database", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", } @Article{Anonymous:1991:Lc, author = "Anonymous", title = "Letters", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "264", number = "3", pages = "10--??", month = mar, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed May 20 10:04:23 MDT 1998", bibsource = "Compendex database", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", } @Article{Anonymous:1991:YAc, author = "Anonymous", title = "50 and 100 years ago", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "264", number = "3", pages = "12--??", month = mar, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed May 20 10:04:23 MDT 1998", bibsource = "Compendex database", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", } @Article{Anonymous:1991:SCb, author = "Anonymous", title = "Science and the citizen", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "264", number = "3", pages = "17--??", month = mar, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed May 20 10:04:23 MDT 1998", bibsource = "Compendex database", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", } @Article{Barton:1991:PL, author = "John H. Barton", title = "Patenting Life", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "264", number = "3", pages = "40--?? (Intl. ed. 18--??)", month = mar, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "The last obstacle to patenting a nonhuman form of life fell in 1988, when the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office issued a patent for the ``Harvard mouse.'' But the courts and lawmakers have not yet confronted many of the questions raised by granting patent protection to genetically altered animals, plants and microbes. The future of biotechnology depends on the wisdom of the answers.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Lederman:1991:T, author = "Leon M. Lederman", title = "The {Tevatron}", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "264", number = "3", pages = "48--55 (Intl. ed. 26--??)", month = mar, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "Since the first protons swept around the powerful collider at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory in 1983, the Tevatron has confirmed a host of predictions about fundamental particles. Here is the story of the technical challenges of designing and building this 6.3-kilometer ring of superconducting magnets, told by the scientist who headed the decade-long project.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Fermi Nat. Accel. Lab., Batavia, IL, USA", classification = "708.3; 932.1.1; 932.2; 943.3; A2920D (Storage rings); A2920L (Synchrotrons); B7410 (Accelerators)", corpsource = "Fermi Nat. Accel. Lab., Batavia, IL, USA", journalabr = "Sci Am", keywords = "Antiprotons; antiprotons; Calorimeters; Computer displays; Elementary particles; elementary particles; Particle detectors; Photons; proton accelerators; Protons; protons; storage rings; Superconducting magnets; superconducting magnets; Superconducting supercollider; Synchrotrons; synchrotrons; Tevatron; Tevatron particle accelerator", thesaurus = "Proton accelerators; Storage rings; Synchrotrons", treatment = "G General Review", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Murray:1991:WCC, author = "Andrew W. Murray and Marc W. Kirschner", title = "What Controls the Cell Cycle", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "264", number = "3", pages = "56--?? (Intl. ed. 34--??)", month = mar, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "The way cells divide into two identical copies has been well known for nearly a century. But only now are scientists beginning to understand what orchestrates this marvelous process. The key seems to be a single protein called cdc2. Its discovery has profound implications for medicine, possibly leading to ways to heal damaged organs by inducing cell proliferation or to halt the growth of cancer.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Ruddiman:1991:PUC, author = "William F. Ruddiman and John E. Kutzbach", title = "Plateau Uplift and Climatic Change", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "264", number = "3", pages = "66--?? (Intl. ed. 42--??)", month = mar, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "The earth of 40 million years ago was a warm, wet place. Forests abounded; grasslands and deserts were rare. Then the planet began to cool. Regional climate extremes developed. Many have been postulated, including continental drift and diminishing atmospheric carbon dioxide. The authors offer a new theory: continental uplift created huge plateaus that altered circulation of the atmosphere.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Holloway:1991:TPR, author = "Marguerite Holloway", title = "Trends in Pharmacology: {Rx} for Addiction", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "264", number = "3", pages = "70--??", month = mar, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Winston:1991:NO, author = "Roland Winston", title = "Nonimaging Optics", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "264", number = "3", pages = "76--81 (Intl. ed. 52--??)", month = mar, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "In childhood, most of us learned that one way to get heat out of the sun is to focus its light to a pinpoint with a magnifying glass. What few realize is that the ability of lenses designed to make images to concentrate solar energy falls far below the theoretical maximum. Nonimaging optics that are simply funnels for light can achieve intensities higher than those at the sun's surface.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Chicago Univ., IL, USA", classification = "657.1; 741.1; 741.3; A4280 (Optical devices, techniques and applications)", corpsource = "Chicago Univ., IL, USA", journalabr = "Sci Am", keywords = "Compound parabolic concentrator; Edge-ray method; focusing; Geometric vector-flux; High-energy physics; high-energy physics; Nonimaging concentrator; nonimaging concentrator; Nonimaging concentrators; Nonimaging devices; nonimaging devices; Nonimaging optics; Optical devices; optical elements; Optics; Solar concentrators; Solar energy; solar energy; Solar furnace; solar furnace", thesaurus = "Focusing; Optical elements", treatment = "G General Review", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Young:1991:T, author = "James A. Young", title = "Tumbleweed", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "264", number = "3", pages = "82--?? (Intl. ed. 58--??)", month = mar, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "If there is a botanical metaphor for the rootless ways of the Old West, it is the tumbleweed. But when this immigrant Russian weed literally rolled through the Dakotas in the 1870s, the sod busters were not thrilled. In a matter of years this spiny thistle wreaked agricultural havoc across the plains states.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Anonymous:1991:MMM, author = "Anonymous", title = "A Menu of Mathematical Morsels, Topological Tidbits and Puzzling Plums", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "264", number = "3", pages = "88--??", month = mar, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Snodgrass:1991:SAC, author = "Anthony M. Snodgrass and John L. Bintliff", title = "Surveying Ancient Cities", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "264", number = "3", pages = "88--?? (Intl. ed. 64--??)", month = mar, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "Some important cities of ancient Greece lie buried beneath farmland. That is good news to these archaeologists. Rather than excavating, they build a surprisingly complete picture of long-term habitation simply by dating the debris, such as potsherds and roof tiles, that plowing churns to the surface.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Holloway:1991:RA, author = "Marguerite Holloway", title = "{R}$_x$ for addiction", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "264", number = "3", pages = "94--??", month = mar, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed May 20 10:04:23 MDT 1998", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "Neuroscientists are making progress toward understanding the devastating and intractable problem of drug addiction. By deciphering the complex interplay of neurotransmitters and receptors, they are designing highly targeted drugs to treat addiction on a chemical and, eventually, genetic level. Their findings have implications for treating mental illnesses.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", } @Article{Anonymous:1991:SBb, author = "Anonymous", title = "Science and business", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "264", number = "3", pages = "106--??", month = mar, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed May 20 10:04:23 MDT 1998", bibsource = "Compendex database", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", } @Article{Anonymous:1991:MRc, author = "Anonymous", title = "Mathematical recreations", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "264", number = "3", pages = "116--??", month = mar, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed May 20 10:04:23 MDT 1998", bibsource = "Compendex database", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", } @Article{Anonymous:1991:Bc, author = "Anonymous", title = "Brooks", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "264", number = "3", pages = "120--??", month = mar, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed May 20 10:04:23 MDT 1998", bibsource = "Compendex database", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", } @Article{Mann:1991:E, author = "Jonathan Mann", title = "Essay", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "264", number = "3", pages = "126--??", month = mar, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed May 20 10:04:23 MDT 1998", bibsource = "Compendex database", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", } @Article{Hubbard:1991:RCE, author = "Harold M. Hubbard", title = "The Real Cost of Energy", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "264", number = "4", pages = "36--?? (Intl. ed. 18--??)", month = apr, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "Gas prices only seem high. When you say ``fillerup,'' you pay but a fraction of the actual cost. Not included are the tens of billions (close to US\$50 for each barrel of oil) the military spends annually to protect oil fields in the Persian Gulf. Then tack on the hidden costs of environmental degradation, health effects, lost employment, government subsidies and more. Sooner or later, the public pays the entire price.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Stephens:1991:SQ, author = "Peter W. Stephens and Alan I. Goldman", title = "The Structure of Quasicrystals", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "264", number = "4", pages = "44--?? (Intl. ed. 24--31)", month = apr, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "In 1984 scientists at the National Institute of Standards and Technology rapidly solidified an aluminum alloy. Instead of the expected amorphous, glassy material, the result was tiny grains that displayed a curious, fivefold symmetry. Now researchers are making progress in understanding the atomic structure of these unique forms of matter known as quasicrystals.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "State Univ. of New York, Stony Brook, NY, USA", chemicalindex = "AlCuFe/ss Al/ss Cu/ss Fe/ss; AlCuLi/ss Al/ss Cu/ss Li/ss", classification = "A6140 (Amorphous and polymeric materials); A6150E (Crystal symmetry; A6155H (Alloys); models and space groups, and crystalline systems and classes)", corpsource = "State Univ. of New York, Stony Brook, NY, USA", keywords = "AlCuFe; AlCuLi; aluminium alloys; copper alloys; crystal symmetry; Diffraction properties; diffraction properties; Five fold symmetry; five fold symmetry; Glass model; glass model; iron alloys; lithium alloys; Penrose tiling model; Quasicrystal structures; quasicrystal structures; quasicrystals; Random-tiling model; random-tiling model", thesaurus = "Aluminium alloys; Copper alloys; Crystal symmetry; Iron alloys; Lithium alloys; Quasicrystals", treatment = "G General Review; T Theoretical or Mathematical", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{McKnight:1991:MZG, author = "Steven Lanier McKnight", title = "Molecular Zippers in Gene Regulation", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "264", number = "4", pages = "54--?? (Intl. ed. 32--??)", month = apr, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "Skin and liver cells are distinct because they produce different sets of proteins. Yet both types of cells carry the same set of genes. This researcher set out to find the mechanism that turns on key genes. In an interesting piece of detective work, he and others identified an intriguing class of regulatory proteins. Two of these proteins must ``zip'' together before they can activate the genes they control.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Ross:1991:TLH, author = "Philip E. Ross", title = "Trends in Linguistics: {Hard} Words", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "264", number = "4", pages = "70--??", month = apr, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Anonymous:1991:WTJ, author = "Anonymous", title = "Why {Tarzan} and {Jane} Can Walk in Step with the Animals that Roam the Jungle", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "264", number = "4", pages = "88--??", month = apr, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Sagdeev:1991:CSW, author = "Roald Z. Sagdeev and Charles F. Kennel", title = "Collisionless shock waves (in space plasmas)", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "264", number = "4", pages = "106--?? (Intl. ed. 40--47)", month = apr, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "The sonic boom of a jet aircraft is caused by a shock wave carried along by molecules colliding in the air. In the near vacuum of space, particle collisions are rare. Yet, as the authors theorized years ago, shock waves do exist in space, transmitted through the tenuous plasma by electric and magnetic fields. These shock waves help explain some of the most violent phenomenon the universe.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, classification = "A5235T (Shock waves); A9460G (Solar wind plasma); A9460R (Shock waves); A9530Q (Hydromagnetics and plasmas)", keywords = "Alfven wave; astrophysical plasma; Astrophysics; astrophysics; Bow shock; bow shock; Collisionless shock wave; collisionless shock wave; Frequency dispersion; frequency dispersion; Interplanetary space; interplanetary space; Magnetosphere; magnetosphere; Planet; planet; Plasma shock wave; plasma shock wave; plasma shock waves; Plasma wave; plasma wave; Rarefied plasma; rarefied plasma; solar wind; Solar wind comet interaction; solar wind comet interaction", thesaurus = "Astrophysical plasma; Plasma shock waves; Solar wind", treatment = "G General Review", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Tiollais:1991:HBV, author = "Pierre Tiollais and Marie-Annick Buendia", title = "Hepatitis {B} Virus", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "264", number = "4", pages = "116--?? (Intl. ed. 48--??)", month = apr, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "The toll that this tiny, insidious virus exacts is enormous. It can cause serious acute infections, lie hidden for years in carriers who transmit it to others, even trigger cancer. It is also one of the first viruses to come under the powerful scrutiny of recombinant DNA technology. Its genome, structure and life cycle have been elucidated; diagnostic tests and vaccines have been developed.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Trotter:1991:PPG, author = "Donald M. {Trotter, Jr.}", title = "Photochromic and Photosensitive Glass", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "264", number = "4", pages = "124--?? (Intl. ed. 56--61)", month = apr, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "Eyeglasses that darken in sunlight and lighten in the dark are just the most common example of glass that reacts to light. Otherapplications for photochromic and photosensitive glasses range from precision parts to microlenses and art.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Corning Inc., NY, USA", classification = "A4270C (Glass); A7820 (Optical properties of bulk materials)", corpsource = "Corning Inc., NY, USA", keywords = "Applications; applications; Colour change; colour change; Heat treatment; heat treatment; Latent image; latent image; optical glass; Photochromic glass; photochromic glass; photochromism; Photosensitive glasses; photosensitive glasses", thesaurus = "Optical glass; Photochromism", treatment = "A Application; G General Review", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Alexander:1991:HDR, author = "R. McNeill Alexander", title = "How Dinosaurs Ran", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "264", number = "4", pages = "130--?? (Intl. ed. 62--??)", month = apr, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "If all you had to go by were footprints in mud and a few bones, you might conclude that humans do not run. Similarly, it is unclear whether dinosaurs plodded or galloped or pranced. With some physical principles from naval architecture and mechanical engineering, the author calculates that he could outrun Tyrannosaurus.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Ross:1991:HW, author = "Philip E. Ross", title = "Hard Words", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "264", number = "4", pages = "138--?? (Intl. ed. 70--??)", month = apr, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Tue May 19 18:01:43 MDT 1998", abstract = "What's in a word? If it's tik, the answer is controversy. Linguists are at each other's throats over attempts to trace language to ancient roots. Some radicals believe that they can discern echoes of words not spoken for millennia and that it is possible to relate all languages to a single tongue spoken by the first humans. Conservatives think the radicals bark up the wrong tree.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, keywords = "`Mitochondrial Eve'; Amerind theory; language families and superfamilies; linguistic and genetic trees; linguistic research; monogenesis hypothesis; Nostratic hypothesis; origin of language", } @Article{Anonymous:1991:Ld, author = "Anonymous", title = "Letters", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "264", number = "5", pages = "10--??", month = may, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed May 20 10:04:23 MDT 1998", bibsource = "Compendex database", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", } @Article{Anonymous:1991:YAd, author = "Anonymous", title = "50 and 100 years ago", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "264", number = "5", pages = "14--??", month = may, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed May 20 10:04:23 MDT 1998", bibsource = "Compendex database", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", } @Article{Anonymous:1991:SCc, author = "Anonymous", title = "Science and the citizen", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "264", number = "5", pages = "17--??", month = may, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed May 20 10:04:23 MDT 1998", bibsource = "Compendex database", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", } @Article{Hirschhorn:1991:POR, author = "Norbert Hirschhorn and William B. {Greenough III}", title = "Progress in Oral Rehydration Therapy", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "264", number = "5", pages = "50--?? (Intl. ed. 16--??)", month = may, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "With each medical advance seeming to be increasingly high-tech and costly, oral rehydration therapy is a notable exception to the trend. The administration of a simple electrolyte solution made with readily available ingredients now saves one million children a year from death caused by diarrhea-induced dehydration. Recently it reduced fatalities during a cholera epidemic in Peru", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Wilczek:1991:A, author = "Frank Wilczek", title = "Anyons", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "264", number = "5", pages = "58--65 (Intl. ed. 24--??)", month = may, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "To the few physicists who first thought about them, anyons were mathematical curiosities that provided new insights into the theory of quantum mechanics. But experimental evidence accumulated over the past decade indicates these entities do exist. In fact, the behavior of anyons offers a compelling explanation for high-temperature superconductivity.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Sch. of Natural Sci., Inst. for Adv. Study, Princeton, NJ, USA", classification = "A0530 (Quantum statistical mechanics); A7220M (Galvanomagnetic and other magnetotransport effects); A7420 (Theory)", corpsource = "Sch. of Natural Sci., Inst. for Adv. Study, Princeton, NJ, USA", journalabr = "Sci Am", keywords = "Anyons; anyons; Fractional quantized Hall effect; fractional quantized Hall effect; High temperature superconductivity; high temperature superconductivity; high-temperature superconductors; quantum Hall effect; quantum statistical mechanics; quasi-particles", thesaurus = "High-temperature superconductors; Quantum Hall effect; Quantum statistical mechanics; Quasi-particles", treatment = "G General Review", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Moberg:1991:RJD, author = "Carol L. Moberg and Zanvil A. Cohn", title = "{Ren{\'e} Jules Dubos}", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "264", number = "5", pages = "66--?? (Intl. ed. 32--??)", month = may, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "A childhood bout with rheumatic fever may have sent Rene Dubos on a lifelong exploration into the nature of health and disease. As a researcher at the Rockefeller Institute, he discovered the first clinically important antibiotic. As a philosopher, he formulated an ecological theory of disease that matured into a profound, influential view of our place on the earth.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Corcoran:1991:TEC, author = "Elizabeth Corcoran", title = "Trends in Energy: {Cleaning} up Coal", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "264", number = "5", pages = "70--??", month = may, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Mahowald:1991:SR, author = "Misha A. Mahowald and Carver Mead", title = "The Silicon Retina", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "264", number = "5", pages = "76--82 (Intl. ed. 40--??)", month = may, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "The formation of visual images in the retina of the eye depends on layers of interconnected cells. The functions of three of these layers --- photoreceptor, horizontal and bipolar cells --- can be duplicated by simple electronic devices etched onto a silicon chip. This artificial retina illuminates biological computation and has implications for computer vision and signal", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "California Inst. of Technol., Pasadena, CA, USA", chemicalindex = "Si/int Si/el", classification = "A8732 (Physiological optics, vision); B1265F (Microprocessors and microcomputers); B2570 (Semiconductor integrated circuits); B6140C (Optical information and image processing); B7500 (Medical physics and biomedical engineering)", corpsource = "California Inst. of Technol., Pasadena, CA, USA", journalabr = "Sci Am", keywords = "artificial organs; Artificial retina; artificial retina; computer vision; digital signal processing chips; Engineering paradigm; engineering paradigm; eye; monolithic integrated circuits; Neural information processing; neural information processing; Real time outputs; real time outputs; Si chip", thesaurus = "Artificial organs; Computer vision; Digital signal processing chips; Eye; Monolithic integrated circuits", treatment = "P Practical", xxjournal = j-SCI-AMER-INT-ED, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Brimhall:1991:GO, author = "George Brimhall", title = "The Genesis of Ores", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "264", number = "5", pages = "84--91 (Intl. ed. 48--??)", month = may, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "Human history and technology have been shaped by metals. How did they become concentrated in minable deposits located so conveniently near the earth's surface? The author explains the mechanisms of fluid transport --- by magma, water and even air and wind --- responsible for the chemical and physical interactions that created bodies of metallic ores throughout geologic history.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, classification = "481; 531", journalabr = "Sci Am", keywords = "Geochemistry --- Analysis; Geophysics --- Analysis; Geospheres; Metals and Alloys; Physiochemical Systems; Recovery; Supracrustal Systems", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Anonymous:1991:RHB, author = "Anonymous", title = "The Theory of Rigidity, or How to Brace Yourself against Unlikely Accidents", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "264", number = "5", pages = "89--??", month = may, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Cunningham:1991:GTH, author = "Patrick Cunningham", title = "The Genetics of Thoroughbred Horses", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "264", number = "5", pages = "92--?? (Intl. ed. 56--??)", month = may, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "The lineage of all magnificent Thoroughbred racehorses can be traced to a handful of animals imported from Africa and the Middle East in the 17th century. Just 10 horses contributed more than half of the genes in today's Thoroughbreds. Despite the wealth of breeding data, genetic studies have begun only recently.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Hill:1991:MEM, author = "Donald R. Hill", title = "Mechanical Engineering in the {Medieval Near East}", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "264", number = "5", pages = "100--105 (Intl. ed. 64--??)", month = may, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "When Paris was still a village, 10th-century Baghdad was a metropolis of 1. 5 million inhabitants. To support such urban centers,Muslim engineers developed sophisticated water and wind machine with valves, cranks and pistons. Many of these innovations influenced the development of modern machinery.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, classification = "446; 608; 611", journalabr = "Sci Am", keywords = "candle clocks; History; Islamic Mechanical Engineering; mechanical devices of medieval Islam; Mechanical Engineering; Medieval Islam; technology of medieval Islam; Water Clocks; water clocks; Water Distribution Systems --- Design; water pumps; Watermills; watermills and windmills; Wind Power --- Analysis; Windmills", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Corcoran:1991:CC, author = "Elizabeth Corcoran", title = "Cleaning Up Coal", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "264", number = "5", pages = "106--116", month = may, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Sat Oct 11 15:14:24 MDT 1997", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "According to the percentages, coal is still King. Coal-fired power plants generate more than 50 percent of U.S. electricity. But every year those utilities also pour forth 70 percent of the sulfur dioxide and significant portions of other pollutants that cause acid rain and contribute to global warning. Now the U.S. is trying a novel market-based approach to reducing those emissions.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, classification = "451; 454; 521; 524", journalabr = "Sci Am", keywords = "Air Pollution --- Acid Rain; Coal Combustion; Department of Energy (doe); Dry Sorbent Injection Technologies; Environmental Defense Fund (edf); Environmental Impact; Environmental Protection --- Analysis", } @Article{Anonymous:1991:SBc, author = "Anonymous", title = "Science and business", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "264", number = "5", pages = "118--??", month = may, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed May 20 10:04:23 MDT 1998", bibsource = "Compendex database", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", } @Article{Anonymous:1991:MRd, author = "Anonymous", title = "Mathematical recreations", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "264", number = "5", pages = "126--??", month = may, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed May 20 10:04:23 MDT 1998", bibsource = "Compendex database", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", } @Article{Anonymous:1991:Bd, author = "Anonymous", title = "Books", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "264", number = "5", pages = "130--??", month = may, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed May 20 10:04:23 MDT 1998", bibsource = "Compendex database", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", } @Article{Galbraith:1991:E, author = "John Kenneth Galbraith", title = "Essay", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "264", number = "5", pages = "136--??", month = may, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed May 20 10:04:23 MDT 1998", bibsource = "Compendex database", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", } @Article{Aftergood:1991:NPS, author = "Steven Aftergood and David W. Hafemeister and Oleg F. Prilutsky and Joel R. Primack and Stanislav N. Rodionov", title = "Nuclear Power in Space", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "264", number = "6", pages = "42--?? (Intl. ed. 18--23)", month = jun, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "Nuclear reactors have provided energy for satellites --- with nearly disastrous results. Now the U.S. government is proposing to build nuclear-powered boosters to launch Star Wars defenses. These authors represent scientific groups that are opposed to the use of nuclear power in near space. Here is their argument.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Federation of American Sci., Washington, DC, USA", classification = "A2844 (Fission reactor protection systems, safety and accidents); A8630M (Thermoelectric conversion); A8670Z (Other topics); B0160 (Plant engineering, maintenance and safety); B7630B (Power supplies)", corpsource = "Federation of American Sci., Washington, DC, USA", keywords = "Artificial satellite; artificial satellite; artificial satellites; fission reactor safety; Nuclear power reactor; nuclear power reactor; Nuclear powered spacecraft; nuclear powered spacecraft; Radioactive pollution; radioactive pollution; Radioisotope thermoelectric generator; radioisotope thermoelectric generator; RTG; Space vehicle; space vehicle; space vehicle power plants; thermoelectric conversion; Thermoelectric power generator; thermoelectric power generator", thesaurus = "Artificial satellites; Fission reactor safety; Radioactive pollution; Space vehicle power plants; Thermoelectric conversion", treatment = "G General Review", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Courvoisier:1991:Q, author = "Thierry J.- L. Courvoisier and E. Ian Robson", title = "The {Quasar 3C 273}", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "264", number = "6", pages = "50--?? (Intl. ed. 24--31)", month = jun, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "In the 28 years since the first quasars were identified, astronomers have learned that they are the cores of extremely active galaxies. This quasar is one of the most energetic --- on an average day it shines as brightly as 1,000 galaxies, each containing 100 billion stars. Observations of 3C 273 are providing clues to the nature of these violent and puzzling objects.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Geneva Obs., Switzerland", classification = "A9870J (Quasars)", corpsource = "Geneva Obs., Switzerland", keywords = "3C 273; Quasar; quasars", thesaurus = "Quasars", treatment = "G General Review", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Fischetti:1991:SMP, author = "Vincent A. Fischetti", title = "Streptococcal {M} Protein", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "264", number = "6", pages = "58--?? (Intl. ed. 32--??)", month = jun, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "Just as a porcupine's quills thwart predators, filaments of proteins that coat some streptococcal bacteria deter the white blood cells that would normally ingest the organisms. These wispy M proteins rely on variability to evade antibodies that would target the microbes for destruction. The understanding of the protein's structure is suggesting new approaches to", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Toon:1991:PSC, author = "Owen B. Toon and Richard P. Turco", title = "Polar Stratospheric Clouds and Ozone Depletion", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "264", number = "6", pages = "68--?? (Intl. ed. 40--47)", month = jun, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "During the Antarctic winter, strange and often invisible clouds form in the stratosphere over the pole. These clouds of ice and frozen nitric acid play a crucial role in the chemical cycle responsible for the recent appearance of the annual ``ozone hole.'' Their chemistry removes compounds that would normally trap ozone-destroying free chlorine produced by the breakdown of CFCs.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "NASA, Ames Res. Center, IA, USA", chemicalindex = "O3/el O/el", classification = "A8670G (Atmosphere); A9260H (Chemical composition and chemical interactions); A9260N (Cloud physics); A9260T (Air quality and air pollution)", corpsource = "NASA, Ames Res. Center, IA, USA", keywords = "Air pollution; air pollution; Atmosphere; atmosphere; atmospheric chemistry; Chemical composition; chemical composition; Chlorofluorocarbon; chlorofluorocarbon; clouds; O$_{3}$; O/sub 3/; ozone; Ozone depletion; ozone depletion; Ozone hole; ozone hole; Ozonosphere; ozonosphere; Polar stratospheric cloud; polar stratospheric cloud; PSC; Stratosphere; stratosphere", thesaurus = "Air pollution; Atmospheric chemistry; Clouds; Ozone; Stratosphere", treatment = "G General Review", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Powell:1991:TGP, author = "Corey S. Powell", title = "Trends in Geophysics: {Peering} Inward", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "264", number = "6", pages = "72--81", month = jun, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, classification = "A9135E (Core and lower mantle); A9135G (Crust and upper mantle); A9145F (Convection currents)", keywords = "Convection; convection; Earth core; Earth interior; Earth mantle; Tectonics; tectonics", thesaurus = "Earth core; Earth mantle; Tectonics", treatment = "G General Review", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{McEwen:1991:EBD, author = "Edward McEwen and Robert L. Miller and Christopher A. Bergman", title = "Early Bow Design and Construction", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "264", number = "6", pages = "76--?? (Intl. ed. 50--??)", month = jun, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "Asked to name the most crucial discoveries of early humans, most people would quickly come up with fire and the wheel. A third may well be the bow. It served as the principal weapon for hunting and warfare until the use of firearms became widespread in the 16th century. Bows were developed in virtually all cultures, and some achieved high levels of technological sophistication.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Berns:1991:LS, author = "Michael W. Berns", title = "Laser Surgery", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "264", number = "6", pages = "84--?? (Intl. ed. 58--64)", month = jun, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "When surgeons operate, they may wield a laser instead of a scalpel. These blades of light do more than simply destroy tissue with heat: they can drive chemical reactions or create shock waves. Lasers are unclogging arteries, smashing kidney stones, and clearing secondary cataracts from the eye.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "California Univ., Irvine, CA, USA", classification = "A8760G (Laser beams, microwaves, and other electromagnetic waves)", corpsource = "California Univ., Irvine, CA, USA", keywords = "biomedical applications of lasers; health physics; Health physics; laser applications in medicine; laser as scalpel; Laser surgery; laser surgery; Medical application; medical application; medical laser types; medicine; Medicine; of medical lasers; precision of medical lasers; radiation therapy; surgery; thermal and nonthermal effects", thesaurus = "Laser applications in medicine; Radiation therapy; Surgery", treatment = "G General Review", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Anonymous:1991:STR, author = "Anonymous", title = "A Swift Trip over Rugged Terrain", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "264", number = "6", pages = "89--??", month = jun, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{McCrea:1991:ASE, author = "Sir William McCrea", title = "{Arthur Stanley Eddington}", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "264", number = "6", pages = "92--?? (Intl. ed. 66--??)", month = jun, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "Einstein's theory of relativity was one of the century's great discoveries. But it was Eddington who headed the expedition that proved it correct. He advocated the idea of an expanding universe and was the first to infer the composition of stars. His exposition of revolutionary concepts still influences scientific thought.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Powell:1991:PI, author = "Corey S. Powell", title = "Peering Inward", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "264", number = "6", pages = "100--??", month = jun, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "Beneath terra firma lies a dynamic world. Through clever observation and computer modeling, geophysicists are rapidly sharpening our view of the earth's restlessly seething insides. They are exploring the complex heat engine that drives the motion of the continents and maintains the geomagnetic field. The latest findings trace the earth's evolution and even offer a glimpse into its glimpse in distant future.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Anonymous:1991:SCd, author = "Anonymous", title = "Science and the citizen", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "265", number = "1", pages = "17--??", month = jul, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed May 20 10:04:23 MDT 1998", bibsource = "Compendex database", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", } @Article{Musto:1991:OCM, author = "David F. Musto", title = "Opium, Cocaine and Marijuana in {American} History", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "265", number = "1", pages = "40--?? (Intl. ed. 20--??)", month = jul, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "A. year before Bayer introduced aspirin in 1899, the drugmaker coined another well-known name for a then popular remedy: heroin. Soon after, the social climate changed, and many mood-altering drugs were made illegal. The author argues that rational drug policy cannot be achieved without keeping such historical reversals in mind.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Stahler:1991:ELS, author = "Steven W. Stahler", title = "The Early Life of Stars", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "265", number = "1", pages = "48--?? (Intl. ed. 28--35)", month = jul, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "Our sun experienced a turbulent youth long before reaching maturity as a stable source of fusion energy. Astronomers are now piecing together this complex life cycle of stars. The process begins when clouds of interstellar gas coalesce into protostars discernible only in the infrared and culminates in one of the billions of optically visible stars.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA", classification = "A9710C (Stellar interiors, evolution, nucleosynthesis, and ages)", corpsource = "MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA", journalabr = "Sci Am", keywords = "Early life; early life; Nuclear fusion; nuclear fusion; Stars; stars; stellar evolution; Violent collisions; violent collisions", thesaurus = "Stellar evolution", treatment = "G General Review", xxjournal = j-SCI-AMER-INT-ED, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Zivin:1991:ST, author = "Justin A. Zivin and Dennis W. Choi", title = "Stroke Therapy", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "265", number = "1", pages = "56--?? (Intl. ed. 36--??)", month = jul, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "Physicians have long helplessly stood by when strokes felled their patients. But recent insights into mechanisms that destroy nerve cells are leading to treatments that may minimize damage to the brain. Clinical trials of clot-dissolving drugs are showing promise, and tests of others that slow cell death are under way.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Robinson:1991:OIS, author = "Glen M. Robinson and David M. Perry and Richard W. Peterson", title = "Optical Interferometry of Surfaces", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "265", number = "1", pages = "66--?? (Intl. ed. 44--49)", month = jul, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "The quality of many products, from photographic film and computer disks to bearings, depends on the microscopic structure of their surfaces. New techniques use computers to analyze optical interference patterns and display surface features as small as a few hydrogen atoms. These methods have already cut costs and improved product performance.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "3M Co., St. Paul, MN, USA", classification = "A0630C (Spatial variables measurement); A0760L (Interferometry); A6820 (Solid surface structure)", corpsource = "3M Co., St. Paul, MN, USA", keywords = "light interferometry; Optical interferometry; optical interferometry; Sensitive devices; sensitive devices; Surface texture; surface texture; surface topography measurement; Wave nature of light; wave nature of light", thesaurus = "Light interferometry; Surface texture; Surface topography measurement", treatment = "G General Review", xxjournal = j-SCI-AMER-INT-ED, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", xxtitle = "Optical Interferometry of Spaces", } @Article{Strobel:1991:BCW, author = "Gary A. Strobel", title = "Biological Control of Weeds", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "265", number = "1", pages = "72--?? (Intl. ed. 50--??)", month = jul, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "No one knows for sure when an unwanted plant was first termed a weed, but the idea certainly precedes the writing of the Old Testament. These plants have been pulled up, plowed under and poisoned, but the age-old battle rages on. The latest ploy: enlisting such natural enemies of weeds as insects and fungi. Willthese new allies give humans the edge?", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Stix:1991:TTA, author = "Gary Stix", title = "Trends in Transportation: {Along} for the Ride?", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "265", number = "1", pages = "76--85", month = jul, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, classification = "C3360L (Aerospace systems); C7460 (Aerospace engineering)", keywords = "aircraft control; aircraft instrumentation; Computerised control systems; computerised control systems; Passenger aircraft; passenger aircraft", thesaurus = "Aircraft control; Aircraft instrumentation", treatment = "G General Review", xxjournal = j-SCI-AMER-INT-ED, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Shimada:1991:CAM, author = "Izumi Shimada and John F. Merkel", title = "Copper-Alloy Metallurgy in Ancient {Peru}", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "265", number = "1", pages = "80--?? (Intl. ed. 62--??)", month = jul, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "When Francisco Pizarro and the conquistadores invaded Peru in the 16th century, they carted away tons of gold and silver. Yet they ignored the most ancient and sophisticated metallurgical tradition. For six centuries, copper alloys had been the mainstay of Peruvian technology and commerce.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Bellwood:1991:ADO, author = "Peter Bellwood", title = "The {Austronesian} Dispersal and the Origin of Languages", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "265", number = "1", pages = "88--?? (Intl. ed. 70--??)", month = jul, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "The word, it seems, was borne by farmers seeking new agricultural lands. The ancient diffusion of language through Polynesia is yet another example. Traveling great distances by boat, these societies spread their languages from Taiwan to Madagascar and Hawaii.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journalabr = "Sci Am", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Anonymous:1991:IIF, author = "Anonymous", title = "Insectoids Invade a Field of Robots", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "265", number = "1", pages = "93--??", month = jul, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Stix:1991:AR, author = "Gary Stix", title = "Along for the Ride?", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "265", number = "1", pages = "94--??", month = jul, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "Today's ``smart'' aircraft can virtually fly themselves to any point on the globe. Computerized navigation systems and flight controls are replacing pilots' Right Stuff with expertise in systems management. Airframe manufacturers insist these are the safest planes ever flown, but pilots are sometimes ill at ease in these ``glass cockpits.''", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Kapitza:1991:ATU, author = "Sergei Kapitza", title = "Antiscience Trends in the {U.S.S.R.}", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "265", number = "2", pages = "32--?? (Intl. ed. 18--??)", month = aug, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "The sweeping changes set in motion by Mikhail Gorbachev's policies of glasnost and perestroika have had an odd consequence: antiscience and antitechnology sentiment are on the rise in the Soviet Union. Just as American hippies reacted during the Vietnam years, the Soviets are responding to their social crisis by turning to extrasensory perception, extraterrestrials, astrology and mysticism.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Moyzis:1991:HT, author = "Robert K. Moyzis", title = "The Human Telomere", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "265", number = "2", pages = "48--?? (Intl. ed. 34--??)", month = aug, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "In the language of genetics, TTAGGG means ``the end.'' This sequence of nucleotides repeats over and over at the tips of each chromosome, forming a protective cap that prevents the chromosome from being degraded or shortened during DNA replication. This same sequence has been found in all of some 100 vertebrate species tested so far, from fish to humans.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Breuker:1991:TIE, author = "Horst Breuker and Hans Drevermann and Christoph Grab and Alphonse A. Rademakers and Howard Stone", title = "Tracking and Imaging Elementary Particles", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "265", number = "2", pages = "58--?? (Intl. ed. 42--47)", month = aug, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "A. single ``event'' at CERN's Large Electron-Positron Collider can produce 500,000 bits of digital data. Computers translate the information into striking images that help physicists interpret the complicated dynamics of elementary particles.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "CERN, Geneva, Switzerland", classification = "A2980 (Nuclear information processing); C7320 (Physics and Chemistry)", corpsource = "CERN, Geneva, Switzerland", keywords = "Electronic signals; electronic signals; LEP detectors; nuclear electronics; physics computing", thesaurus = "Nuclear electronics; Physics computing", treatment = "G General Review", xxjournal = j-SCI-AMER-INT-ED, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Schultz:1991:B, author = "Jerome S. Schultz", title = "Biosensors", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "265", number = "2", pages = "64--?? (Intl. ed. 48--??)", month = aug, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "Take a component of banana pulp, crab antennae, cucumber leaves or rabbit muscle, then hook it into an electrical circuit or connect it to optical fibers. The result is a real-time sensor for biologically important substances, ranging from blood oxygen or glucose levels to drugs and environmental toxins. Many biosensors will soon become a routine part of medical diagnosis and monitoring.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Evans:1991:B, author = "Howard E. Evans and Kevin M. O'Neill", title = "Beewolves", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "265", number = "2", pages = "70--?? (Intl. ed. 56--??)", month = aug, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "Females of this group of common wasps are voracious predators that provide food for their larvae by loading sealed underground chambers with paralyzed bees, thus earning the name ``beewolves.'' Males simply mate --- and defend their territory aggressively. Like their prey, both adult sexes feed on nectar.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Beardsley:1991:TBS, author = "Tim Beardsley", title = "Trends in Biology: {Smart} Genes", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "265", number = "2", pages = "72--??", month = aug, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Kauffman:1991:AA, author = "Stuart A. Kauffman", title = "Antichaos and Adaptation", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "265", number = "2", pages = "78--?? (Intl. ed. 64--??)", month = aug, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "If the tentative conclusions of this biophysicist and his colleagues are correct, there is more to evolution than natural selection. He argues that the mathematical idea of antichaos --- that disorder in complex systems can suddenly crystallize into order --- plays a crucial role in biology.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Beardsley:1991:SG, author = "Tim Beardsley", title = "Smart Genes", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "265", number = "2", pages = "86--??", month = aug, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "The answer to why a rose is a rose, or what tells a liver cell to be a liver cell, is a ``sloppy'' genetic computer that instructs a gene when to turn on or off. These elaborate assemblages of proteins, known as transcription complexes, choreograph the forms and functions of cells by transmitting both intercellular and extracellular signals.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Anonymous:1991:WHD, author = "Anonymous", title = "What in Heaven is a Digital Sundial?", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "265", number = "2", pages = "89--??", month = aug, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Corcoran:1991:OC, author = "Elizabeth Corcoran", title = "Ordering chaos", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "265", number = "2", pages = "96, 98", month = aug, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Tue Jun 25 08:55:47 1996", bibsource = "Theory/nld.bib", keywords = "chaos, order", } @Article{Vinton:1991:N, author = "G. C. Vinton", title = "Networks", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "265", number = "3", pages = "42--51", month = sep, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibsource = "Distributed/QLD/1991.bib", abstract = "As the diversity of computer applications increases the burgeoning flow of megabit traffic between machines will be accommodated by wider and smoother highways.", annote = "(VBI-003418)", country = "USA", date = "01/07/93", descriptors = "Communication network;", enum = "11398", } @Article{Dertouzos:1991:CCN, author = "Michael L. Dertouzos", title = "Communications, Computers and Networks", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "265", number = "3", pages = "62--?? (Intl. ed. 30--37)", month = sep, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "The transformation of civilization through the fusion of computing and communications technologies has been predicted for at least 50 years. Now the revolution has truly begun. The impact will be as profound as was the shift from an agrarian to an industrial society.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, classification = "B6210L (Computer communications); C0230 (Economic, social and political aspects); C5620 (Computer networks and techniques); C7104 (Office automation)", keywords = "Civilization; civilization; Communications technologies; communications technologies; computer networks; Computing; computing; factory automation; Infrastructure; infrastructure; office automation; social aspects of automation", thesaurus = "Computer networks; Factory automation; Office automation; Social aspects of automation", treatment = "G General Review", xxjournal = j-SCI-AMER-INT-ED, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Cerf:1991:N, author = "Vinton G. Cerf", title = "Networks", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "265", number = "3", pages = "72--?? (Intl. ed. 42--51)", month = sep, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "Just as the dirt roads of the early 20th century could not begin to handle today's traffic, so will current computer networks be unequal to the burgeoning flow of information. Advanced packet-switching systems and new schemes for interconnecting networks will help to prevent digital gridlock.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, classification = "B6210L (Computer communications); C5620W (Other networks)", keywords = "circuit switching; computer networks; distributed computing; interconnecting networks; Interconnecting networks; internetting; megabit traffic; Megabit traffic; network security; networking technology; packet switching; packet-switching systems; Packet-switching systems; protocol hierarchy; quality of service; Quality of service; security; Security", thesaurus = "Computer networks; Packet switching", treatment = "G General Review", xxjournal = j-SCI-AMER-INT-ED, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Tesler:1991:NC, author = "Lawrence G. Tesler", title = "Networked Computing in the 1990s", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "265", number = "3", pages = "86--?? (Intl. ed. 54--61)", month = sep, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "Not so long ago, computers were electronic megaliths served by a white-coated elite. Today they are simple tools that are as common as pencils on desks or clipboards in factories. The next generation of computers will become active collaborators in the creation and acquisition of information.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, classification = "C5430 (Microcomputers); C5540B (Interactive-input devices); C7100 (Business and administration)", keywords = "Active collaborator; active collaborator; Flat screens; flat screens; Human interaction; human interaction; interactive devices; microcomputers; Microphones; microphones; personal computing; Productivity tool; productivity tool; Styli; styli; Wireless transmitters; wireless transmitters", thesaurus = "Interactive devices; Microcomputers; Personal computing", treatment = "G General Review", xxjournal = j-SCI-AMER-INT-ED, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Weiser:1991:CC, author = "Mark Weiser", title = "The Computer for the {21st Century}", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "265", number = "3", pages = "94--?? (Intl. ed. 66--75)", month = sep, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "The most useful, ordinary technologies are invisible. No one consciously reads a street sign or the floor indicator on an elevator. In the same way, the computer will become an integral part of office and domestic surroundings. It will be ubiquitous, woven into the fabric of daily life from the desktop to the light switch.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Comput. Sci. Lab., Xerox Palo Alto Res. Center, CA, USA", classification = "C0230 (Economic, social and political aspects); C7100 (Business and administration)", corpsource = "Comput. Sci. Lab., Xerox Palo Alto Res. Center, CA, USA", keywords = "active badges; board computer; electronic chalk; embodied virtuality; pad computer; potential of information technology; tab computer; ubiquitous computing; Dynabooks; dynabooks; Information technology; information technology; Knowledge navigators; knowledge navigators; Laptop machines; laptop machines; microcomputers; office automation; Personal computers; personal computers; personal computing; social aspects of automation", thesaurus = "Microcomputers; Office automation; Personal computing; Social aspects of automation", treatment = "G General Review", xxjournal = j-SCI-AMER-INT-ED, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Negroponte:1991:PSC, author = "Nicholas P. Negroponte", title = "Products and Services for Computer Networks", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "265", number = "3", pages = "106--?? (Intl. ed. 76--83)", month = sep, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "The power of the computer and the capacity of the network will make possible a wide variety of products and services that give the consumer new opportunities at work and at play. The ultimate product may well be freedom from the conventional constraints of space and time.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA", classification = "B6210 (Telecommunication applications); B6210L (Computer communications); C5620W (Other networks)", corpsource = "MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA", keywords = "Bandwidth developments; bandwidth developments; Computer networks; computer networks; Computing; computing; Services; services; telecommunication services", thesaurus = "Computer networks; Telecommunication services", treatment = "G General Review", xxjournal = j-SCI-AMER-INT-ED, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Branscomb:1991:CNP, author = "Anne W. Branscomb", title = "Computers, Networks and Public Policy: {Common} Law for the Electronic Frontier", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "265", number = "3", pages = "108--??", month = sep, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Gore:1991:CNP, author = "Al Gore", title = "Computers, Networks and Public Policy: {Infrastructure} for the Global Village", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "265", number = "3", pages = "108--??", month = sep, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Kapor:1991:CNP, author = "Mitchell Kapor", title = "Computers, Networks and Public Policy: {Civil} Liberties in Cyberspace", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "265", number = "3", pages = "108--??", month = sep, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Sproull:1991:CNW, author = "Lee Sproull and Sara Kiesler", title = "Computers, Networks and Work", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "265", number = "3", pages = "116--?? (Intl. ed. 84--91)", month = sep, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "``Does anybody know\ldots{}?'' Such public vulnerability on corporate electronic bulletin boards indicates how radically networks are changing the nature of work. Employees grow more open as well as less hierarchical and status conscious. Can management adapt to a more flexible and dynamic environment?", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Carnegie Mellon Univ., Pittsburgh, PA, USA", classification = "B6210L (Computer communications); C0230 (Economic, social and political aspects); C5620 (Computer networks and techniques); C7104 (Office automation)", corpsource = "Carnegie Mellon Univ., Pittsburgh, PA, USA", keywords = "computer networks; electronic mail; manager-worker relations; nature of work; networked communication; sociology of computer conferences; Computer memory; computer memory; computer networks; Electronic mail; electronic mail; Networked organization; networked organization; office automation; Reporting relationships; reporting relationships; social aspects of automation; Task structures; task structures", thesaurus = "Computer networks; Office automation; Social aspects of automation", treatment = "G General Review", xxjournal = j-SCI-AMER-INT-ED, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Malone:1991:CNC, author = "Thomas W. Malone and John F. Rockart", title = "Computers, Networks and the Corporation", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "265", number = "3", pages = "128--?? (Intl. ed. 92--99)", month = sep, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "By coordinating activities, the computer network has begun to change production and marketing, forcing redefinition of competitive advantage. In order to prevail in the changing environment, firms have begun to restructure their management, pushing strategic decisions downward in the organization.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA", classification = "C0230 (Economic, social and political aspects); C7104 (Office automation)", corpsource = "MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA", keywords = "Competitive advantage; competitive advantage; computer networks; Corporate structure; corporate structure; management; Management style; management style; Networked organisations; networked organisations; OA; office automation; social aspects of automation; Strategic decisions; strategic decisions", thesaurus = "Computer networks; Management; Office automation; Social aspects of automation", treatment = "G General Review", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Anonymous:1991:LLS, author = "Anonymous", title = "Leaping into {Lyapunov} space", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "265", number = "3", pages = "130--??", month = sep, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Kay:1991:CNE, author = "Alan C. Kay", title = "Computers, Networks and Education", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "265", number = "3", pages = "138--?? (Intl. ed. 100--107)", month = sep, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "Music comes from the musician, not the piano. So, too, the desire to learn comes from the student, not the computer. Computers in classrooms will not automatically improve education. Used wisely, though, they can be a force in education as potent as the advent of privately owned books in the Renaissance.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, classification = "C7810C (Computer-aided instruction)", keywords = "computer aided instruction; Easy-to-use computers; easy-to-use computers; Education; education; Educational environment; educational environment; human factors; Student centred environment; student centred environment", thesaurus = "Computer aided instruction; Human factors", treatment = "G General Review", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Gore:1991:IGV, author = "Al Gore", title = "Infrastructure for the {Global Village}", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "265", number = "3", pages = "150--?? (Intl. ed. 108--111)", month = sep, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Mon May 18 08:08:24 MDT 1998", abstract = "forge new rules of the road for data highways that include strong protection of personal freedom.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, classification = "B6210L (Computer communications); C0230 (Economic, social and political aspects); C5620W (Other networks)", keywords = "computer networks; Government investment; government investment; government policies; High-capacity network; high-capacity network; High-speed networks; high-speed networks; Information age; information age", thesaurus = "Computer networks; Government policies", treatment = "G General Review", xxjournal = j-SCI-AMER-INT-ED, } @Article{Branscomb:1991:CLE, author = "Anne W. Branscomb", title = "Common Law for the Electronic Frontier", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "265", number = "3", pages = "154--?? (Intl. ed. 112--116)", month = sep, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Tue May 19 18:01:43 MDT 1998", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, classification = "B0140 (Administration and management); B6210L (Computer communications); C0230B (Legal aspects); C5620W (Other networks)", keywords = "codes of conduct; Codes of conduct; CompuServe; computer bulletin boards; Computer bulletin boards; computer intruders; computer networks; cyberspace; Cyberspace; cyberspace law; data base protection; data manipulation; Electronic Information Exchange System; extraterritoriality; Extraterritoriality; global networks; Global networks; information; Information; information network; Information network; Internet Worm; legal jurisdiction; Legal jurisdiction; legislation; national laws; National laws; network security; ownership; Ownership; privacy and computers; Prodigy Services Company; rules for networks; software copyrighting; SWIFT", thesaurus = "Computer networks; Legislation", treatment = "G General Review", xxjournal = j-SCI-AMER-INT-ED, } @Article{Kapor:1991:CLC, author = "Mitchell Kapor", title = "Civil Liberties in Cyberspace", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "265", number = "3", pages = "158--?? (Intl. ed. 116--120)", month = sep, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Tue May 19 18:01:43 MDT 1998", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, classification = "C0230B (Legal aspects); C5620W (Other networks)", keywords = "access to electronic media; civil liberties agenda; Civil liberties agenda; computer crime; computer intruders; computer networks; Computer networks; Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF); electronic media; Electronic media; First Amendment and computing; government policy on computer crime; legislation; network security; search and seizure policy; social institutions; Social institutions", thesaurus = "Computer crime; Computer networks; Legislation", treatment = "G General Review", xxjournal = j-SCI-AMER-INT-ED, } @Article{Smalley:1991:F, author = "Robert F. Curl and Richard E. Smalley", title = "{Fullerenes}", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "265", number = "4", pages = "32--??", month = oct, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Scrimshaw:1991:ID, author = "Nevin S. Scrimshaw", title = "Iron Deficiency", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "265", number = "4", pages = "46--?? (Intl. ed. 24--??)", month = oct, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "Although it is often overlooked, iron deficiency is the most widespread nutritional problem in the world. It is particularly severe in those developing countries where parasitic diseases compound the effects of inadequate diet. Prevention is the best solution to a condition that can irreversibly damage brain function and impair the immune system --- and that may even be fatal.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Curl:1991:F, author = "Robert F. Curl and Richard E. Smalley", title = "Fullerenes", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "265", number = "4", pages = "54--?? (Intl. ed. 32--41)", month = oct, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Tue May 19 18:01:43 MDT 1998", abstract = "The quest for ``buckyballs'' has been one of the hottest in chemistry. These hollow cages of carbon atoms were characterized in 1985 and dubbed ``buckminsterfullerenes'' after the inventor of the geodesic dome. Bulk quantities were made in 1990. With other materials, they form crystals having properties that range from superconductivity to ferromagnetism.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, chemicalindex = "C60/el C/el; C70/el C/el; C32/el C/el; C44/el C/el; C50/el C/el; C58/el C/el; C240/el C/el; C540/el C/el; C960/el C/el", classification = "A3120 (Specific calculations and results); A3640 (Atomic and molecular clusters)", keywords = "applications of fullerenes; buckminsterfullerene; C60 and C70 molecules; carbon clusters; round molecules; soccerball structure of fullerene; third form of pure carbon; atomic clusters; Buckminsterfullerene; buckminsterfullerene; Buckybabies; buckybabies; Bunnyball; bunnyball; C$_{240}$; C$_{32}$; C$_{44}$; C$_{50}$; C$_{540}$; C$_{58}$; C$_{60}$; C$_{60}$(OsO$_{4}$)(4-tert-pyridine)$_{2}$; C$_{70}$; C$_{960}$; C/sub 240/; C/sub 32/; C/sub 44/; C/sub 50/; C/sub 540/; C/sub 58/; C/sub 60/; C/sub 60/(OsO/sub 4/)(4-tert-pyridine)/sub 2/; C/sub 70/; C/sub 960/; carbon; Daedalus; Electronic structures; electronic structures; Fullerides; fullerides; Giant fullerenes; giant fullerenes; Hyperfullerene nested concentric structure; hyperfullerene nested concentric structure; molecular energy level calculations; platinum-burr ball (triethylphosphine$_{2}$Pt$_{6}$C$_{60}$); Platinum-burr ball (triethylphosphine/sub 2/Pt/sub 6/C/sub 60/); Russian egg", thesaurus = "Atomic clusters; Carbon; Molecular energy level calculations", treatment = "T Theoretical or Mathematical", } @Article{Knoll:1991:EPE, author = "Andrew H. Knoll", title = "End of the Proterozoic Eon", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "265", number = "4", pages = "64--?? (Intl. ed. 42--??)", month = oct, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "Microscopic, single-celled organisms inhabited the earth for nearly four billion years. Then, just 600 million years ago, the macroscopic ancestors of modern plants and animals suddenly appeared, signaling the end of the Proterozoic eon. What caused the abrupt change? Evidence suggests that a rapid increase in atmospheric oxygen made multicellular life possible.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{vonBoehmer:1991:HIS, author = "Harald {von Boehmer} and Pawel Kisielow", title = "How the Immune System Learns About Self", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "265", number = "4", pages = "74--?? (Intl. ed. 50--??)", month = oct, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "The immune system can identify and destroy hundreds of millions of foreign substances. Yet when it functions properly, it ignores the tissues of the body. How these specialized cells learn to tell ``self'' from ``nonself'' has been debated for decades. Now researchers have unraveled one of the processes: the deletion of immature clones of antiself cells by the thymus.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Holloway:1991:TET, author = "Marguerite Holloway and John Horgan", title = "Trends in Environmental Technology: {Soiled} Shores", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "265", number = "4", pages = "80--??", month = oct, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Grant:1991:NSD, author = "Peter R. Grant", title = "Natural Selection and {Darwin}'s Finches", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "265", number = "4", pages = "82--?? (Intl. ed. 60--??)", month = oct, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "Charles Darwin despaired of ever seeing evolution taking place. The process, he believed, was so slow that only the long-term results could be observed. Fortunately, he was wrong. Numerous studies document natural selection in real time. A. classic example is the finches of the Galapagos, populations of which are altered significantly by a single season of drought.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Binzel:1991:OA, author = "Richard P. Binzel and M. Antonietta Barucci and Marcello Fulchignoni", title = "The Origins of the Asteroids", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "265", number = "4", pages = "88--?? (Intl. ed. 66--72)", month = oct, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "In the 19th century the search for a ``missing'' planet ended in the discovery of asteroids. Today astronomers believe they are remnants of a planet that never formed. By studying the asteroids, investigators are revealing important clues to understanding the birth of the solar system.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Dept. of Phys., Rome Univ., Italy", classification = "A9610 (General, solar nebula, and cosmogony); A9630H (Asteroids); A9635B (Origin, evolution, and ages); A9635E (Chemical composition); A9635F (Masses, sizes; A9635G (Surfaces and topography); gravitational fields; orbits); rotation", corpsource = "Dept. of Phys., Rome Univ., Italy", keywords = "Asteroid belt; Asteroids; Collisions; Composition; Discovery; Families; Light curves; Orbits; Origins; Rotation; Shapes; Size; Solar nebula", thesaurus = "Asteroids; Solar nebula", treatment = "G General Review", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Orloff:1991:FIB, author = "Jon Orloff", title = "Focused Ion Beams", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "265", number = "4", pages = "96--?? (Intl. ed. 74--79)", month = oct, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "Soldering irons are not much use on wires that are a mere micron in diameter. That is why most defective integrated circuits are simply discarded. But chip makers now have a new tool. Liquid-metal ion sources produce beams of charged ions that can machine and weld as well as implant dopants.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, classification = "B2550B (Semiconductor doping); B2550G (Lithography); B2570 (Semiconductor integrated circuits)", keywords = "Analysis; analysis; Elemental composition; elemental composition; Focused ion beams; focused ion beams; integrated circuit technology; Integrated circuits; integrated circuits; ion beam applications; ion beam lithography; ion implantation; Liquid metal ion sources; liquid metal ion sources; Maskless implantation; maskless implantation; Micromachining; micromachining; Nanolithography; nanolithography; Optical masks; optical masks; Repair; repair; semiconductor doping; X-ray lithographic masks", thesaurus = "Integrated circuit technology; Ion beam applications; Ion beam lithography; Ion implantation; Semiconductor doping", treatment = "A Application; G General Review; P Practical", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Holloway:1991:SS, author = "Marguerite Holloway and John Horgan", title = "Soiled Shores", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "265", number = "4", pages = "102--??", month = oct, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "After the Exxon Valdez oil spill in 1989, the beaches of Prince William Sound were scrubbed, hosed, hoed, fertilized and bulldozed at a cost of US\$2.5 billion. Some scientists assessing the effects of that effort conclude that no method worked very well; some did more harm than good. The massive spill in the Persian Gulf is likely to teach that sobering lesson once again.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Anonymous:1991:CWS, author = "Anonymous", title = "Concentration: {A} Winning Strategy", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "265", number = "4", pages = "103--??", month = oct, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Selkoe:1991:VPA, author = "Dennis J. Selkoe", title = "Void Protein and {Alzheimer}'s Disease", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "265", number = "5", pages = "40--??", month = nov, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Zimring:1991:FVP, author = "Franklin E. Zimring", title = "Firearms, Violence and Public Policy", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "265", number = "5", pages = "48--?? (Intl. ed. 24--??)", month = nov, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "Guns are the weapon of choice in more than 60 percent of the homicides committed annually in the U. S. Handguns in circulation now number more than 35 million. But many state and federal gun-control laws, such as the 1991 Brady bill, may be misdirected. They do little to restrict access to those weapons that are most often implicated in violent crime and fatal accidents.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Gutbrod:1991:NES, author = "Hans Gutbrod and Horst St{\"o}cker", title = "The Nuclear Equation of State", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "265", number = "5", pages = "58--?? (Intl. ed. 32--39)", month = nov, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "The fiery death of an exploding star cannot be duplicated in any laboratory. Yet physicists know much about what happens to matter under such extreme conditions. Just as an equation can describe the states of water (solid, liquid, vapor) at various temperatures and pressures, so it can predict similar phases as matter breaks up into its ultimate constituents, quarks and gluons.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "CERN, Geneva, Switzerland", classification = "A2160 (Nuclear-structure models and methods); A2165 (Nuclear matter)", corpsource = "CERN, Geneva, Switzerland", keywords = "Big bang; big bang; High energy collision experiments; high energy collision experiments; Nuclear equation of state; nuclear equation of state; Nuclear matter; nuclear matter; nuclear structure theory; Plasma phase; plasma phase; Supernova; supernova", thesaurus = "Nuclear matter; Nuclear structure theory", treatment = "G General Review", xxjournal = j-SCI-AMER-INT-ED, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Selkoe:1991:APA, author = "Dennis J. Selkoe", title = "Amyloid Protein and {Alzheimer}'s Disease", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "265", number = "5", pages = "68--??", month = nov, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "In Alois Alzheimer observed deposits of ``a peculiar substance'' in brains from patients who had suffered from senile dementia. Whether these amyloid plaques are a cause or an effect of Alzheimer's disease has long been debated. The author cites evidence that in at least some forms of the disease the protein is a causative agent. Understanding how the plaques form may lead to treatments.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Lam:1991:CP, author = "Dominic Man-Kit Lam and Bryant W. Rossiter", title = "Chromoskedasic Painting", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "265", number = "5", pages = "80--?? (Intl. ed. 48--??)", month = nov, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "The well-known chemistry of black-and-white photography has an unexpected dimension. An artist has found a way to produce full-color paintings by controlling the size of the silver particles so that they scatter light in particular wavelengths.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Powell:1991:TAM, author = "Corey S. Powell", title = "Trends in Astronomy: {Mirroring} the Cosmos", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "265", number = "5", pages = "80--??", month = nov, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Jewell:1991:M, author = "Jack L. Jewell and James P. Harbison and Axel Scherer", title = "Microlasers", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "265", number = "5", pages = "86--?? (Intl. ed. 56--62)", month = nov, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "Compared with the transistors on a computer chip, the tiny red lasers in compact-disc players are clumsy behemoths. Researchers are closing the gap by making micron-scale lasers that promise eventually to be as minuscule as their electronic cousins. These efficient, low-power lasers may pave the way to optical computers and find applications from remote sensing to machine vision.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "AT\&T Bell Labs., Princeton, NY, USA", classification = "B4180 (Optical logic devices and optical computing techniques); B4320J (Semiconductor junction lasers)", corpsource = "AT\&T Bell Labs., Princeton, NY, USA", keywords = "2D optical switch array; Diode laser arrays; diode laser arrays; Diode lasers; diode lasers; Information processing; information processing; May 1989; Micro-lasers; micro-lasers; Micron-size lasers; micron-size lasers; Miniaturization; miniaturization; Optical communications; optical communications; Optical computers; optical computers; Optical computing; optical computing; optical information processing; optical switches; Semiconductor chip; semiconductor chip; semiconductor laser arrays; Single chip; single chip", thesaurus = "Optical information processing; Optical switches; Semiconductor laser arrays", treatment = "G General Review", xxjournal = j-SCI-AMER-INT-ED, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Green:1991:CCT, author = "Howard Green", title = "Cultured Cells for the Treatment of Disease", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "265", number = "5", pages = "96--?? (Intl. ed. 64--??)", month = nov, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "Replacing severely damaged skin with grafts obtained by growing a patient's own cells in the laboratory is now easing the painful and protracted healing of burns. The cell culture technique is also curing intractable ulcerations and may one day be applied to other tissues and organs, including blood vessels and liver cells.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Anonymous:1991:PCP, author = "Anonymous", title = "Painting in Color without Pigments", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "265", number = "5", pages = "98--??", month = nov, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Cavalli-Sforza:1991:GPL, author = "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza", title = "Genes, Peoples and Languages", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "265", number = "5", pages = "104--?? (Intl. ed. 72--??)", month = nov, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "Evidence for the African genesis of humanity now correlates on three major fronts. Family trees based on an exhaustive analysis of human genetics trace the divergence of languages during successive waves of migration by ancient peoples. Both are supported by the archaeological record.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Powell:1991:MC, author = "Corey S. Powell", title = "Mirroring the Cosmos", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "265", number = "5", pages = "112--??", month = nov, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "When the Hale Telescope was completed in 1947, many astronomers believed it would be the largest ever built. But thick, rigid mirrors are being replaced by multifaceted reflecting surfaces, lightweight honeycombs and flexible sheets of glass. Combined with optical technologies that cancel out atmospheric distortion, the new telescopes promise the clearest and brightest view yet of the heavens.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Bassuk:1991:HF, author = "Ellen L. Bassuk", title = "Homeless Families", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "265", number = "6", pages = "66--?? (Intl. ed. 20--??)", month = dec, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "More than one third of the nation's homeless are families --- often headed by young women --- and their numbers are growing. Each night, as many as 100,000 children sleep in shelters or in abandoned buildings or on the street. The author proposes new social policies that will prevent the physical and psychological devastation faced by these vulnerable victims of poverty.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Halliwell:1991:QCC, author = "Jonathan J. Halliwell", title = "Quantum Cosmology and the Creation of the Universe", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "265", number = "6", pages = "76--?? (Intl. ed. 28--??)", month = dec, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "Einstein's general relativity enabled cosmologists to describe the formation of matter and its coalescence into galaxies, stars and planets. But that theory cannot explain the events before the instant of creation. During the past decade, a group of cosmologists turned to the theories of quantum mechanics to fill the gap. Still missing is an observation, such as gravity waves, to verify their ideas.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Wallich:1991:TAI, author = "P. Wallich", title = "Trends in Artificial Intelligence: {Silicon} Babies", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "265", number = "6", pages = "82--91", month = dec, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Mon May 18 08:08:24 MDT 1998", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, classification = "C1230 (Artificial intelligence); C3390 (Robotics); C6170 (Expert systems)", keywords = "artificial intelligence; Artificial-intelligence; artificial-intelligence; Automated reasoning; automated reasoning; Common sense; common sense; Integrated intelligent systems; integrated intelligent systems; Knowledge representation; knowledge representation; Machine sensing; machine sensing; Machine vision; machine vision; Mechanical creatures; mechanical creatures; Natural-language understanding; natural-language understanding; Perception; perception; Planning; planning; robots", thesaurus = "Artificial intelligence; Robots", treatment = "G General Review", xxjournal = j-SCI-AMER-INT-ED, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Golde:1991:SC, author = "David W. Golde", title = "The Stem Cell", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "265", number = "6", pages = "86--?? (Intl. ed. 36--??)", month = dec, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "The red blood cells that transport oxygen, the platelets that promote clotting and the host of disease-fighting cells of the immune system are all progeny of a prolific resident of the bone marrow known as the stem cell. The ability to isolate, manipulate and store hematopoietic stem cells is leading to improved treatments for such ailments as cancer, aplastic anemia and some autoimmune diseases.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Anthony:1991:OHR, author = "David Anthony and Dimitri Y. Telegin and Dorcas Brown", title = "The Origin of Horseback Riding", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "265", number = "6", pages = "94--?? (Intl. ed. 44--??)", month = dec, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "The first horse broken to the bit probably lived on the vast grasslands of the Ukrainian steppes some 6,000 years ago. That finding, based on microscopic analysis of characteristic tooth wear caused by a bit, predates the accepted origin of horseback riding in the Middle East by three millennia. The horse may have played a greater role in the spread of language and culture than previously thought.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Anonymous:1991:STI, author = "Anonymous", title = "A Short Trek to Infinity", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "265", number = "6", pages = "100--??", month = dec, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Dostrovsky:1991:CFS, author = "Israel Dostrovsky", title = "Chemical Fuels from the {Sun}", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "265", number = "6", pages = "102--?? (Intl. ed. 50--52, 64--66)", month = dec, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "Direct conversion of solar radiation into electricity has shortcomings. The energy cannot be stored efficiently, and it is difficult to transport over long distances. But heat from the sun can be captured in environmentally benign chemical fuels that can be used and then re-formed through reversible reactions. One possibility being explored is syngas, a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Weizmann Inst. of Sci., Rehovot, Israel", classification = "A8610B (Fossil and other fuels); A8630Q (Chemical energy conversion)", corpsource = "Weizmann Inst. of Sci., Rehovot, Israel", keywords = "chemical energy conversion; Chemical fuels; chemical fuels; fuel; Solar energy; solar energy; solar energy conversion; Storage; storage; Transportation; transportation", thesaurus = "Chemical energy conversion; Fuel; Solar energy conversion", treatment = "G General Review", xxjournal = j-SCI-AMER-INT-ED, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Seymour:1991:BT, author = "Roger S. Seymour", title = "The Brush Turkey", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "265", number = "6", pages = "108--?? (Intl. ed. 68--??)", month = dec, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "The homely image of a female bird sitting patiently on her nest does not fit these curious Australian fowl. They bury their eggs in carefully constructed compost heaps --- then they leave. The chicks emerge fully capable of surviving. Their adaptations are exceptions to many rules that govern avian development.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Dalmedico:1991:SG, author = "Amy Dahan Dalmedico", title = "{Sophie Germain}", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "265", number = "6", pages = "116--?? (Intl. ed. 76--??)", month = dec, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:50 MST 1999", abstract = "The obstacles to women in science pale today before those faced by Sophie Germain in 18th-century France. Yet this self-taught, middle-class woman would not be dissuaded from the pursuit of mathematics. Firm in the conviction that her work would withstand the test of time, Germain made significant contributions.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Wallich:1991:SB, author = "Paul Wallich", title = "Silicon Babies", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "265", number = "6", pages = "124--??", month = dec, year = "1991", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "Artificial-intelligence researchers have found ways to automate reasoning and planning, provide computers with sight and other senses, and teach them to comprehend spoken commands. Now a small group of researchers are attempting to put all those skills into one package. They are trying to build ``integrated systems'' that they hope will function independently in the real world.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Bazzaz:1992:PLC, author = "Fakhri A. Bazzaz and Eric D. Fajer", title = "Plant Life in a {CO}$_2$ Rich World", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "266", number = "1", pages = "18--??", month = jan, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Bazzaz:1992:PLR, author = "Fakhri A. Bazzaz and Eric D. Fajer", title = "Plant Life in a {$CO_2$-Rich} World", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "266", number = "1", pages = "68--??", month = jan, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "Some plant scientists have argued that rising levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide could be a boon by causing plants to grow faster and become larger and more plentiful. Experiments with plants grown in carbon dioxide-rich environments point instead to small and costly increases in agricultural productivity that could be overshadowed by the harmful disruption of critical ecosystems.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Gutzwiller:1992:QC, author = "Martin C. Gutzwiller", title = "Quantum Chaos", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "266", number = "1", pages = "78--?? (Intl. ed. 26--32)", month = jan, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "Chaos lurks in the most orderly systems of the observable universe, from the perturbations of a swinging pendulum to the jitters in the moon's orbit. Not altogether surprisingly, it also inhabits the seemingly smooth, wavelike realm of atoms and subatomic particles. In the quantum world, chaos reveals itself in the distribution of energy levels and the trajectories of scattering electrons.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "IBM Thomas J. Watson Res. Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA", classification = "A0365G (Solutions of wave equations: bound state); A0530 (Quantum statistical mechanics); A0545 (Theory and models of chaotic systems); A3220 (Atomic spectra grouped by wavelength ranges)", corpsource = "IBM Thomas J. Watson Res. Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA", keywords = "atomic spectra; chaos; Energy levels; energy levels; Energy spectrum; energy spectrum; Quantum chaos; quantum chaos; quantum statistical mechanics; quantum theory; Wave pattern treatment; wave pattern treatment", thesaurus = "Atomic spectra; Chaos; Quantum statistical mechanics; Quantum theory", treatment = "G General Review; T Theoretical or Mathematical", xxjournal = j-SCI-AMER-INT-ED, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Lienhard:1992:HCA, author = "Gustav E. Lienhard and Jan W. Slot and David E. James and Mike M. Mueckler", title = "How Cells Absorb Glucose", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "266", number = "1", pages = "86--?? (Intl. ed. 34--??)", month = jan, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "Glucose is both an important fuel and a chemical precursor for the carbon-based compounds in all living tissues. Yet the way this small sugar enters cells is far from simple. Glucose is channeled through the impermeable cell membrane by transporter proteins. Understanding how some of these proteins are mobilized by exposure to insulin may provide clues to diabetes.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Cannizzo:1992:ADI, author = "John K. Cannizzo and Ronald H. Kaitchuck", title = "Accretion Disks in Interacting Binary Stars", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "266", number = "1", pages = "92--?? (Intl. ed. 42--46, 48--50)", month = jan, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "Among the most common features in the cosmos are the disks of matter that collect around some massive objects such as stars and black holes. By studying an unusual type of highly variable star, astronomers are learning about the dynamics of such accretion disks. This knowledge may help explain the behavior of newborn stars, quasars and violent phenomena near the galactic center.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Max Planck Inst. for Astrophys., Garching, Germany", classification = "A9710F (Circumstellar shells and expanding envelopes); A9730Q (Novae, dwarf novae); A9780G (Cataclysmic binaries)", corpsource = "Max Planck Inst. for Astrophys., Garching, Germany", keywords = "Accretion disks; accretion disks; cataclysmic binary stars; Cataclysmic variable stars; cataclysmic variable stars; Disk instability model; disk instability model; Dwarf novae; dwarf novae; Interacting binary stars; interacting binary stars; Outbursts; outbursts; stellar models; TW Vir", thesaurus = "Accretion disks; Cataclysmic binary stars; Dwarf novae; Stellar models", treatment = "G General Review", xxjournal = j-SCI-AMER-INT-ED, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Lohmann:1992:HST, author = "Kenneth J. Lohmann", title = "How Sea Turtles Navigate", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "266", number = "1", pages = "100--?? (Intl. ed. 82--??)", month = jan, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "From the instant sea turtle hatchlings first struggle into the surf, their course is set. Some individuals literally circle the oceans before returning years later to the site of their birth. Experiments suggest that a combination of cues from the earth's magnetic field and the steady seasonal pattern of waves are the sources of these seafaring navigators' biological maps and compass.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Rennie:1992:TPL, author = "John Rennie", title = "Trends in Parasitology: {Living} Together", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "266", number = "1", pages = "104--??", month = jan, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Ferguson:1992:TW, author = "R. Brian Ferguson", title = "Tribal Warfare", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "266", number = "1", pages = "108--?? (Intl. ed. 90--??)", month = jan, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "The notion that tribal societies are naturally fierce and warlike has been a fixture of the Western mind at least since the time of Thomas Hobbes. Actually, the author argues, it was the very presence of the European interlopers that escalated the native savagery by destabilizing indigenous cultures.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, keywords = "cultural Heisenberg effect; tribal structure; tribal warfare; Western contact with tribal peoples", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Desurvire:1992:LCF, author = "Emmanuel Desurvire", title = "Lightwave Communications: {The} Fifth Generation", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "266", number = "1", pages = "114--?? (Intl. ed. 96--103)", month = jan, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", bibsource = "Distributed/QLD/1992.bib", abstract = "Optical fibers doped with erbium and powered by tiny laser chips are revolutionizing the way signals are regenerated for transcontinental communications and for fast data transmission over fiber-optic networks.", abstract2 = "Since the transmission capacity of optical-fiber communications systems has increased 10 times every four years. The most recent development is an amplifier made by doping a glass fiber with erbium. It boosts capacity 100-fold by replacing electro-optical ``repeaters'' that regenerate weakened signals.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Columbia Univ., New York, NY, USA", annote = "(VBI-003455)", chemicalindex = "SiO2/ss Er/ss O2/ss Si/ss O/ss Er/el Er/dop", classification = "A4255N (Fibre lasers and amplifiers); A4280S (Optical communications devices); A4281W (Other fibre optical devices and techniques); B4125 (Fibre optics); B4320G (Solid lasers); B6260 (Optical links and equipment)", corpsource = "Columbia Univ., New York, NY, USA", country = "USA", date = "01/07/93", descriptors = "Fiber Optics; Transmission;", enum = "9594", keywords = "Communications systems; communications systems; Efficient radiation source; efficient radiation source; Er doped fibre amplifiers; erbium; fibre lasers; Laser diode chip; laser diode chip; Laser pumping; laser pumping; Optical amplifier; optical amplifier; optical communication equipment; optical pumping; Transmission capacities; transmission capacities", thesaurus = "Erbium; Fibre lasers; Optical communication equipment; Optical pumping", treatment = "G General Review", xxjournal = j-SCI-AMER-INT-ED, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Smith:1992:HGC, author = "Douglas Smith", title = "How to Generate Chaos at Home", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "266", number = "1", pages = "121--??", month = jan, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Rennie:1992:LT, author = "John Rennie", title = "Living Together", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "266", number = "1", pages = "122--??", month = jan, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "For all their clever adaptations, parasites have been regarded as uninteresting and unpleasant organisms that inhabited the darker recesses of biology. Now ecologists are looking at these ``degenerate'' creatures in a new light. The intimate associations that develop between host and parasite in their battle for survival may have fundamentally shaped the evolution of all living things.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Caplan:1992:IRF, author = "Nathan Caplan and Marcella H. Choy and John K. Whitmore", title = "Indochinese Refugee Families and Academic Achievement", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "266", number = "2", pages = "36--?? (Intl. ed. 18--??)", month = feb, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "Many refugees from Southeast Asia arrived in the U.S. with little more than the clothes on their backs and with no exposure to Western culture or knowledge of the English language. Yet their children display stunning scholastic achievement in American schools. The authors attribute this academic success to supportive families in which all members participate equally in the learning process.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Fryer:1992:MVM, author = "Patricia Fryer", title = "Mud Volcanoes of the {Marianas}", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "266", number = "2", pages = "46--?? (Intl. ed. 26--??)", month = feb, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "Near the edge of the Mariana Trench, where the great Pacific plate of the earth's crust is being forced down into the mantle, mountains of green mud loom from the ocean floor. These unusual mud volcanoes have solved a geologic mystery. Their presence confirms a theory that water squeezed from descending plates reacts with the mantle, creating minerals that ooze back to the seafloor.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Liotta:1992:CCI, author = "Lance A. Liotta", title = "Cancer Cell Invasion and Metastasis", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "266", number = "2", pages = "54--?? (Intl. ed. 34--??)", month = feb, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "The deadly ability of cancer cells to spread throughout the body and invade healthy tissues is not purely a malign aberration. The complex process is a natural characteristic of many normal cells. Recent identification of regulatory genes and proteins that control metastasis has produced a promising class of synthetic drugs that may prevent or block the growth of secondary tumors.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Storch:1992:MIE, author = "Gerhard Storch", title = "The Mammals of Island {Europe}", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "266", number = "2", pages = "64--?? (Intl. ed. 42--??)", month = feb, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "Fifty million years ago the island that is now Europe was colonized by animals from Africa and the New World. Their extraordinarily detailed fossil images are engraved in the shale of an ancient lake bed near Messel in Germany.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Chu:1992:LTN, author = "Steven Chu", title = "Laser Trapping of Neutral Particles", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "266", number = "2", pages = "70--?? (Intl. ed. 48--??)", month = feb, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "Atoms normally zip along with Brownian abandon at speeds of several hundred miles an hour. Getting atoms to remain still for detailed study was impossible until researchers cooled them in an ``optical molasses'' of laser light. Since then, workers have created optical traps and tweezers, molecular fountains --- even an atomic trampoline. All are important tools for physics, chemistry and biology.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Corcoran:1992:TCE, author = "Elizabeth Corcoran", title = "Trends in Consumer Electronics: {Picture} Perfect", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "266", number = "2", pages = "72--??", month = feb, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Harbottle:1992:TPC, author = "Garman Harbottle and Phil C. Weigand", title = "Turquoise in Pre-{Columbian America}", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "266", number = "2", pages = "78--?? (Intl. ed. 56--??)", month = feb, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "Centuries before the arrival of the conquistadores, dazzling ornaments encrusted with turquoise already had great religious, social and economic significance in Mesoamerica. Yet the nearest deposits of this gemstone are 1,000 miles away. Trade routes extended to Nevada and Arizona, in the American Southwest.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Paul:1992:NVT, author = "Diane B. Paul and Costas B. Krimbas", title = "{Nikolai V. Timofeeff Ressovsky}", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "266", number = "2", pages = "86--?? (Intl. ed. 64--??)", month = feb, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "Can a scientist be productive in a society that challenges human values? The life of Russian geneticist Timofeeff-Ressovsky offers some answers. He worked in Nazi Germany, was imprisoned by the Soviets and continued his research in a military laboratory. After receiving amnesty in 1955, he opposed the Lysenkoists.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", xxtitle = "{Nikolai V. Timofeeff-Ressovsky}", } @Article{Stewart:1992:KN, author = "Ian Stewart", title = "The Kissing Number", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "266", number = "2", pages = "90--??", month = feb, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Corcoran:1992:PP, author = "Elizabeth Corcoran", title = "Picture Perfect", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "266", number = "2", pages = "94--??", month = feb, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "As Europeans watched foreign competition ravage the U.S. electronics industry, they vowed that it would not happen there. They drew the line with high-definition television and set out to develop a uniquely European system. After a six-year government-industry effort, broadcasts are beginning. Will the rush into HDTV assure the technological competitiveness of a unified Europe?", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Sachs:1992:BME, author = "Jeffrey Sachs", title = "Building a Market Economy in {Poland}", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "266", number = "3", pages = "34--?? (Intl. ed. 20--??)", month = mar, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "Disgruntled residents of the former Soviet Union, who were greeted on the new year by astonishing prices and virtually bare shelves, may take some comfort from the example of Poland. When similar economic shock therapy was administered in 1990, prices and unemployment also soared. That econom is imperiled by unprivatized industry, but affordable goods are available: entrepreneurs are flourishing.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Neher:1992:PCT, author = "Erwin Neher and Bert Sakmann", title = "The Patch Clamp Technique", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "266", number = "3", pages = "44--?? (Intl. ed. 28--??)", month = mar, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "Over the past 15 years researchers have learned an immense amount about the transmission of electrical and chemical signals by neurons and other cells. They owe their success to a simple technique that won the authors a 1991 Nobel Prize. By isolating a tiny section of membrane on a living cell, scientists can manipulate the pore-forming proteins that permit ions to enter or leave cells.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Spergel:1992:TCS, author = "David N. Spergel and Neil G. Turok", title = "Textures and Cosmic Structure", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "266", number = "3", pages = "52--?? (Intl. ed. 36--??)", month = mar, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "A bugbear of the big bang theory is that it fails to explain how the matter in the initially smooth universe clumped into vast sheets and bubbles of galaxies. Cosmologists have proposed numerous theories, from inflation to cosmic strings. The latest explanation to be offered, called textures, builds on the theories of particle physics to derive testable predictions of cosmic structure.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Aihara:1992:WAC, author = "Jun-ichi Aihara", title = "Why Aromatic Compounds Are Stable", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "266", number = "3", pages = "62--?? (Intl. ed. 44--??)", month = mar, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "The closed-carbon rings of the aromatic compounds are built to endure. They are found in soot and meteorites and have been identified among the gases of distant nebulae. In industrial chemistry, aromatics are essential as solvents and as reagents for dyes and resins. Chemists have only recently understood their incredible stability by drawing on quantum mechanics and topology.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Vollrath:1992:SWS, author = "Fritz Vollrath", title = "Spider Webs and Silks", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "266", number = "3", pages = "70--?? (Intl. ed. 52--??)", month = mar, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "Spider webs are marvels of engineering. The silks from which they are spun are highly variable materials whose properties are adapted to the design of these gossamer tension structures. The elaborate orb webs of the common garden cross spider, the heroine of E. B. White's Charlotte's Web, achieve remarkable effectiveness by turning to advantage an inherent weakness of silk --- its softness when wet.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Ruthen:1992:TAC, author = "Russell Ruthen", title = "Trends in Astrophysics: {Catching} the Wave", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "266", number = "3", pages = "72--??", month = mar, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Silverman:1992:IVC, author = "Jerry Silverman and Jonathan M. Mooney and Freeman D. Shepherd", title = "Infrared Video Cameras", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "266", number = "3", pages = "78--?? (Intl. ed. 60--??)", month = mar, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "The difference between images that capture light and those made from thermal radiation is like that between night and day. But there is more to infrared imaging than seeing in the dark. Video cameras based on silicon heat detectors can penetrate foul weather, monitor industrial processes and observe distant galaxies.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Taylor:1992:GC, author = "Timothy Taylor", title = "The {Gundestrup} Cauldron", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "266", number = "3", pages = "84--?? (Intl. ed. 66--??)", month = mar, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "Who created this ancient silver cauldron embellished with elephants and deities? Scholars have sought the answer since it was dug from a Danish peat bog a century ago. The author believes the cauldron was made in southeastern Europe by silversmiths of a transcultural caste whose ritual traditions can be traced to Asia.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Mooney:1992:SI, author = "Donald G. Mooney", title = "Seeing Infrared", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "266", number = "3", pages = "90--??", month = mar, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Ruthen:1992:CW, author = "Russell Ruthen", title = "Catching the Wave", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "266", number = "3", pages = "90--??", month = mar, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "The gravitational waves that ripple the fabric of space have never been conclusively observed. A team of U.S. scientists hopes by the end of the decade to be the first to build a device that will detect these extremely weak undulations. If they succeed, their unique telescope may also illuminate black holes and detect unknown cosmic structures invisible in the electromagnetic spectrum.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Thorne:1992:MEH, author = "Alan G. Thorne and Milford H. Wolpoff", title = "The Multiregional Evolution of Humans", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "266", number = "4", pages = "66--?? (Intl. ed. 28--??)", month = apr, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "The reasoning behind a molecular clock is flawed, these paleoanthropologists assert. Fossil remains and artifacts speak eloquently of a web of interconnected lineages that gave rise to modern humans. Africans, Asians, Australian Aborigines and Europeans evolved roughly where they are found today.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Wilson:1992:RAG, author = "Allan C. Wilson and Rebecca L. Cann", title = "The Recent {African} Genesis of Humans", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "266", number = "4", pages = "66--?? (Intl. ed. 22--??)", month = apr, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "By tracing DNA that is transmitted to successive generations only by mothers, these geneticists argue that everyone is descended from a single ``Eve'' who lived in Africa just 200,000 years ago. If they are right, modern humans must have recently emerged from Africa to populate the other continents.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Murphy:1992:MBS, author = "J. Brendan Murphy and R. Damian Nance", title = "Mountain Belts and the Supercontinent Cycle", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "266", number = "4", pages = "84--?? (Intl. ed. 34--41)", month = apr, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "When German meteorologist Alfred L. Wegener proposed the idea of continental drift in 1912, he claimed that all the continents were fragments of a single, ancient landmass called Pangaea. The authors believe such supercontinents have formed repeatedly in a tectonic cycle that lasts about 500 million years. They cite as evidence the location and structure of folded and volcanic mountain belts.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "St. Francis Xavier Univ., Antigonish, NS, Canada", classification = "A9145D (Plate tectonics)", corpsource = "St. Francis Xavier Univ., Antigonish, NS, Canada", keywords = "500E6 to 700E6 y; 500E6 y; Composition of seawater; composition of seawater; Continental rifting; continental rifting; Evolution of life; evolution of life; Global climate; global climate; Mountain building; mountain building; Pangaea; Plate tectonics; plate tectonics; Supercontinent cycle; supercontinent cycle; tectonics; Thermal effects; thermal effects; Worldwide sea level; worldwide sea level", numericalindex = "Age 5.0E+08 to 7.0E+08 yr; Time 1.6E+16 s", thesaurus = "Tectonics", treatment = "G General Review", xxjournal = j-SCI-AMER-INT-ED, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Johnson:1992:SHD, author = "Howard M. Johnson and Jeffry K. Russell and Carol H. Pontzer", title = "Superantigens in Human Disease", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "266", number = "4", pages = "92--?? (Intl. ed. 42--??)", month = apr, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "Most antigens trigger an orderly attack on an invader. But some proteins arouse the immune system to a destructive frenzy --- just a few hundred molecules stimulate a response that would require a billion copies of a normal antigen. These superantigens have been implicated in the toxic shock syndrome and food poisoning. Recent studies suggest they may also explain the lethality of AIDS.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Erickson:1992:TGH, author = "Deborah Erickson", title = "Trends in Genetics: {Hacking} the Genome", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "266", number = "4", pages = "98--??", month = apr, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Conn:1992:ITE, author = "Robert W. Conn and Valery A. Chuyanov and Nobuyuki Inoue and Donald R. Sweetman", title = "The {International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor}", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "266", number = "4", pages = "102--110 (Intl. ed. 74--80)", month = apr, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "Forty years after scientists first began pursuing the controlled release of energy by forcing hydrogen atoms to merge in a magnetic vise, nuclear fusion is still the fuel of the future. Now researchers' hopes are resting on ITER, an international fusion reactor planned for completion in 2005. The most powerful tokamak designed, its goal is ignition --- achieving a self-sustaining fusion reaction.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Inst. of Plasma and Fusion Res., California Univ., Los Angeles, CA, USA", chemicalindex = "DT/el D/el T/el", classification = "A2852J (Theory and design); 621; 932", corpsource = "Inst. of Plasma and Fusion Res., California Univ., Los Angeles, CA, USA", journalabr = "Sci Am", keywords = "Conceptual design; conceptual design; D-T fuel; Engineering knowledge; engineering knowledge; Experimental fusion power plant; experimental fusion power plant; fusion reactor theory and design; International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor; ITER; Scientific knowledge; scientific knowledge; Design Overview; First Walls; iter Program; Nuclear Energy --- International Cooperation; Nuclear Reactors, Fusion; Reviews; Tokamak Devices", thesaurus = "Fusion reactor theory and design", treatment = "G General Review", xxjournal = j-SCI-AMER-INT-ED, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", xxpages = "75--80", } @Article{Thomas:1992:SAC, author = "Sir John Meurig Thomas", title = "Solid Acid Catalysts", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "266", number = "4", pages = "112--118 (Intl. ed. 82--??)", month = apr, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "By careful design, the tiny pores and cavities of solid acid catalysts shape many of the products made by the chemical industry, from drugs to fuel additives. Compared with traditional liquid catalysts, these compounds are safer to handle. They also minimize toxic by-products and are easier to keep out of the environment.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, classification = "802; 803; 804", journalabr = "Sci Am", keywords = "Acids; Aluminophosphates; Catalysis; Catalysts; Ions; Solid Acid Catalysts", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Stewart:1992:APL, author = "Ian Stewart", title = "All Paths Lead away from {Rome}", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "266", number = "4", pages = "113(??)--??", month = apr, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Melzack:1992:PL, author = "Ronald Melzack", title = "Phantom Limbs", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "266", number = "4", pages = "120--?? (Intl. ed. 90--??)", month = apr, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "For many amputees, the missing limb remains frighteningly real. These invisible appendages often seem to move and feel sensations of pressure, warmth or wetness. Some 70 percent of them are also a source of intractable pain. A new explanation of the cause of phantom limbs is stimulating research into treatments.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Erickson:1992:HG, author = "Deborah Erickson", title = "Hacking the Genome", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "266", number = "4", pages = "128--??", month = apr, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Tue Apr 22 07:31:03 1997", abstract = "Parsing the three billion nucleotides that make up the genetic totality of a human is one of the most ambitious scientific efforts ever undertaken. The information will be useless unless it is entered into data bases that provide answers to questions scientists have not yet thought of. Translating the code of DNA into the digital language of computers falls to a group of ``informatics'' workers.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Anderson:1992:UAP, author = "Roy M. Anderson and Robert M. May", title = "Understanding the {AIDS} Pandemic", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "266", number = "5", pages = "58--?? (Intl. ed. 20--??)", month = may, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "The only truly effective weapon against AIDS is altering sexual behavior. Mathematical models that untangle the complex relations between the biology of the AIDS infection in individuals and the transmission of the disease in communities provide some surprisingly counterintuitive revelations. These results should be considered in future educational and prevention programs.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Snyder:1992:BRN, author = "Solomon H. Snyder and David S. Bredt", title = "Biological Roles of Nitric Oxide", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "266", number = "5", pages = "68--?? (Intl. ed. 28--??)", month = may, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "One of the body's most versatile regulatory chemicals is not a complex protein but a simple, highly toxic inorganic molecule that persists for less than 10 seconds. Nitric oxide transmits messages between neurons, signals blood vessels to dilate and is the weapon of white blood cells against tumors and bacteria. Its intricate physiological functions have been revealed over the past five years.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Ross:1992:TMA, author = "Philip E. Ross", title = "Trends in Molecular Archaeology: {Eloquent} Remains", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "266", number = "5", pages = "72--??", month = may, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Soker:1992:PN, author = "Noam Soker", title = "Planetary Nebulae", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "266", number = "5", pages = "78--?? (Intl. ed. 36--43)", month = may, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "In 1785 the English astronomer William Herschel called these clouds of glowing gas planetary nebulae because they looked like ghostly planets. Astronomers now know that these nebulae are the last wisps of matter streaming into space from a dying star. The study of planetary nebulae illuminates the life cycle of sun-like stars and may provide clues to the ultimate fate of the universe.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophys., Cambridge, MA, USA", classification = "A9710C (Stellar interiors, evolution, nucleosynthesis, and ages); A9840M (Planetary nebulae)", corpsource = "Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophys., Cambridge, MA, USA", keywords = "Appearance; appearance; astronomical spectra; Central star; central star; Distances; distances; Dynamics; dynamics; Life cycle; life cycle; planetary nebulae; Planetary nebulae characteristics; planetary nebulae characteristics; Shapes; shapes; Spectra; spectra; stellar evolution", thesaurus = "Astronomical spectra; Planetary nebulae; Stellar evolution", treatment = "G General Review", xxjournal = j-SCI-AMER-INT-ED, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Ramachandran:1992:BS, author = "Vilayanur S. Ramachandran", title = "Blind Spots", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "266", number = "5", pages = "86--?? (Intl. ed. 44--49)", month = may, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "Every child has made a dot on a piece of paper disappear by moving it into the blind spot of the eye. Here the author uses the blind spot to explore a sophisticated perceptual function: the ability of the brain to interpolate visual information.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Dept. of Psychol., California Univ., San Diego, CA, USA", classification = "A8732S (Psychophysics of vision, visual perception, binocular vision)", corpsource = "Dept. of Psychol., California Univ., San Diego, CA, USA", keywords = "Blind spot demonstration illustrations; blind spot demonstration illustrations; Brain visual image processing; brain visual image processing; Perceptual gaps compensation; perceptual gaps compensation; vision defects; visual perception", thesaurus = "Vision defects; Visual perception", treatment = "G General Review", xxjournal = j-SCI-AMER-INT-ED, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Kaler:1992:WDS, author = "James B. Kaler", title = "Watching the Death of a Star", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "266", number = "5", pages = "89--??", month = may, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Veldkamp:1992:BO, author = "Wilfrid B. Veldkamp and Thomas J. McHugh", title = "Binary Optics", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "266", number = "5", pages = "92--97 (Intl. ed. 50--55)", month = may, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "Advanced optics that make it possible to etch delicate circuits on semiconductors created the microelectronics revolution. Now those same photolithographic techniques are having an important impact on optics. Arrays of tiny lenses carved into silicon wafers promise machine vision systems that mimic biological sight and integrated optical processors for communications.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Technology's Lincoln Lab", affiliationaddress = "USA", classification = "A4278C (Lens and mirror design); A4285D (Surface grinding, fabrication); A8160 (Corrosion, oxidation, etching, and other surface treatments); 713; 714; 741", journalabr = "Sci Am", keywords = "Binary optics; binary optics; etching; Focusing properties; focusing properties; High lens quality; high lens quality; Lens design; lens design; Lens fabrication; lens fabrication; Lens making; lens making; lenses; Optical elements; optical elements; Optical material; optical material; optical workshop techniques; Surface etched lens shapes; surface etched lens shapes; Binary Lenses; Binary Optics; Lenses; Microelectronics; Optics", thesaurus = "Etching; Lenses; Optical workshop techniques", treatment = "P Practical", xxjournal = j-SCI-AMER-INT-ED, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Terborgh:1992:WAS, author = "John Terborgh", title = "Why {American} Songbirds Are Vanishing", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "266", number = "5", pages = "98--?? (Intl. ed. 56--??)", month = may, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "Pesticides were blamed when familiar birdsongs were suddenly stilled in the 1960s. The worst culprits were banned, but migratory songbirds continue to decline. The reasons, the author argues, are increased pressure from predators and parasites in North American nesting sites and deforestation of tropical wintering areas.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Cassidy:1992:HUQ, author = "David C. Cassidy", title = "{Heisenberg}, Uncertainty and the Quantum Revolution", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "266", number = "5", pages = "106--112 (Intl. ed. 64--??)", month = may, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", MRclass = "01A70 (01A60)", MRnumber = "1 157 346", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "At the age of 25, Werner Karl Heisenberg formulated the theory that bears his name and established him as a seminal figure in 20th-century physics. Germany's youngest full professor, Heisenberg trained a generation of modern physicists who were dispersed throughout the world by Hitler's rise to power.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, keywords = "causality principle; gamma-ray microscope thought experiment; Heisenberg's uncertainty principle; matrix mechanics; quantum mechanics; Schr{\"o}inger's wave equation; transformation theory", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Ross:1992:ER, author = "Philip E. Ross", title = "Eloquent Remains", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "266", number = "5", pages = "114--??", month = may, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "Among those who listen to the long dead are a new breed of archaeologists. Instead of trowels and brushes, they wield the techniques of molecular biology to analyze residues of nucleic acids and proteins that remain in ancient mummies and bones. Their efforts promise to trace the divisions, migrations, extinctions and expansions that have marked the biological history of humanity.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Eisenberg:1992:DMI, author = "Anne Eisenberg", title = "Does metaphor impede or enrich scientific discourse?", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "266", number = "5", pages = "144--??", month = may, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Chaisson:1992:ERH, author = "Eric J. Chaisson", title = "Early Results from the {Hubble Space Telescope}", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "266", number = "6", pages = "44--?? (Intl. ed. 18--??)", month = jun, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "Even though its primary mirror is flawed and its solar panels have given Hubble the jitters, the orbiting observatory can still match the sensitivity and exceed the resolution of the best earthbound telescopes. In its first two years of operation it has returned a stream of spectacular images, from storms on Saturn to possible black holes, that are triggering a revision of modern astronomy.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, annote = "Reprinted in Revolutions in Science special issue 1999.", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Lawn:1992:LHD, author = "Richard M. Lawn", title = "Lipoprotein(a) in Heart Disease", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "266", number = "6", pages = "54--?? (Intl. ed. 26--??)", month = jun, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "The patient has low blood cholesterol levels, is not obese, does not smoke and does not suffer from high blood pressure. Yet a heart attack still occurs. The agent of heart disease in many individuals with low risk profiles may be a blood particle known as lipoprotein(a). Ironically, the ability of this substance to cause heart disease may be a side effect of its role in repairing damaged blood vessels.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Gasser:1992:TC, author = "Charles S. Gasser and Robert T. Fraley", title = "Transgenic Crops", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "266", number = "6", pages = "62--?? (Intl. ed. 34--??)", month = jun, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "In the past decade, genetic engineering has accelerated the age-old process of breeding advantageous traits into crops. Genes that confer resistance to diseases and pests as well as tolerance to herbicides and spoilage or that enhance nutritiousness have been inserted into more than 50 species. Plant biotechnology is now poised to make important contributions to world agriculture.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Anawalt:1992:CM, author = "Patricia Rieff Anawalt and Frances F. Berdan", title = "The {Codex Mendoza}", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "266", number = "6", pages = "70--?? (Intl. ed. 40--??)", month = jun, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "To acquaint Charles V with his exotic subjects, the first Spanish viceroy in Mexico commissioned the last pre-Conquest Aztec artists to record their vanishing civilization. Completed in 1541, the magnificent Codex was captured by the French, sold to an Englishman and forgotten until 1831. The first modern edition was destroyed in the London blitz; a new edition has been completed by the authors.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Corcoran:1992:TIR, author = "Elizabeth Corcoran", title = "Trends in Industrial Research: {Redesigning} Research", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "266", number = "6", pages = "72--??", month = jun, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Likharev:1992:SE, author = "Konstantin K. Likharev and Tord Claeson", title = "Single Electronics", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "266", number = "6", pages = "80--85 (Intl. ed. 50--55)", month = jun, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "Computers have become more powerful as the devices etched onto silicon chips have become tinier. Experiments have now verified the feasibility of what may be the ultimate miniaturization: devices that require the movement of just a single electron. Whereas today's most advanced chips contain 10 million devices per square centimeter, single electronics could cram 10 billion into the same space.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "State Univ. of New York, Stony Brook, NY, USA", classification = "A7335 (Mesoscopic systems); B2560 (Semiconductor devices); 701; 714; 931; 932", corpsource = "State Univ. of New York, Stony Brook, NY, USA", journalabr = "Sci Am", keywords = "Continuous flow; continuous flow; Electric current; electric current; Fluid of charge; fluid of charge; Individual electrons; individual electrons; Novel electronic devices; novel electronic devices; quantum interference phenomena; Electric Current; Electric Space Charge; Electrons; Transistors; Tunnel Junctions", thesaurus = "Quantum interference phenomena", treatment = "G General Review", xxjournal = j-SCI-AMER-INT-ED, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Winkler:1992:CRW, author = "William G. Winkler and Konrad B{\"o}gel", title = "Control of Rabies in Wildlife", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "266", number = "6", pages = "86--?? (Intl. ed. 56--??)", month = jun, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "Wild mammals are a major reservoir for the rabies virus, which causes 25,000 human deaths every year. An epidemic in raccoons has spread unchecked up the U.S. East Coast since the 1950s. The solution, these authors say, is vaccine-filled baits, which are controlling the transmittal of rabies by foxes in Europe and Canada.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Stewart:1992:RVC, author = "Ian Stewart", title = "The Riddle of the Vanishing Camel", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "266", number = "6", pages = "88--??", month = jun, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Repetto:1992:AEA, author = "Robert Repetto", title = "Accounting for Environmental Assets", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "266", number = "6", pages = "94--?? (Intl. ed. 64--??)", month = jun, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "When governments calculating their economic performance fail to account for the depreciation of forests, fisheries, minerals or water caused by development, the balance sheets often show growth and prosperity. In reality, the result is usually impoverishment. The experience of Costa Rica is a case in point.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Corcoran:1992:RR, author = "Elizabeth Corcoran", title = "Redesigning Research", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "266", number = "6", pages = "102--??", month = jun, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "Prominent research laboratories, once the pride of U.S. industrial giants, have been sold, shuttered or simply given away. All too often, their important inventions made little or no contribution to the bottom line. But some companies are not ready to write off research. They are determined to reshape their research operations so that they serve the goals of the business. Can they succeed?", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Anonymous:1992:PFB, author = "Anonymous", title = "1942: Physicists are the fair-haired boys of {World War II}", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "1", pages = "14--??", month = jul, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Ward:1992:BMC, author = "Paul J. Fagan and Michael D. Ward", title = "Building Molecular Crystals", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "1", pages = "28--??", month = jul, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Grove:1992:OWE, author = "Richard H. Grove", title = "Origins of {Western} Environmentalism", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "1", pages = "42--?? (Intl. ed. 22--??)", month = jul, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "During the Age of Discovery, tropical islands became a powerful metaphor for the European idea of an untouched Eden. Those utopian images were soon shattered. In the 17th and 18th centuries, scientists employed by the companies exploiting colonial resources began to voice alarm over large-scale ecological changes. In doing so, they laid the foundation of modern environmentalism.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Fagan:1992:BMC, author = "Paul J. Fagan and Michael D. Ward", title = "Building Molecular Crystals", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "1", pages = "48--??", month = jul, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "From snowflakes to semiconductors, the orderly lattice of crystals is governed by the size and shape of constituent molecules and the forces between them. Researchers have now begun to understand the conditions that influence the structure of crystals as they form. The achievement makes feasible the design of materials that have specific electronic, optical and magnetic properties.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Linder:1992:GP, author = "Maurine E. Linder and Alfred G. Gilman", title = "{G} Proteins", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "1", pages = "56--?? (Intl. ed. 36--??)", month = jul, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "Like messages in a game of ``telephone,'' the signals between living cells are passed through a series of intermediates. Critical among them is a class of substances attached to the inner surface of the cell membrane, called G proteins. They play a central role in many cellular activities, from vision to cognition. Malfunctioning G proteins have been implicated in diseases such as cholera and cancer.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Holland:1992:GA, author = "John H. Holland", title = "Genetic Algorithms", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "1", pages = "66--72 (Intl. ed. 44--50)", month = jul, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", bibsource = "Ai/EC-ref.bib; Distributed/QLD/1992.bib", abstract = "Computer programs that evolve in ways that resemble natural selection can solve complex problems even their creators do no fully understand.", abstract-2 = "The consummate ability of species to adapt to an environment arose through natural selection. A group of computer programmers are emulating that process in the design of software. Programs based on genetic algorithms can evolve solutions to complex problems. They have demonstrated their practicability in designing jet turbines and controlling the flow in gas pipeline systems.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Dept. of Electr. Eng. and Comput. Sci.. Michigan Univ., Ann Arbor, MI, USA", annote = "(VBI-003518)", classification = "C1180 (Optimisation techniques); C1240 (Adaptive system theory); C6110 (Systems analysis and programming)", corpsource = "Dept. of Electr. Eng. and Comput. Sci.. Michigan Univ., Ann Arbor, MI, USA", country = "USA", date = "01/07/93", descriptors = "Algorithm; programming;", enum = "8456", keywords = "Complex problems; complex problems; Evolution; evolution; Genetic algorithms; genetic algorithms; learning systems; Natural selection; natural selection; Software; software", thesaurus = "Genetic algorithms; Learning systems", treatment = "G General Review", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Horgan:1992:TPQ, author = "John Horgan", title = "Trends in Physics: {Quantum} Philosophy", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "1", pages = "72--??", month = jul, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Phillips:1992:BTM, author = "Michael Phillips", title = "Breath Tests in Medicine", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "1", pages = "74--?? (Intl. ed. 52--??)", month = jul, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "Since the time of Hippocrates, physicians have known that the odors of breath can convey vital information. With modern analysis and understanding of metabolic processes, breath tests can diagnose diseases of the stomach, intestine and pancreas. They can also monitor exposure to industrial chemicals. Standardized apparatus is needed before such tests take a place beside the x-ray for routine screening.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Duellman:1992:RSF, author = "William E. Duellman", title = "Reproductive Strategies of Frogs", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "1", pages = "80--?? (Intl. ed. 58--??)", month = jul, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "Frogs reproduce by laying eggs resembling those of fish. Yet frogs have managed to colonize niches throughout the terrestrial environment. To do so, they have developed a diversity of strategies that range from the improbable to the bizarre for ensuring that their eggs stay moist and that their young are nourished.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", xxtitle = "Reproductive Strategy of Frogs", } @Article{Toth:1992:LSA, author = "Nicholas Toth and Desmond Clark and Giancarlo Ligabue", title = "The Last Stone Ax Makers", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "1", pages = "88--?? (Intl. ed. 66--??)", month = jul, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "The village of Langda on the cloud-shrouded slopes of New Guinea's central cordillera provides a priceless glimpse of Stone Age technology. There, skilled craftsmen, who lived in complete isolation from the modern world until 1984, fashion stone axes that resemble those first made 20,000 years ago.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Riolo:1992:SFB, author = "Rick L. Riolo", title = "Survival of the Finest Bits", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "1", pages = "89--??", month = jul, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Horgan:1992:QP, author = "John Horgan", title = "Quantum Philosophy", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "1", pages = "94--??", month = jul, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "The deeper physicists inquire into the mysterious world of quantum theory, the stranger it gets. New experiments continue to challenge the common notion of reality. Photons, neutrons, even objects large enough to be seen, lack from until they are observed. Observation can alter the outcome of experiments that have already occurred; measuring one entity can influence another far away.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Gould:1992:RMT, author = "Stephen Jay Gould", title = "Retrying the monkey trial in a kangaroo court", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "1", pages = "118--??", month = jul, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Eisenberg:1992:SSL, author = "Anne Eisenberg", title = "Sexism still lurks in the language of science", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "1", pages = "122--??", month = jul, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Dvorak:1992:DKV, author = "John J. Dvorak and Carl Johnson and Robert I. Tilling", title = "Dynamics of {Kilauea} Volcano", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "2", pages = "46--?? (Intl. ed. 18--25)", month = aug, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "One of the longest volcanic eruptions in recorded history began in 1983. Lava flows from Kilauea have since added 120 hectares of new land to the island of Hawaii and covered 100 square kilometers. From a nearby cliff, the authors observed and analyzed these events. Their findings clarify the mechanisms of volcanism. The techniques they developed are helping to predict other eruptions.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Cascades Volcano Obs., Vancouver, WA, USA", classification = "A9140 (Volcanology); A9145D (Plate tectonics); A9330K (Islands); A9330P (Pacific Ocean); A9330P (Pacific Ocean)A9145D (Plate tectonics)", corpsource = "Cascades Volcano Obs., Vancouver, WA, USA", keywords = "AD 1983 01 02; Dynamics; dynamics; Eruption; eruption; Geological activity; geological activity; Hawaii; Hawaiian island chain; Internal structure; internal structure; Kilauea volcano; Magma reservoir; magma reservoir; Midplate vulcanic activity; midplate vulcanic activity; Surface features; surface features; Tectonics; tectonics; volcanology", thesaurus = "Tectonics; Volcanology", treatment = "T Theoretical or Mathematical", xxjournal = j-SCI-AMER-INT-ED, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Rietschel:1992:BE, author = "Ernst Theodor Rietschel and Helmut Brade", title = "Bacterial Endotoxins", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "2", pages = "54--?? (Intl. ed. 26--??)", month = aug, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "Bacterial endotoxins are a two-edged sword. These cell-wall components of a major group of bacteria account for many symptoms of cholera, whooping cough and other diseases. But they can also enhance the immune response to other bacteria, viruses and even cancer. Recent findings may lead to ways of curbing the harmful effects of endotoxins and harnessing their disease-fighting capacity.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Brush:1992:HCB, author = "Stephen G. Brush", title = "How Cosmology Became a Science", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "2", pages = "62--?? (Intl. ed. 34--??)", month = aug, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "The big bang became the established explanation for the origin of the universe almost overnight, when Arno A. Penzias and Robert W. Wilson observed the faint signals of the cosmic background radiation in the 1960s. Their achievement relied on a rich legacy of theory and experiment that enabled big bangers to challenge successfully the earlier concept of a universe that had always existed.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Sherman:1992:NMR, author = "Paul W. Sherman and Jennifer U. M. Jarvis and Stanton H. Braude", title = "Naked Mole Rats", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "2", pages = "72--?? (Intl. ed. 42--??)", month = aug, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "These African rodents have been described as saber-toothed sausages, as baby walruses or simply as ugly. Naked mole rats are also fascinating creatures. Unlike most mammals, they practice the ``eusocial'' behavior typically observed in ants and termites. In mole rat burrows, only a few individuals breed; others care for the offspring. What are the genetic and evolutionary roots of this social organization?", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", xxtitle = "Naked Molerats", } @Article{Tattersall:1992:ECL, author = "Ian Tattersall", title = "Evolution Comes to Life", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "2", pages = "80--?? (Intl. ed. 62--??)", month = aug, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "The curator of the American Museum of Natural History's new Hall of Human Biology and Evolution describes the daunting task of constructing lifelike figures of our distant ancestors, guided only by fragments of ancient bone.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Stix:1992:TTA, author = "Gary Stix", title = "Trends in Transportation: {Air} Trains", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "2", pages = "84--??", month = aug, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Deutsch:1992:PMP, author = "Diana Deutsch", title = "Paradoxes of Musical Pitch", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "2", pages = "88--?? (Intl. ed. 70--75)", month = aug, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "Just as optical illusions can trick the eye, so various combinations of musical pitch can deceive the ear. Recent research shows that these auditory paradoxes may be related to the brain's processing of speech. The way individuals hear various sequences of tones seems peculiar to their particular language or dialect.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "California Univ., San Diego, CA, USA", classification = "A4375 (Music and musical instruments); A4385 (Acoustical measurements and instrumentation); A8734 (Audition)", corpsource = "California Univ., San Diego, CA, USA", keywords = "acoustic variables measurement; hearing; Key; key; Music; music; musical acoustics; Musical pitch; musical pitch; Paradoxical effects; paradoxical effects; Perception; perception; psychology; Speech; speech; Tones; tones", thesaurus = "Acoustic variables measurement; Hearing; Musical acoustics; Psychology", treatment = "T Theoretical or Mathematical", xxjournal = j-SCI-AMER-INT-ED, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Chaum:1992:AEP, author = "David Chaum", title = "Achieving Electronic Privacy", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "2", pages = "96--?? (Intl. ed. 76--81)", month = aug, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "All of your electronic transactions, from credit card purchases to bank withdrawals, are creating a digital dossier of your life. The author proposes an encryption system that would allow individuals and institutions to take advantage of the benefits of computer communications while protecting privacy.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Center for Math. and Comput. Sci., Amsterdam, Netherlands", classification = "C6130S (Data security); C7120 (Finance)", corpsource = "Center for Math. and Comput. Sci., Amsterdam, Netherlands", keywords = "Blind signature; blind signature; Credentials; credentials; Credit card; credit card; credit transactions; Cryptographic invention; cryptographic invention; cryptography; data privacy; Database; database; Digital signature; digital signature; EFTS; Electronic cash; electronic cash; Electronic privacy; electronic privacy; Identification; identification; Numbers; numbers; Personal information; personal information; Representative; representative; Untraceable transactions; untraceable transactions; blind signature cryptography; digital credentials; digital signature; electronic privacy; private keys; public keys; secure digital pseudonyms; smart credit cards", thesaurus = "Credit transactions; Cryptography; Data privacy; EFTS", treatment = "A Application; G General Review", xxjournal = j-SCI-AMER-INT-ED, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Stewart:1992:IO, author = "Ian Stewart", title = "The Interplanetary {Olympics}", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "2", pages = "101--??", month = aug, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Stix:1992:AT, author = "Gary Stix", title = "Air Trains", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "2", pages = "102--??", month = aug, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "In the 1960s, a handful of engineers devised what they believe is the answer to ground transportation needs for the next century: high-speed trains buoyed on magnetic fields. While Europe and Japan forged ahead, Washington zeroed out U.S. programs in the 1970s. Now, with the backing of an equally zealous senator, these aging visionaries may have a second chance to see whether maglev will fly.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{vanCamp:1992:NC, author = "Drew {van Camp}", title = "Neurons for Computers", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "3", pages = "12S--??", month = sep, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Anonymous:1992:SCa, author = "Anonymous", title = "Science and the Citizen", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "3", pages = "18--??", month = sep, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "Quantum gravity\ldots{} Population politics\ldots{} Gold bugs\ldots{} The evidence for dark matter\ldots{} First steps for artificial life\ldots{} Profile: SSC architect Roy F. Schwitters.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Fischbach:1992:MB, author = "Gerald D. Fischbach", title = "Mind and Brain", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "3", pages = "48--?? (Intl. ed. 24--??)", month = sep, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "The human brain is the most complex structure in the known universe. Genes and experience have jointly shaped its machinery; its design is the result of millions of years of evolution. Our survival depends on a deeper understanding of the marvelous biochemical happening that arises from it: the mind.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Shatz:1992:DB, author = "Carla J. Shatz", title = "The Developing Brain", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "3", pages = "60--?? (Intl. ed. 34--??)", month = sep, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "Remarkably precise connections between more than 100 billion neurons account for all the properties of the mind. Yet in the fetus this intricate wiring is only an approximation of that in the mature brain. The final linkages are shaped by stimulation of the newborn through such sensory experiences as touch, speech and images.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Zeki:1992:VIM, author = "Semir Zeki", title = "The Visual Image in Mind and Brain", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "3", pages = "68--?? (Intl. ed. 42--50)", month = sep, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "There is a great deal more to vision than light meeting the eye. The world we see is literally an invention of the brain, actively constructed from a constantly changing flood of information. Seeing and understanding occur simultaneously through the synchronized activities of specialized areas in the visual cortex.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Dept. of Neurobiol., London Univ., UK", classification = "A8732E (Physiology of the eye; nerve structure and function)", corpsource = "Dept. of Neurobiol., London Univ., UK", keywords = "Blindness; blindness; brain; Cortex malfunctioning; cortex malfunctioning; neurophysiology; Vision; vision; Visual cortex; visual cortex; Visual image; visual image", thesaurus = "Brain; Neurophysiology; Vision", treatment = "G General Review", xxjournal = j-SCI-AMER-INT-ED, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", xxpages = "43--50", } @Article{Gold-Rakic:1992:WMM, author = "Patricia S. Gold-Rakic", title = "Working Memory and the Mind", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "3", pages = "72--??", month = sep, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Kandel:1992:BBL, author = "Eric R. Kandel and Robert D. Hawkins", title = "The Biological Basis of Learning and Individuality", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "3", pages = "78--?? (Intl. ed. 52--??)", month = sep, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "Learning and memory --- the acquisition of knowledge and the retention of that information over time --- are being studied on the cellular and molecular level. These processes, which connect us to our past and are the key to individuality, engage a simple set of rules to strengthen connections between nerve cells.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Damasio:1992:BL, author = "Antonio R. Damasio and Hanna Damasio", title = "Brain and Language", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "3", pages = "88--?? (Intl. ed. 62--??)", month = sep, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "In the beginning, there were no words. Language arose and persisted because it is a superb means of communication. Three sets of interacting neural structures process language in the brain. One supports nonlanguage concepts, another assembles words and sentences, and a third mediates between the first two.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Goldman-Rakic:1992:WMM, author = "Patricia S. Goldman-Rakic", title = "Working Memory and the Mind", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "3", pages = "110--??", month = sep, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "Working memory has been called the blackboard of the mind. Its ability to combine moment-to-moment awareness and instantaneous retrieval of archived information is fundamental to language comprehension, learning and reason. Experiments with monkeys are identifying the key neural structures.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Kimura:1992:SDB, author = "Doreen Kimura", title = "Sex Differences in the Brain", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "3", pages = "118--?? (Intl. ed. 80--??)", month = sep, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "The different ways in which men and women approach intellectual problem solving have often been attributed to variations in experience. Evidence indicates that reproductive hormones alter brain function permanently during fetal development. Further research may explain the evolutionary significance of these changes.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Gershon:1992:MDM, author = "Elliot S. Gershon and Ronald O. Rieder", title = "Major Disorders of Mind and Brain", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "3", pages = "126--?? (Intl. ed. 88--??)", month = sep, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "Schizophrenia and mania --- the most devastating maladies of the mind --- each afflict 1 percent of the population. Impressive advances in neuroscience and genetics are revealing the anatomic, biochemical and hereditary bases of these disorders. Research has already shaped the development of new therapies.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Selkoe:1992:ABA, author = "Dennis J. Selkoe", title = "Aging Brain, Aging Mind", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "3", pages = "134--?? (Intl. ed. 96--??)", month = sep, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "As we age, the neural structures involved in learning, memory and reasoning undergo a number of physical changes. Yet such alterations do not necessarily signal an inevitable slow march to mindlessness and mortality. Elderly individuals who remain in good health show only a subtle decline in cognitive function.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Hinton:1992:HNN, author = "Geoffrey E. Hinton", title = "How Neural Net Works Learn from Experience", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "3", pages = "144--?? (Intl. ed. 104--109)", month = sep, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", bibsource = "Distributed/QLD/1992.bib", abstract = "Networks of artificial neurons can learn to represent complicated information. Such neural networks may provide insights into the learning abilities of the human brain.", abstract-2 = "Networks of artificial neurons modeled on conventional computers are helping explain the ability of the brain to process and retain information. These neural-network simulations have already ruled out many theories. They are now beginning to reveal how the brain accomplishes the remarkable feat of learning.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Dept. of Comput. Sci. and Psychol., Toronto Univ., Ont., Canada", annote = "(VBI-003546)", classification = "A8710 (General, theoretical, and mathematical biophysics); A8730 (Biophysics of neurophysiological processes); C1230D (Neural nets); C1290L (Biology and medicine)", corpsource = "Dept. of Comput. Sci. and Psychol., Toronto Univ., Ont., Canada", date = "01/07/93", descriptors = "Survey; Tutorial; Neural Network;", enum = "10031", keywords = "artificial neural networks; artificial neurons; Artificial neurons; back-propagation algorithm; Brain; brain; brain neurons; competitive learning; Information processing; information processing; Information retention; information retention; Learning; learning; neural nets; Neural networks; neural networks; population coding; principal-components learning; training neural networks", thesaurus = "Brain; Neural nets", treatment = "G General Review", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", xxpages = "105--109", } @Article{Crick:1992:PC, author = "Francis Crick and Christof Koch", title = "The Problem of Consciousness", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "3", pages = "152--?? (Intl. ed. 110--??)", month = sep, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "Can consciousness, the most profound and puzzling facet of the mind, be probed experimentally? Are elusive mental events explainable as the behavior of interacting neurons? The authors argue that existing evidence already provides a glimpse of the nature of visual consciousness that can guide experimenters.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Anonymous:1992:SBa, author = "Anonymous", title = "Science and Business", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "3", pages = "160--??", month = sep, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "Ag biotech moves out of the lab and into the kitchen\ldots{} Virtual reality meets the real world\ldots{} The Analytical Economist: Options to the tyranny of economic growth.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Stewart:1992:MGG, author = "Ian Stewart", title = "Murder at {Ghastleigh Grange}", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "4", pages = "9S--??", month = oct, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Anonymous:1992:YAa, author = "Anonymous", title = "50 and 100 Years Ago", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "4", pages = "12--??", month = oct, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "1942: Why smashing atoms will never provide a source of energy.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Anonymous:1992:SCb, author = "Anonymous", title = "Science and the Citizen", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "4", pages = "17--??", month = oct, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "A complex metaphor; High-tech yard sale; Black programs, white lies; What the Hubble telescope sees; Questioning COBE; How milk triggers diabetes; Stowaway species; Automata autos; PROFILE: Physicist Hans A. Bethe.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{May:1992:HMS, author = "Robert M. May", title = "How Many Species in Habit the Earth?", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "4", pages = "42--?? (Intl. ed. 18--??)", month = oct, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "Nobody really knows. Estimates of the number of plant, animal and other species vary from three million to more than 30 million, but after more than 250 years of systematic research, taxonomists have catalogued fewer than two million. The author argues that an accurate census is crucial for efforts to preserve diversity and to manage the biological and physical resources of the planet.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Bennett:1992:QC, author = "Charles H. Bennett and Gilles Brassard and Artur K. Ekert", title = "Quantum Cryptography", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "4", pages = "50--?? (Intl. ed. 26--??)", month = oct, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "The desire to communicate in total secrecy is probably as old as humankind. Myriad codes and ciphers have been devised only to be broken by mathematicians. Quantum physics may finally give the communicating parties a decisive edge. Because observing a quantum phenomenon perturbs that which is seen, any attempt at eavesdropping will alert the legitimate users.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, keywords = "code breaking; Heisenberg uncertainty principle; photon polarization; privacy amplification; public-key cryptography; quantum cryptographic devices; quantum key distribution; Vernam cipher", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Houston:1992:MS, author = "Charles S. Houston", title = "Mountain Sickness", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "4", pages = "58--?? (Intl. ed. 34--??)", month = oct, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "As a Chinese archivist of the fifth century watched, his companion on the Silk Route struggled to breathe, fell and fainted, a froth dotting his lips. Death soon followed. Mountain sickness, which is caused by a lack of oxygen at high altitudes, has become more common as record numbers of people visit mountains to climb, ski and vacation. But the condition is treatable --- and preventable.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Grunstein:1992:HRG, author = "Michael Grunstein", title = "Histones as Regulators of Genes", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "4", pages = "68--?? (Intl. ed. 40--??)", month = oct, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "Until recently, these proteins in the nuclei of cells were regarded as little more than passive spindles around which the crucial molecules of DNA wound. Their task turns out to be more complex: histones are vital participants in the expression and suppression of genes. Insights into their role should help explain how the process can go awry and lead to diseases such as cancer.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{DeVries:1992:SCA, author = "Philip J. DeVries", title = "Singing Caterpillars, Ants and Symbiosis", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "4", pages = "76--?? (Intl. ed. 56--??)", month = oct, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "The lumbering, plump precursor of the butterfly is a favorite comestible of many predators. So a few species have arranged for protection by ants. The caterpillars advertise their presence by ``singing'' with a vibratory organ. They then trick the ants into defending them by releasing a chemical that mimics an ant alarm signal and reward their fierce bodyguards by secreting a nutritious nectar.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Beardsley:1992:TSE, author = "Tim Beardsley", title = "Trends in Science Education: {Teaching} Real Science", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "4", pages = "78--??", month = oct, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Geis:1992:DFS, author = "Michael W. Geis and John C. Angus", title = "Diamond Film Semiconductors", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "4", pages = "84--?? (Intl. ed. 64--69)", month = oct, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "Diamonds may one day be a chip maker's best friend. The ability to produce thin sheets of diamond from a low-pressure gas is a significant step toward a new generation of fast, high-temperature circuits. But formidable fabrication problems must be overcome before diamond chips become a commercial reality.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "MIT, Lincoln Lab., Lexington, MA, USA", chemicalindex = "C/bin C/el; C/int C/el", classification = "A6855 (Thin film growth, structure, and epitaxy); A8115 (Methods of thin film deposition); B0510D (Epitaxial growth); B0520F (Vapour deposition); B2520C (Elemental semiconductors); B2560 (Semiconductor devices)", corpsource = "MIT, Lincoln Lab., Lexington, MA, USA", keywords = "C; diamond; Diamond film semiconductors; diamond film semiconductors; Electronic devices; electronic devices; elemental semiconductors; Epitaxial layers; epitaxial layers; Impurities; impurities; MOSFETs; semiconductor devices; semiconductor epitaxial layers; semiconductor growth; semiconductor thin films; Transistor; transistor; vapour deposition; vapour phase epitaxial growth", thesaurus = "Diamond; Elemental semiconductors; Semiconductor devices; Semiconductor epitaxial layers; Semiconductor growth; Semiconductor thin films; Vapour deposition; Vapour phase epitaxial growth", treatment = "G General Review", xxjournal = j-SCI-AMER-INT-ED, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Blumenschine:1992:SHE, author = "Robert J. Blumenschine and John A. Cavallo", title = "Scavenging and Human Evolution", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "4", pages = "90--?? (Intl. ed. 70--??)", month = oct, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "Should we identify with the lion or the hyena? The skills of hunting, so the theory runs, were a major factor in our evolution into hand-using, toolmaking lords of creation. The authors argue that the same course could have resulted from competing with hyenas and other scavengers for carcasses left by predators such as lions.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Beardsley:1992:TRS, author = "Tim Beardsley", title = "Teaching Real Science", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "4", pages = "98--??", month = oct, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "Aversion to science is not just socially acceptable in elementary and high schools --- it has become positively hip. And the performance of U.S. students in math and science is abysmal. Now a group of educators believes it can revitalize science education with the establishment of innovative national standards. But this is hardly the first attempt at curriculum reform. Will it succeed?", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Anonymous:1992:SBb, author = "Anonymous", title = "Science and Business", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "4", pages = "110--??", month = oct, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "The most dense data storage yet; Nanophase ceramics; Two-cycle green machine; Clinical sequencing; Isotope economics; Bulk buckytubes; The Analytical Economist: Do education vouchers make economic sense?", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Anonymous:1992:MRa, author = "Anonymous", title = "Mathematical Recreations", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "4", pages = "118--??", month = oct, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "Tracking a murderer through a Hamiltonian network.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Anonymous:1992:BIW, author = "Anonymous", title = "Books: The islanders who greeted {Columbus}; Zen astronomy", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "4", pages = "122--??", month = oct, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Anonymous:1992:EGP, author = "Anonymous", title = "Essay: Gerard Piel: An important starting point for managing planet {Earth}", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "4", pages = "128--??", month = oct, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Anonymous:1992:L, author = "Anonymous", title = "Letters", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "5", pages = "10--??", month = nov, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "Hubble's enhanced image \ldots{} Defending expert witnesses.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Anonymous:1992:YAb, author = "Anonymous", title = "50 and 100 Years Ago", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "5", pages = "14--??", month = nov, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "1942: The price of success in medicine is five years of life.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Anonymous:1992:SCc, author = "Anonymous", title = "Science and the Citizen", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "5", pages = "16--??", month = nov, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "For rent: Russian spy plane \ldots{} How bacteria resist drugs \ldots{} Stellar oscillations \ldots{} Too much industrial policy? \ldots{} Sneaker spill \ldots{} Controlling chaos pumps up a laser \ldots{} A cell transplant controversy \ldots{} Profile: Philosopher Karl Popper.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Fein:1992:HCF, author = "Rashi Fein", title = "Health Care Forum", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "5", pages = "22--??", month = nov, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", xxtitle = "Health Care Form", } @Article{Freed:1992:ERS, author = "Wendy L. Freed", title = "The Expansion, Rate and Size of the Universe", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "5", pages = "30--??", month = nov, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Fein:1992:HCR, author = "Rashi Fein", title = "Health Care Reform", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "5", pages = "46--??", month = nov, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "If any national issue rivals unemployment and the grim economic outlook, it is health care. More than 35 million Americans lack medical insurance, even though the U.S. spends more of its gross domestic product on health care than does any other developed nation. The solution, the author proposes, is a radically new structure that provides universal insurance and contains escalating costs.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Freedman:1992:ERS, author = "Wendy L. Freedman", title = "The Expansion Rate and Size of the Universe", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "5", pages = "54--??", month = nov, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "The holy grail of cosmology is an accurate determination of the Hubble constant, the rate at which the universe is expanding. Present measurements differ by a factor of two --- a door wide enough to accommodate several divergent hypotheses about the ultimate fate of the universe. New techniques that promise to refine the calculation should affect the entire field of extragalactic astronomy.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Ruhlen:1992:LON, author = "Joseph H. Greenberg and Merritt Ruhlen", title = "Linguistic Origins of {Native Americans}", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "5", pages = "60--??", month = nov, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Littlewood:1992:RS, author = "Bev Littlewood and Lorenzo Strigini", title = "The Risks of Software", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "5", pages = "62--?? (Intl. ed. 38--43)", month = nov, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", bibsource = "Misc/safety.bib", abstract = "Glitches in computer programs are annoying when they cost an hour's work. In critical applications, such as telephone networks, nuclear power plants or missile guidance systems, insidious faults can spell disaster. Since even the best proof cannot pinpoint the extent of vulnerability, the authors argue that the use of computers should be restricted wherever safety is a primary consideration.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "City Univ. of London, UK", classification = "C0230 (Economic, social and political aspects); C6110 (Systems analysis and programming)", corpsource = "City Univ. of London, UK", keywords = "Critical systems; critical systems; Dangerous chemical plant; dangerous chemical plant; economic and sociologic effects; safety; Safety systems; safety systems; Software reliability; software reliability; Uncertainty; uncertainty", thesaurus = "Economic and sociologic effects; Safety; Software reliability", treatment = "G General Review", xxjournal = j-SCI-AMER-INT-ED, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Stix:1992:TMM, author = "Gary Stix", title = "Trends in Micromechanics: {Micron} Machinations", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "5", pages = "72--??", month = nov, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Olson:1992:VBM, author = "Arthur J. Olson and David S. Goodsell", title = "Visualizing Biological Molecules", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "5", pages = "76--?? (Intl. ed. 44--47, 50--51)", month = nov, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "The form of a protein strongly influences its function, so creating accurate pictures of biological molecules is an important goal. It has been magnificently achieved by the power of the computer to create images that combine art and engineering.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Molecular Graphics Lab., Res. Inst. of Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, CA, USA", classification = "C6130B (Graphics techniques); C7320 (Physics and Chemistry); C7330 (Biology and medicine)", corpsource = "Molecular Graphics Lab., Res. Inst. of Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, CA, USA", keywords = "Antibodies; antibodies; Biochemistry; biochemistry; biology computing; Chemical reaction; chemical reaction; chemistry computing; Complex molecules; complex molecules; Computer aided molecular design; computer aided molecular design; computer graphics; data visualisation; digital simulation; Drug design; drug design; Enzymes; enzymes; Foreign molecules; foreign molecules; macromolecules; Molecular biology; molecular biology; Molecular images; molecular images; Molecule dynamics; molecule dynamics; physics computing; Protein structures; protein structures; Scientific visualisation; scientific visualisation; computer graphics; molecular design; molecular images; NMR spectroscopy; scanning probe microscopy; visualizing biological molecules; x-ray crystallography", thesaurus = "Biology computing; Chemistry computing; Computer graphics; Data visualisation; Digital simulation; Macromolecules; Physics computing", treatment = "G General Review", xxjournal = j-SCI-AMER-INT-ED, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Levinton:1992:BBA, author = "Jeffrey S. Levinton", title = "The Big Bang of Animal Evolution", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "5", pages = "84--?? (Intl. ed. 52--??)", month = nov, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "About 600 million years ago a remarkable burst of evolutionary creativity simultaneously gave rise to the basic body plans of all modern, multicellular animals. Why fundamentally new designs for living creatures seem not to have emerged from the evolutionary cauldron since then is one of the great mysteries of biology. Several possible explanations for the stability come up short.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Carlson:1992:SCV, author = "George A. Carlson", title = "Sighting Cepheid Variables", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "5", pages = "89--??", month = nov, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Greenberg:1992:LON, author = "Joseph H. Greenberg and Merritt Ruhlen", title = "Linguistic Origins of {Native Americans}", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "5", pages = "94--??", month = nov, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "The first Native Americans to settle in the New World brought with them their genes and their languages. A comparative analysis of the many native tongues reveals three distinct language families, indicating that the Americas were originally populated by three successive waves of immigration from Asia.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Gingerich:1992:AAC, author = "Owen Gingerich", title = "Astronomy in the Age of {Columbus}", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "5", pages = "100--?? (Intl. ed. 66--??)", month = nov, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "Columbus's discovery that a vast, unknown landmass lay between Europe and Asia vividly demonstrated that ancient knowledge of the world was woefully incomplete. The geographic revolution that followed paved the way for unorthodox astronomical ideas, including the sun-centered cosmology of Copernicus.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, keywords = "Columbus's geodesy; heliocentric doctrine; history of astronomy; planetary positions; spherical earth", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Stix:1992:MM, author = "Gary Stix", title = "Micron Machinations", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "5", pages = "106--??", month = nov, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "Researchers are borrowing chip-making technology to produce an array of motors, gears and other mechanical parts so small as to be dwarfed by the point of a pin or held in the pincers of an ant. More than displays of technical virtuosity, these minuscule gadgets may have uses ranging from the fabrication of devices capable of extremely dense data storage to instruments for microsurgery.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Anonymous:1992:SBc, author = "Anonymous", title = "Science and Business", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "5", pages = "118--??", month = nov, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "Making work work \ldots{} More funds for Sematech? \ldots{} Biotechnology tackles second messengers \ldots{} Artificial intelligence in drug development \ldots{} A sound solution for refrigerators \ldots{} The Analytical Economist: When the poor are good credit risks.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Anonymous:1992:AS, author = "Anonymous", title = "The Amateur Scientist", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "5", pages = "128--??", month = nov, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "Plotting the period of Cepheid variable stars.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Anonymous:1992:B, author = "Anonymous", title = "Books", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "5", pages = "132--??", month = nov, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "The first accountants \ldots{} Binding chemistry \ldots{} Structural failures.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Schulhof:1992:E, author = "Michael Schulhof", title = "Essay", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "5", pages = "138--??", month = nov, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "Scientists, not M.B.A.'s, should be the captains of industry.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Anonymous:1992:LE, author = "Anonymous", title = "Letters to the Editor", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "6", pages = "10--??", month = dec, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "A quantum experiment worth trying \ldots{} The Ahab of the top quark?", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Anonymous:1992:YAc, author = "Anonymous", title = "50 and 100 Years Ago", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "6", pages = "14--??", month = dec, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "1892: An ingenious way to view photographs in full color.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Anonymous:1992:NC, author = "Anonymous", title = "New Challenges for 1993", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "6", pages = "16--??", month = dec, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "Science and technology proceed through a powerful dynamic in which answers breed yet more powerful questions. This past year discoveries about black holes, neurotransmitters, the origin of modern humans and many other subjects will propel basic research to deeper levels of inquiry. Demands for enhanced performance by users of computer networks, advanced materials and electronics will challenge the creativity of engineers.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Stevenson:1992:LAS, author = "Harold W. Stevenson", title = "Learning from {Asian} Schools", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "6", pages = "70--?? (Intl. ed. 32--??)", month = dec, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "The high achievement of Asian students contrasts with the performance of their peers in the U.S. But the reasons for the difference have not been studied systematically. Now a comparison of urban schools in Asia and America leads the author to an astonishingly simple conclusion: Asians excel because school is enjoyable, parents expect performance, and professionalism in teaching is fostered.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Gabrielse:1992:ECA, author = "Gerald Gabrielse", title = "Extremely Cold Antiprotons", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "6", pages = "78--?? (Intl. ed. 40--47)", month = dec, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "The technology for capturing antimatter so that it can be scrutinized in the laboratory has advanced rapidly. Antiprotons cooled to energies one ten-billionth of those possible just six years ago can be stored for months. These trapped particles are already providing exceedingly accurate measurements of mass and charge. Soon researchers hope to produce the first antimatter atoms of hydrogen.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, classification = "A2925 (Particle sources and targets, preparation and technology)", keywords = "Antimatter atoms; antimatter atoms; Antiprotons; antiprotons; Au-plated Cu ring; CERN; Cooling; cooling; Cyclotron frequency; cyclotron frequency; Ion trap; ion trap; particle sources; particle traps; Slowing; slowing", thesaurus = "Cooling; Particle sources; Particle traps", treatment = "P Practical; T Theoretical or Mathematical", xxjournal = j-SCI-AMER-INT-ED, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Rusting:1992:TBW, author = "Ricki L. Rusting", title = "Trends in Biology: {Why} Do We Age?", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "6", pages = "86--??", month = dec, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Joyce:1992:DME, author = "Gerald F. Joyce", title = "Directed Molecular Evolution", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "6", pages = "90--?? (Intl. ed. 48--??)", month = dec, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "When a horticulturist wants a redder rose and a cat fancier desires a fluffier Persian, they choose stocks that exemplify those traits and breed the progeny selectively. Similarly, techniques for amplifying, mutating and selecting the most promising macromolecules from large populations are enabling biochemists to imitate nature and direct the evolution of new drugs and catalysts.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Stewart:1992:CHC, author = "Ian Stewart", title = "{Christmas} in the {House of Chaos}", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "6", pages = "96--??", month = dec, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Cohen:1992:WCS, author = "I. Bernard Cohen", title = "What {Columbus} ``Saw'' in 1492", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "6", pages = "100--?? (Intl. ed. 56--??)", month = dec, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "Christopher Columbus set sail from Spain with a clear idea of his intended destination. When he found himself in quite another --- and unknown --- place, his observations of the land and its inhabitants were colored by his expectations and his desire to justify the expedition to his royal patrons. The result was a complicated, and sometimes contradictory, impression of the New World.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, keywords = "Columbus's preconceptions; Columbus's reports; medieval maps; mythical monsters; native Americans; New World", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Sataloff:1992:HV, author = "Robert T. Sataloff", title = "The Human Voice", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "6", pages = "108--?? (Intl. ed. 90--??) (Intl. ed. 64--??)", month = dec, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "Despite centuries of fascination with the voices of singers and actors, the nature of human vocalization remained largely a mystery. Over the past two decades, interdisciplinary collaborations and advances in technology have clarified the way vocal sounds originate and change. Improvements in diagnostic techniques and treatments for voice complaints have reduced the need for surgery.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Smith:1992:EME, author = "Vernon L. Smith and Arlington W. Williams", title = "Experimental Market Economics", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "6", pages = "116--?? (Intl. ed. 72--??)", month = dec, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "It is no accident that economics is dubbed ``the dismal science.'' While other scientists conducted controlled experiments, economists had to infer the dynamics of the marketplace from prices and trading volume. Now computerized laboratories are illuminating the principles that govern trading decisions.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Seyfarth:1992:MMM, author = "Robert M. Seyfarth and Dorothy L. Cheney", title = "Meaning and Mind in Monkeys", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "6", pages = "122--?? (Intl. ed. 78--??)", month = dec, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "Do utterances of monkeys reflect thought? The authors have concluded that the different alarm calls of vervet monkeys resemble human words in that they convey specific, semantic information. Yet monkeys apparently communicate without the knowledge or recognition of one another's mental state.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Rusting:1992:WDW, author = "Ricki L. Rusting", title = "Why Do We Age?", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "6", pages = "130--??", month = dec, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "Researchers probing one of the great mysteries of life are beginning to make solid progress. By creating unusually long-lived varieties of laboratory organisms, they are revealing some of the mechanisms that may contribute to deterioration and death --- and they are uncovering the genes that control those processes.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Anonymous:1992:MRb, author = "Anonymous", title = "Mathematical Recreations", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "6", pages = "144--??", month = dec, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "Combining order and chaos to decorate the Yule tree.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Anonymous:1992:BR, author = "Anonymous", title = "Book Reviews", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "6", pages = "148--??", month = dec, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "The season's selections for young readers.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Eisenberg:1992:E, author = "Anne Eisenberg", title = "Essay", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "267", number = "6", pages = "162--??", month = dec, year = "1992", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "Why is English still the lingua franca of science?", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Anonymous:1993:LEb, author = "Anonymous", title = "Letters to the Editors", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "1", pages = "12--??", month = jan, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "Of a different mind\ldots{} When biotech comes to dinner.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Anonymous:1993:YAb, author = "Anonymous", title = "50 and 100 Years Ago", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "1", pages = "14--??", month = jan, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "1893: Convincing a kangaroo to fight by Queensberry's rules.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Anonymous:1993:SCb, author = "Anonymous", title = "Science and the Citizen", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "1", pages = "16--??", month = jan, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "Rapid progress --- and big surprises from the genome project\ldots{} Stepping up the search for dark matter\ldots{} An end to lonely nights\ldots{} Verifying the accuracy of huge proofs\ldots{} Poisonous plumage\ldots{} Profile: Neurobiologist Rita Levi-Montalcini.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Brown:1993:CB, author = "Barbara E. Brown and John C. Ogden", title = "Coral Bleaching", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "1", pages = "64--?? (Intl. ed. 44--??)", month = jan, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "Extensive areas of the subtly colored coral reefs that gird tropical shores have been turning a dazzling white; some stretches of the affected coral have even died. Bleaching may be a call of distress from these complex and highly productive ecosystems, usually emitted when they experience abnormally high seawater temperatures. Do bleached reefs signal global warming?", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{vandenBergh:1993:HMW, author = "Sidney {van den Bergh} and James E. Hesser", title = "How the {Milky Way} Formed", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "1", pages = "72--?? (Intl. ed. 52--56, 58, 60)", month = jan, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "For more than a decade, astronomers have believed our galaxy and others like it formed from the rapid collapse of an enormous cloud of hydrogen and helium gas. Observation no longer entirely supports this simple model. The Milky Way came into being under the influence of exploding stars, its own rotation and perhaps a propensity to capture and gobble up other protogalaxies.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Dominion Astrophysical Obs., Nat. Res. Council of Canada, Victoria, BC, Canada", classification = "A9850B (Origin, evolution, and ages); A9850L (The Galaxy)", corpsource = "Dominion Astrophysical Obs., Nat. Res. Council of Canada, Victoria, BC, Canada", keywords = "Barred spiral galaxy; barred spiral galaxy; Formation; formation; Galaxy; Galaxy origin; galaxy origin; Milky Way", thesaurus = "Galaxy", treatment = "G General Review", xxjournal = j-SCI-AMER-INT-ED, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Sharon:1993:CCR, author = "Nathan Sharon and Halina Lis", title = "Carbohydrates in Cell Recognition", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "1", pages = "82--?? (Intl. ed. 74--??)", month = jan, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "Carbohydrate molecules are the chemical braille that enables cells to recognize and respond to one another. With them, bacteria identify their hosts, and the cells of the immune system single out diseased tissue. Carbohydrates also direct cellular organization in embryos. Nature has selected them for such coding because they form the largest number of combinations from a few components.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{York:1993:EHE, author = "Derek York", title = "The Earliest History of the {Earth}", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "1", pages = "90--?? (Intl. ed. 82--88)", month = jan, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "The earth is extremely good at destroying evidence of its past. The massive tectonic plates regularly plunge under one another, returning the ocean floor to molten oblivion and causing continents to collide. Yet increasingly sophisticated radioactive dating techniques are enabling geologists to pry the history of the planet's first billion and a half years from ancient, previously taciturn continental rock.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Toronto Univ., Ont., Canada", classification = "A9135G (Crust and upper mantle); A9135N (Geochronology); A9385 (Instrumentation and techniques for geophysical, hydrospheric and lower atmosphere research)", corpsource = "Toronto Univ., Ont., Canada", keywords = "Age; age; Ancient crust; ancient crust; Earliest history; earliest history; Early Earth; early Earth; Earth; Geochronology; geochronology; geophysical techniques; radioactive dating; Radioactive dating methods; radioactive dating methods; U-Pb", thesaurus = "Earth; Geochronology; Geophysical techniques; Radioactive dating", treatment = "G General Review; P Practical", xxjournal = j-SCI-AMER-INT-ED, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Ruthen:1993:TND, author = "Russell Ruthen", title = "Trends in Nonlinear Dynamics: {Adapting} to Complexity", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "1", pages = "110--??", month = jan, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Tattersall:1993:ML, author = "Ian Tattersall", title = "{Madagascar}'s Lemurs", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "1", pages = "110--?? (Intl. ed. 90--??)", month = jan, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "The proper study of humans is the lemur. Of all living creatures, none more closely resembles the ancestor from which humans and the great apes branched 50 million years ago. But the lemurs' diverse Madagascan habitats are disappearing fast, and so are they. Hundreds of species are already extinct; unless hunting and deforestation cease, the rest may meet the same fate.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Reed:1993:QD, author = "Mark A. Reed", title = "Quantum Dots", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "1", pages = "118--?? (Intl. ed. 98--103)", month = jan, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "By shrinking semiconductor devices to a billionth of a meter, nanotechnologists are able to confine electrons to a mathematical point. These quantum dots have opened a new realm of physics and chemistry. They may find important electronic and optical applications, including computers of unprecedented power.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Yale Univ., New Haven, CT, USA", classification = "A0130R (Reviews and tutorial papers; A7320D (Electron states in low-dimensional structures); A7340L (Semiconductor-to-semiconductor contacts, p-n junctions, and heterojunctions); B2530B (Semiconductor junctions); resource letters)", corpsource = "Yale Univ., New Haven, CT, USA", keywords = "Electronic devices; electronic devices; Optical devices; optical devices; reviews; Semiconductor quantum dots; semiconductor quantum dots", thesaurus = "Reviews; Semiconductor quantum dots", treatment = "G General Review", xxjournal = j-SCI-AMER-INT-ED, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Milner:1993:MDH, author = "Peter M. Milner", title = "The Mind and Donald {O}. Hebb", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "1", pages = "124--?? (Intl. ed. 104--??)", month = jan, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "Born in Nova Scotia early in this century, Hebb began his adult life as an aspiring novelist and enrolled at McGill University on the theory that a writer of fiction should understand Freud. By the end of his life he was one of the most important psychologists of his time, laying the groundwork for contemporary neuroscience.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Horn:1993:BB, author = "Henry S. Horn", title = "Biodiversity in the Backyard", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "1", pages = "125--??", month = jan, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Ruthen:1993:AC, author = "Russell Ruthen", title = "Adapting to Complexity", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "1", pages = "130--??", month = jan, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "What do bacteria colonies and economies have in common? In trying to find out, a group of multidisciplinary researchers at the Santa Fe Institute hope to derive a theory that explains why all such complex adaptive systems seem to evolve toward the boundary between order and chaos. Their ideas could result in a view of evolution that encompasses living and nonliving systems.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Anonymous:1993:SBb, author = "Anonymous", title = "Science and Business", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "1", pages = "142--??", month = jan, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "Drugmakers return to their roots\ldots{} Slices of life\ldots{} A new mission for the weapons labs\ldots{} Peeking inside competitors' parts\ldots{} Programmer-friendly software\ldots{} The Analytical Economist: Rationalizing investments in infrastructure.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Anonymous:1993:ASb, author = "Anonymous", title = "The Amateur Scientist", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "1", pages = "150--??", month = jan, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "Ever wonder how many species live on your lawn?", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Anonymous:1993:BRa, author = "Anonymous", title = "Book Reviews", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "1", pages = "154--??", month = jan, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "Stargazing\ldots{} A tome of animals\ldots{} Stairs, a step at a time.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Johnson:1993:E, author = "Howard M. Johnson", title = "Essay", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "1", pages = "160--??", month = jan, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "What it takes for a black to succeed in a white science.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Anonymous:1993:LEc, author = "Anonymous", title = "Letters to the Editors", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "2", pages = "12--??", month = feb, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "Taxonomic conundrum\ldots{} Why more women are not engineers.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Anonymous:1993:YAc, author = "Anonymous", title = "50 and 100 Years Ago", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "2", pages = "16--??", month = feb, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "1893: Skeletal evidence for walking in circles when lost.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Anonymous:1993:SCc, author = "Anonymous", title = "Science and the Citizen", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "2", pages = "18--??", month = feb, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "The odds of finding habitable planets\ldots{} Escher and Penrose\ldots{} Corroborating COBE\ldots{} The controversy over genes and crime\ldots{} Are submarines still undetectable?\ldots{} Profile: Nathan P. Myhrvold, Microsoft's advanced technology wizard.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Homer-Dixon:1993:ECV, author = "Thomas F. Homer-Dixon and Jeffrey H. Boutwell and George W. Rathjens", title = "Environmental Change and Violent Conflict", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "2", pages = "38--?? (Intl. ed. 16--??)", month = feb, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "It has long been predicted that a collision between a growing world population and increasing environmental degradation would lead to civil and international strife. A. team of researchers commissioned to study the evidence believes that day may have arrived. Shortages of water, forests and fertile land are already contributing to violent conflicts in many parts of the developing world.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Rhodes:1993:ZF, author = "Daniela Rhodes and Aaron Klug", title = "Zinc Fingers", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "2", pages = "56--?? (Intl. ed. 32--??)", month = feb, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "These projections on transcription factors grip specific sites on DNA, preparing genes for activation. Since they were discovered in 1985, proteins incorporating zinc fingers have been identified in diverse species, from yeast to humans. Several laboratories have begun to decipher how these zinc-containing proteins select and bind to DNA and to elucidate the role they play in switching on genes.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Hoffmann:1993:HSC, author = "Roald Hoffmann", title = "How Should Chemists Think?", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "2", pages = "66--?? (Intl. ed. 40--??)", month = feb, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "The molecules that exist naturally on the earth and those made in laboratories are produced by a common process: synthesis. When chemists design new compounds, they can either emulate nature or be guided by the whims of the mind. The author explores the paradoxes that arise by describing the creation of a widely used antibiotic and an utterly useless, perfectly beautiful iron compound.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Beardsley:1993:TRS, author = "Tim Beardsley", title = "Trends in {Russian} Science: {Selling} to Survive", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "2", pages = "68--??", month = feb, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Rickey:1993:TKA, author = "George Rickey", title = "A Technology of Kinetic Art", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "2", pages = "74--?? (Intl. ed. 50--??)", month = feb, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "This sculptor's dynamic works seem to balance uncannily and stir in the slightest gust of wind. THe laws of physics that govern pendulums serve as the foundation of this intricate choreography of weight and balance.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Tuomanen:1993:BBB, author = "Elaine Tuomanen", title = "Breaching the Blood-Brain Barrier", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "2", pages = "80--?? (Intl. ed. 56--??)", month = feb, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "The blood-brain barrier is not so impervious as it seems. Some bacteria, especially those that cause meningitis, manage to sneak across. By developing a treatment for this fatal disease, the author has discovered clues to the process that may allow physicians to smuggle drugs into the brain for treating tumors and other disorders.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Stewart:1993:PTS, author = "Ian Stewart", title = "A Partly True Story", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "2", pages = "85--??", month = feb, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Swade:1993:RCB, author = "Doron D. Swade", title = "Redeeming {Charles Babbage}'s Mechanical Computer", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "2", pages = "86--?? (Intl. ed. 62--??)", month = feb, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "Historians have argued that Charles Babbage was unable to build his vast mechanical computers because his conception exceeded the capacity of 19th-century engineering. The construction in 1991 of a working, three-ton calculating engine proves that his designs were well within the realm of possibility.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Beardsley:1993:SS, author = "Tim Beardsley", title = "Selling to Survive", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "2", pages = "92--??", month = feb, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "The disintegration of the Soviet Union and the near collapse of its scientific institutions have plunged researchers into a battle for their professional lives. Many have left; others have put their talent up for sale. Western corporations have found a buyer's market of research capability. But will such efforts tide the Russian scientific establishment over the disruption of economic and political reform?", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Anonymous:1993:SBc, author = "Anonymous", title = "Science and Business", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "2", pages = "102--??", month = feb, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "Automated eyes for the Postal Service\ldots{} Making learning part of the job\ldots{} Fending off lightning bolts\ldots{} Nutty ideas\ldots{} Teaching physics with virtual reality\ldots{} The Analytical Economist: Why industry leaders are not nimble innovators.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Anonymous:1993:MRa, author = "Anonymous", title = "Mathematical Recreations", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "2", pages = "110--??", month = feb, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "The fuzzy logic between being totally true and totally false.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Anonymous:1993:BRb, author = "Anonymous", title = "Book Review", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "2", pages = "114--??", month = feb, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "How to preserve the planet when human activity is a major force.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Cassidy:1993:E, author = "David C. Cassidy", title = "Essay", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "2", pages = "120--??", month = feb, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "The real reason Germany lost the race to build the atomic bomb.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Anonymous:1993:LEa, author = "Anonymous", title = "Letters to the Editor", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "3", pages = "12--??", month = mar, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "Cures for the health care system \ldots{} High-altitude running.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Anonymous:1993:YAa, author = "Anonymous", title = "50 and 100 Years Ago", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "3", pages = "16--??", month = mar, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "1943: Can medicine head off a postwar epidemic?", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Anonymous:1993:SCa, author = "Anonymous", title = "Science and the Citizen", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "3", pages = "19--??", month = mar, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "Report From Antarctica: The ice may not be as permanent as it seems \ldots{} How AIDS destroys the brain \ldots{} Baby pictures of newborn suns \ldots{} Have they found the elusive top quark? \ldots{} Profile: Nonagenarian genius Linus C. Pauling.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Dunker:1993:WAB, author = "Kenneth F. Dunker and Basile G. Rabbat", title = "Why {America}'s Bridges are Crumbling", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "3", pages = "66--?? (Intl. ed. 18--??)", month = mar, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "It is reasonable to be a bit uneasy when driving over a highway bridge. Nearly half of the spans in the U. S. are ailing --- and every year a few collapse, sometimes with disastrous consequences. Surprisingly, the most dangerous are not the oldest, most heavily used or those exposed to corrosive deicing agents. Almost always, the culprit is deferred inspection and maintenance.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Abramowicz:1993:BHC, author = "Marek Artur Abramowicz", title = "Black Holes and the Centrifugal Force Paradox", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "3", pages = "74--?? (Intl. ed. 26--??)", month = mar, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "Einstein's general theory of relativity predicts a curious paradox: in the fantastically strong gravitational field of a black hole, centrifugal force may be directed toward --- not away from --- the center of circular motion. By investigating the behavior of light beams in such regions, theorists have discovered a new topsy-turvy world of ``Alice in Wonderland'' physics in which in and out are as relative as up and down.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Boon:1993:TIS, author = "Thierry Boon", title = "Teaching the Immune System to Fight Cancer", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "3", pages = "82--?? (Intl. ed. 32--??)", month = mar, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "The long search for ways to direct the specificity and power of the immune system against cancer cells is yielding promising results. Antigens able to provoke attack have been identified on some cancer cells, and the genes that specify them can now be isolated. There are indications that immune system cells can be prodded into responding to anigens they normally ignore. Tests in humans are beginning.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Rennie:1993:TGD, author = "John Rennie", title = "Trends in Genetics: {DNA}'s New Twists", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "3", pages = "88--??", month = mar, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Depp:1993:FPD, author = "Steven W. Depp and Webster E. Howard", title = "Flat-Panel Displays", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "3", pages = "90--?? (Intl. ed. 40--??)", month = mar, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "The information age will not reach full flower until cumbersome cathode-ray tubes are replaced with rugged, inexpensive flat panels that can be hung on a wall or worn on a wrist. Several technologies are vying, but researchers at IBM and Toshiba are betting on a matrix of liquid crystals switched on and off by thin-film transistors. Here is the story of the development effort.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Tumlinson:1993:HPW, author = "James H. Tumlinson and W. Joe Lewis and Louise E. M. Vet", title = "How Parasitic Wasps Find Their Hosts", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "3", pages = "100--?? (Intl. ed. 46--??)", month = mar, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "Parasitic wasps and their hosts play a game of survival that has drawn some entrepreneurial human spectators. The wasps locate concealed caterpillars by following chemical messages released by the plants on which they feed. After stinging their prey, the wasps lay eggs in the helpless victims. Biotechnologists hope they can exploit this relation to establish pesticide-free pest control.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Gunderson:1993:FTF, author = "Janet M. Strong Gunderson", title = "Flight-Testing Fruit Flies", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "3", pages = "106--??", month = mar, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{deBeaune:1993:IAL, author = "Sophie A. {de Beaune} and Randall White", title = "Ice Age Lamps", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "3", pages = "108--?? (Intl. ed. 74--??)", month = mar, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "Ancient humans obtained warmth and protection from predators when they learned how control fire 500,000 years ago. An equally significant innovatin occurred only 40,000 years ago: the invention of portable, fat-burning lamps. The ability to extend activity into times and places that are dark transformed human culture.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Goulding:1993:FFA, author = "Michael Goulding", title = "Flooded Forests of the {Amazon}", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "3", pages = "114--?? (Intl. ed. 80--??)", month = mar, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "For more than half of every year, enormous forested floodplains in the Amazon basin are inundated. This flooding, the author says, promotes special adaptations for surviving in a constantly changing environment. Destruction of these irreplaceable ecosystems may be the single greatest threat to Amazonian biodiversity.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Rennie:1993:DNT, author = "John Rennie", title = "{DNA}'s New Twist", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "3", pages = "122--??", month = mar, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "Like the failed idea that atoms resemble miniature solar systems, the simple vision of DNA's double helix neatly imparting genetic traits is unraveling. Molecular biologists are developing a more complex --- and richer --- model of genetics as they probe the fascinating molecular mechanisms of jumping genes, expanding genes and even proteins specified by genes that do not seem to exist.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Anonymous:1993:SBa, author = "Anonymous", title = "Science and Business", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "3", pages = "134--??", month = mar, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "Is the key to a vaccine hidden in the malaria parasite's genes? \ldots{} Magainins, cecropins and defensins \ldots{} Putting a new spin on crystal growth \ldots{} Video goggles \ldots{} The Analytical Economist: Why foreign aid really aids the donor.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Anonymous:1993:ASa, author = "Anonymous", title = "The Amateur Scientist", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "3", pages = "144--??", month = mar, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "Teaching a few simple tricks to the lowly fruit fly.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Anonymous:1993:BRc, author = "Anonymous", title = "Book Review", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "3", pages = "146--??", month = mar, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "``How much force does it take to break the crucible of evolution?''", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Landman:1993:E, author = "Otto E. Landman", title = "Essay", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "3", pages = "150--??", month = mar, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "The baby biologists threw out with the Lysenkoist bathwater.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Anonymous:1993:LEd, author = "Anonymous", title = "Letters to the Editors", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "4", pages = "12--??", month = apr, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "These April missives do not fool around.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Anonymous:1993:YAd, author = "Anonymous", title = "50 and 100 Years Ago", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "4", pages = "16--??", month = apr, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "1893: Professor Hertz pioneers the first phosphorescent light.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Anonymous:1993:SCd, author = "Anonymous", title = "Science and the Citizen", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "4", pages = "18--??", month = apr, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "The contraceptive gap \ldots{} Gigamolecules \ldots{} Close encounters with asteroids \ldots{} Methuselah microbes \ldots{} Caged chromosomes and calico cats \ldots{} The fractal cosmos \ldots{} Profile: Presidential science adviser John H. Gibbons.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Olshansky:1993:AHS, author = "S. Jay Olshansky and Bruce A. Carnes and Christine K. Cassel", title = "The Aging of the Human Species", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "4", pages = "46--?? (Intl. ed. 18--??)", month = apr, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "For the first time in the history of humanity, our species as a whole is growing older. Toward the middle of the next century the population will stabilize near the practical limit of human longevity. Instead of focusing only on explosive growth, as in the past, policymakers must also rethink many social and economic institutions so that they will address the needs of an older population.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Haroche:1993:CQE, author = "Serge Haroche and Jean Michel Raimond", title = "Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "4", pages = "54--60, 62 (Intl. ed. 26--33)", month = apr, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "The terasecond jitteriness of individual atoms would seem beyond control. Yet when atoms are constrained in small superconducting cavities, transitions between their energy states can be slowed, halted or even reversed. Studies of the photons that imprisoned atoms emit illustrate the principles of quantum physics. The results also point the way to a new generation of exquisitely acute sensors.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Ecole Normale Superieure", affiliationaddress = "Paris, France", classification = "A1220D (Specific calculations and limits of quantum electrodynamics); A3150 (Excited states); A3250F (Fluorescence, phosphorescence); A3280P (Optical cooling of atoms; trapping); 701.1; 931.3; 931.4", corpsource = "Ecole Normale Superieure, Paris, France", journalabr = "Sci Am", keywords = "atomic beams; atomic excited states; atomic fluorescence; Atoms; atoms; Cavity QED; cavity QED; Excited states; excited states; Photons; photons; quantum electrodynamics; radiation pressure (atoms); Spontaneous transitions; spontaneous transitions; Atomic physics; Atoms; Cavities; Electrodynamics; Photons; Physics; Quantum electrodynamics; Quantum theory; Sensors", thesaurus = "Atomic beams; Atomic excited states; Atomic fluorescence; Quantum electrodynamics; Radiation pressure [atoms]", treatment = "G General Review", xxjournal = j-SCI-AMER-INT-ED, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Konishi:1993:LTE, author = "Masakazu Konishi", title = "Listening With Two Ears", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "4", pages = "66--?? (Intl. ed. 34--??)", month = apr, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "Just as depth perception requires two eyes, a pair of ears is needed to pinpoint a sound. The brain combines the signals into a unified directional cue. Studies of barn owls, which capture their prey in total darkness by relying on sound alone, have revealed almost every step of this remarkable computational exercise. Humans and other mammals probably process sound in a similar manner.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Stix:1993:TMC, author = "Gary Stix", title = "Trends in Materials: {Concrete} Solutions", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "4", pages = "72--??", month = apr, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Friend:1993:CS, author = "Cynthia M. Friend", title = "Catalysis on Surfaces", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "4", pages = "74--79 (Intl. ed. 42--??)", month = apr, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", bibsource = "Compendex database", abstract = "Rapid advances in the field of surface chemistry have made it possible to view the action of catalysts at the molecular level. The work has been contributed to a more complete understanding of the ways in which various metals facilitate reactions. And it has important implications, from refining petroleum products to removing pollutants from automobile exhaust and industrial smokestacks.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "Harvard Univ", affiliationaddress = "USA", classification = "451.2; 452.2; 453.2; 801.1; 931.1", journalabr = "Sci Am", keywords = "Catalysis; Chemical reactions; Exhaust systems; Materials; Molecules; Nitric oxide; Pollution control; Rhodium metal; Solids; Surface phenomena; Synthesis (chemical)", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", xxtitle = "Catalysis on Spaces", } @Article{FitzGerald:1993:RBS, author = "Gerard J. FitzGerald", title = "The Reproductive Behavior of the Stickleback", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "4", pages = "80--?? (Intl. ed. 50--??)", month = apr, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "This tiny fish has been a staple of animal behavior experiments since Dutch ethnologist Nikolaas Tinbergen began studying its courtship practices earlier in this century, The author continues this fascinating inquiry by observing mating sticklebacks in tide pools along the Saint Lawrence estuary. His research helps to explain the adaptive significance of the stickleback's reproductive strategies.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Ewald:1993:EV, author = "Paul W. Ewald", title = "The Evolution of Virulence", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "4", pages = "86--?? (Intl. ed. 56--??)", month = apr, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "Why do some pathogens evolve into harmful forms that cause severe diseases, such as AIDS, whereas others inflict no more than a runny nose? Reasons include the way in which the organism is transmitted and, interestingly, human behavior. Our ability to direct the evolution of pathogens may herald a new approach to medicine.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Stewart:1993:RFL, author = "Ian Stewart", title = "The Rise and Fall of the {Lunar M-Pire}", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "4", pages = "90--??", month = apr, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Bar-Yosef:1993:MHL, author = "Ofer Bar-Yosef and Bernard Vandermeersch", title = "Modern Humans in the {Levant}", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "4", pages = "94--?? (Intl. ed. 64--??)", month = apr, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "The idea that Neanderthals were primitives who were suddenly swept aside by modern Homo sapiens possessing a rapidly evolving technology is confounded by discoveries in Israel. There modern humans preceded the arrival of Neanderthals by thousands of years. Moreover, the Neanderthals wielded tools of similar quality.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Stix:1993:CS, author = "Gary Stix", title = "Concrete Solutions", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "4", pages = "102--??", month = apr, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "The government will have to pour billions of dollars into rebuilding the nations' aging highways and bridges. But unless the effort utilizes high-tech versions of such mundane materials as concrete, attempts to make U.S. infrastructure the rival of the best public works in Europe may stall. Research is under way, but getting new technology out of the laboratory and onto the highway is difficult.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Anonymous:1993:SBd, author = "Anonymous", title = "Science and Business", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "4", pages = "113--??", month = apr, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "A new enterprise ventures into commercial space \ldots{} Fighting cancer with viral proteins \ldots{} A promising architecture for optical computing \ldots{} Anchors for supertankers \ldots{} The Analytical Economist: Is it time to reregulate the airlines?", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Anonymous:1993:MRb, author = "Anonymous", title = "Mathematical Recreations", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "4", pages = "120--??", month = apr, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "Picking the right number of colors to map an empire.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Anonymous:1993:BRd, author = "Anonymous", title = "Book Reviews", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "4", pages = "123--??", month = apr, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "Living machines \ldots{} Maya decipherer \ldots{} Docile Astrid.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Eisenberg:1993:Ea, author = "Anne Eisenberg", title = "Essay", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "4", pages = "128--??", month = apr, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "Blame Hollywood for the negative image of scientists.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Anonymous:1993:LEe, author = "Anonymous", title = "Letters to the Editor", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "5", pages = "12--??", month = may, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "Asian schools\ldots{} Coming to an understanding\ldots{} Linguistic spat.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Anonymous:1993:YAe, author = "Anonymous", title = "50 and 100 Years Ago", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "5", pages = "16--??", month = may, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "1943: Insures seek the ideal weight for longevity.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Anonymous:1993:SCe, author = "Anonymous", title = "Science and the Citizen", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "5", pages = "18--??", month = may, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "Premature rumors of an AIDS treatment? \ldots{} Immune imbalance \ldots{} Venus in the eye of the beholder \ldots{} Final thoughts of a dying computer \ldots{} When anybody can get public data \ldots{} Profile: Science Philosopher Paul K. Feyerabend.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Sen:1993:ELD, author = "Amartya Sen", title = "The Economics of Life and Death", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "5", pages = "40--?? (Intl. ed. 18--??)", month = may, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "The health of nations is normally charted in statistics that reveal only the wealth of nations: financial indicators such as gross national product and the balance of payments. Yet such statistics say little about human well-being, especially where famine and hunger persist. But if economists supplement such figures with mortality data, the social benefits and deficiencies of alternative strategies can be assessed.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Jeanloz:1993:CMB, author = "Raymond Jeanloz and Thorne Lay", title = "The Core Mantle Boundary", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "5", pages = "48--?? (Intl. ed. 26--33)", month = may, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "The region with the most intense geologic activity is not on the earth's surface. It lies 2,900 kilometers down, where the rocky mantle meets the planet's molten core. This turbulent interface has been found to influence the earth's rotation and its magnetic field. Advances in seismology and high-pressure experiments have enabled geo-physicists to elucidate the boundary's physical and chemical interactions.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, affiliation = "California Univ., Berkeley, CA, USA", classification = "A9125C (Origins and models of the magnetic field; A9130 (Seismology); A9135E (Core and lower mantle); A9135L (Composition of the Earth's interior); A9165 (Geophysical aspects of geology and mineralogy); dynamo theories)", corpsource = "California Univ., Berkeley, CA, USA", keywords = "Chemical composition; chemical composition; Chemical reactions; chemical reactions; Core-mantle boundary; core-mantle boundary; Dynamics; dynamics; Earth core; Earth mantle; geochemistry; Geomagnetic field; geomagnetic field; geomagnetism; Mineralogical composition; mineralogical composition; Minerals; minerals; Seismic observations; seismic observations; seismology", thesaurus = "Earth core; Earth mantle; Geochemistry; Geomagnetism; Minerals; Seismology", treatment = "G General Review", xxjournal = j-SCI-AMER-INT-ED, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Welch:1993:HCR, author = "William J. Welch", title = "How Cells Respond to Stress", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "5", pages = "56--?? (Intl. ed. 34--??)", month = may, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "Thirty years ago biologists discovered that cells defend themselves from heat damage by producing a group of specialized proteins. These protective molecules have now been shown to play an important role in helping cells withstand a broad range of assaults, from disease to toxins. Exploring this mechanism may provide new ways to combat infection, autoimmune disease and even cancer.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Powell:1993:TAI, author = "Corey S. Powell", title = "Trends in Astrophysics: {Inconstant} Cosmos", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "5", pages = "68--??", month = may, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Osada:1993:IG, author = "Yoshihito Osada and Simon B. Ross-Murphy", title = "Intelligent Gels", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "5", pages = "82--?? (Intl. ed. 42--??)", month = may, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "Industrial designers usually prefer materials that are tough, hard and dry. But a few researchers are exploring applications for substances that are soft and wet. Gels that swell or shrink in response to a stimulus can deliver controlled doses of medicine or act as selective filters and valves. They may even result in ``soft'' machines that work, as muscles do, by contracting and relaxing.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Jescavage-Bernard:1993:MPW, author = "Karen Jescavage-Bernard and Anders Crofoot", title = "Mapping to Preserve a Watershed", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "5", pages = "85--??", month = may, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Wood:1993:PM, author = "Denis Wood", title = "The Power of Maps", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "5", pages = "88--?? (Intl. ed. 48--??)", month = may, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "Even the most accurate of modern maps incorporate assumptions and conventions from the society and the individuals who create them An awareness of the cartographer's bias is essential to interpreting the information that maps contain.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Kalin:1993:NF, author = "Ned H. Kalin", title = "The Neurobiology of Fear", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "5", pages = "94--?? (Intl. ed. 54--??)", month = may, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "Studies of monkeys have begun to reveal the neurological pathways that underlie fear-related behavior. The work may lead to an understanding of the ways in which the various brain systems contribute to inordinate fear in humans; eventually they may open up new approaches to easing and preventing anxiety and depression.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Hovis:1993:PMD, author = "R. Corby Hovis and Helge Kragh", title = "{P. A. M. Dirac} and the Beauty of Physics", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "5", pages = "104--?? (Intl. ed. 62--??)", month = may, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "To this towering figure in 20th-century theoretical physics, the effort to describe natural phenomena was a search for mathematical perfection. Between the ages of 23 and 31, Dirac achieved his goal through a series of important theories in quantum mechanics, including the prediction of the existence of antimatter.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, keywords = "antimatter; Dirac's physics; Large Number Hypothesis; q-number algebra; quantum electrodynamics; quantum mechanics", xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Powell:1993:IC, author = "Corey S. Powell", title = "Inconstant Cosmos", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "5", pages = "110--??", month = may, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "Recent satellite observations of the cosmos in the high-energy spectrum would startle most earthbound stargazers. Some objects suddenly flare, then fade to obscurity; others flicker or flash on and off like neon signs. Astronomers are increasingly convinced that the engines powering many of these violent and baffling entities are the most mysterious denizens of the universe: black holes.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Anonymous:1993:SBe, author = "Anonymous", title = "Science and Business", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "5", pages = "122--??", month = may, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "An activist administration tackles technology policy\ldots{} Success for Silicon Glen?\ldots{} Battling MS\ldots{} Flat screens from light-emitting polymers\ldots{} Waste to slag\ldots{} The Analytical Economist: Why the same job pays more (or less).", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Anonymous:1993:ASc, author = "Anonymous", title = "The Amateur Scientist", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "5", pages = "134--??", month = may, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "Charting a watershed to make a cartographer's point.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Anonymous:1993:BRe, author = "Anonymous", title = "Book Reviews", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "5", pages = "138--??", month = may, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "Richard Leakey continues his search for humanity's origins.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Arthur:1993:E, author = "W. Brian Arthur", title = "Essay", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "5", pages = "144--??", month = may, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "Complexity: the force that keeps things simple.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Anonymous:1993:LEf, author = "Anonymous", title = "Letters to the Editors", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "6", pages = "12--??", month = jun, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "Racism or not? Neither sleet nor rain. Reproducible wealth.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Anonymous:1993:YAf, author = "Anonymous", title = "50 and 100 Years ago", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "6", pages = "16--??", month = jun, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "1943: Can ``judicious mating'' eliminate nearsightedness?", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Anonymous:1993:SCf, author = "Anonymous", title = "Science and the Citizen", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "6", pages = "18--??", month = jun, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Wed Jun 19 06:56:52 MDT 1996", abstract = "The promise of an artificial pancreas. Shades of green in Washington. Quantum teleportation. The legacy of the bubble boy. How cells transport proteins. Time lens. Profile: United Nations population expert Nafis Sadik.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, } @Article{Pollack:1993:URC, author = "Henry N. Pollack and David S. Chapman", title = "Underground Records of Changing Climate", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "6", pages = "44--?? (Intl. ed. 16--??)", month = jun, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "Temperature readings taken over the past 150 years show that the climate grows warmer. But what was the trend before such records were kept? Ancient temperatures archived in continental crust may hold the answer. By correlating thermal gradients from boreholes with data about the composition of the primeval atmosphere, geophysicists are creating a more detailed picture of global climate.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Miley:1993:MDR, author = "George K. Miley and Kenneth C. Chambers", title = "The Most Distant Radio Galaxies", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "6", pages = "54--?? (Intl. ed. 24--??)", month = jun, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "These blaring sources of radio waves glow with an intensity that is as much as a million times that of the Milky Way. By focusing on their powerful signals, astronomers have detected galaxies so remote that they are seen as they were when the cosmos was but one tenth its present age. Observations of these primitive objects offer clues to the formation of galaxies and the origin of the universe.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Glover:1993:C, author = "David M. Glover and Cayetano Gonzalez and Jordan W. Raff", title = "The Centrosome", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "6", pages = "62--?? (Intl. ed. 32--??)", month = jun, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "The master architects of cells are organelles surrounded by asterlike blooms of fibers. By organizing the web of protein filaments that form the cellular skeleton, centrosomes govern shape, polarity and movement. During cell division, they set up the spindle that partitions the chromosomes into two daughter cells. Biologists are beginning to discover details of their structure and function.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, xxnewdata = "1998.01.30", } @Article{Keyes:1993:FT, author = "Robert W. Keyes", title = "The Future of the Transistor", journal = j-SCI-AMER, volume = "268", number = "6", pages = "70--?? (Intl. ed. 40--??)", month = jun, year = "1993", CODEN = "SCAMAC", ISSN = "0036-8733", bibdate = "Thu Jan 28 14:31:51 MST 1999", abstract = "In the 45 years since the transistor was invented, the number of devices that can be packed onto a s