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%%% -*-BibTeX-*-
%%% ====================================================================
%%%  BibTeX-file{
%%%     author          = "Nelson H. F. Beebe",
%%%     version         = "1.06",
%%%     date            = "26 November 2011",
%%%     time            = "15:57:42 MDT",
%%%     filename        = "toois.bib",
%%%                        University of Utah
%%%                        Department of Mathematics, 110 LCB
%%%                        155 S 1400 E RM 233
%%%                        Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0090
%%%                        USA",
%%%     telephone       = "+1 801 581 5254",
%%%     FAX             = "+1 801 581 4148",
%%%     URL             = "http://www.math.utah.edu/~beebe",
%%%     checksum        = "11719 5740 28947 298522",
%%%     email           = "beebe at math.utah.edu, beebe at acm.org,
%%%                        beebe at computer.org (Internet)",
%%%     codetable       = "ISO/ASCII",
%%%     keywords        = "bibliography, BibTeX, ACM Transactions on
%%%                        Office Information Systems",
%%%     license         = "public domain",
%%%     supported       = "no",
%%%     docstring       = "This is a COMPLETE BibTeX bibliography for
%%%                        the journal ACM Transactions on Office
%%%                        Information Systems (CODEN ATOSDO, ISSN
%%%                        0734-2047) for 1983--1988.
%%%
%%%                        Publication began with volume 1, number 1, in
%%%                        January 1983, and ceased with volume 6,
%%%                        number 4, in October 1988.  The journal
%%%                        appeared quarterly, in January, April, July,
%%%                        and October.
%%%
%%%                        In 1989, the journal was renamed ACM
%%%                        Transactions on Information Systems; that
%%%                        journal is covered in a companion
%%%                        bibliography, tois.bib.
%%%
%%%                        The two journals have a joint World-Wide
%%%                        Web site at:
%%%
%%%                            http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois
%%%
%%%                        Tables-of-contents of all issues are
%%%                        available at:
%%%
%%%                            http://www.acm.org/pubs/contents/journals/tois/
%%%
%%%                        Qualified subscribers can retrieve the full
%%%                        text of recent articles in PDF form.
%%%
%%%                        At version 1.06, the COMPLETE journal
%%%                        coverage looked like this:
%%%
%%%                             1983 (  18)    1985 (  24)    1987 (  23)
%%%                             1984 (  19)    1986 (  19)    1988 (  21)
%%%
%%%                             Article:        122
%%%                             Proceedings:      2
%%%
%%%                             Total entries:  124
%%%
%%%                        The initial draft of this bibliography was
%%%                        derived from data at the ACM Web site.  It
%%%                        was then augmented with data from the
%%%                        Compendex database, and from the huge
%%%                        Karlsruhe computer science bibliography
%%%                        archive. and discrepancies were then
%%%                        resolved by consulting the original journal
%%%                        issues.
%%%
%%%                        ACM copyrights explicitly permit abstracting
%%%                        with credit, so article abstracts, keywords,
%%%                        and subject classifications have been
%%%                        included in this bibliography wherever
%%%                        available.
%%%
%%%                        The bibsource keys in the bibliography
%%%                        entries below indicate the data sources.
%%%
%%%                        URL keys in the bibliography point to
%%%                        World Wide Web locations of additional
%%%                        information about the entry.
%%%
%%%                        Spelling has been verified with the UNIX
%%%                        spell and GNU ispell programs using the
%%%                        exception dictionary stored in the
%%%                        companion file with extension .sok.
%%%
%%%                        BibTeX citation tags are uniformly chosen
%%%                        as name:year:abbrev, where name is the
%%%                        family name of the first author or editor,
%%%                        year is a 4-digit number, and abbrev is a
%%%                        3-letter condensation of important title
%%%                        words. Citation tags were automatically
%%%                        generated by software developed for the
%%%                        BibNet Project.
%%%
%%%                        In this bibliography, entries are sorted in
%%%                        publication order, using ``bibsort -byvolume.''
%%%
%%%                        The checksum field above contains a CRC-16
%%%                        checksum as the first value, followed by the
%%%                        equivalent of the standard UNIX wc (word
%%%                        count) utility output of lines, words, and
%%%                        characters.  This is produced by Robert
%%%                        Solovay's checksum utility.",
%%%  }
%%% ====================================================================
@Preamble{"\input bibnames.sty"}

%%% ====================================================================
%%% Acknowledgement abbreviations:
@String{ack-nhfb = "Nelson H. F. Beebe,
                    University of Utah,
                    Department of Mathematics, 110 LCB,
                    155 S 1400 E RM 233,
                    Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0090, USA,
                    Tel: +1 801 581 5254,
                    FAX: +1 801 581 4148,
                    e-mail: \path|beebe@math.utah.edu|,
                            \path|beebe@acm.org|,
                            \path|beebe@computer.org| (Internet),
                    URL: \path|http://www.math.utah.edu/~beebe/|"}

%%% ====================================================================
%%% Journal abbreviations:
@String{j-TOOIS                 = "ACM Transactions on Office Information
                                   Systems"}

%%% ====================================================================
%%% Publisher abbreviations:
@String{pub-ACM                 = "ACM Press"}

@String{pub-ACM:adr             = "New York, NY 10036, USA"}

%%% ====================================================================
%%% Bibliography entries:
@Article{Limb:1983:EI,
  author =       "J. O. Limb",
  title =        "{Editor}'s Introduction",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "1",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "1--2",
  month =        jan,
  year =         "1983",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 16:21:56 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
}

@Article{Purvy:1983:DSR,
  author =       "R. Purvy and J. Farrell and P. Klose",
  title =        "The Design of {Star}'s Records Processing",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "1",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "3--24",
  month =        jan,
  year =         "1983",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 16:21:56 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "Xerox's Star Professional Workstation is distinguished
                 by a graphic user interface committed to the
                 ``what-you-see-is-what-you-get'' design philosophy. The
                 system promotes a see\slash point\slash push-a-button
                 style of interaction with immediate feedback, in marked
                 contrast to more familiar programming or command
                 language interfaces. Star's records processing feature
                 integrates traditional data processing functionality
                 into this user model, using standard Star documents for
                 data definition, entry, display, update, and report
                 generation. Benefits include an economy of concepts and
                 effort for user and implementor alike, along with the
                 synergy of a unified environment.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  keywords =     "description languages (DDL); Human factors;
                 manipulation (DML); Models; Office automation;
                 principles; Professional workstations; Query Report
                 writers; User/machine systems",
}

@Article{Bailey:1983:OMI,
  author =       "A. D. Bailey and J. H. Gerlach and R. P. McAfee and A.
                 B. Whinston",
  title =        "An {OIS} Model for Internal Accounting Control
                 Evaluation",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "1",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "25--44",
  month =        jan,
  year =         "1983",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 16:21:56 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "Internal control is an important aspect of accounting
                 office systems. The implementation and maintenance of a
                 control structure which protects corporate assets from
                 theft, misuse, and fraud and permits the preparation of
                 accurate and reliable financial reports is a result of
                 both good business practice and legal requirements.
                 This article presents a precedence model for specifying
                 accounting office systems. Formal analysis procedures
                 are formulated for evaluating the internal controls of
                 the modeled system. The procedures establish
                 precondition and postcondition relationships between
                 designated control points.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  keywords =     "Administrative data processing; Business; Computer
                 applications; Computer audit and control; Financial;
                 Inf. systems application; Internal accounting control;
                 Management; Management audit; Management of computing
                 and information systems; Office automation; System
                 management",
}

@Article{Barber:1983:SOP,
  author =       "G. Barber",
  title =        "Supporting Organizational Problem Solving with a Work
                 Station",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "1",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "45--67",
  month =        jan,
  year =         "1983",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 16:21:56 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "An approach to supporting work in the office is
                 described. Using and extending ideas from the field of
                 artificial intelligence (AI) we describe office work as
                 a problem-solving activity. A knowledge-embedding
                 language called OMEGA is used to embed knowledge of the
                 organization into an office worker's work station in
                 order to support the office worker in problem solving.
                 A particular approach to reasoning about change and
                 contradiction is discussed. This approach uses OMEGA's
                 viewpoint mechanism, which is a general
                 contradiction-handing facility. Unlike other knowledge
                 representation systems, when a contradiction is reached
                 the reasons for the contradiction can be analyzed by
                 the deduction mechanism without having to resort to
                 search mechanisms such as a backtracking. The viewpoint
                 mechanism is the heart of the problem-solving support
                 paradigm, a paradigm which supplements the classical AI
                 view of problem solving. An example is presented in
                 which OMEGA's facilities are used to support an office
                 worker's problem-solving activities. The example
                 illustrates the use of viewpoints and of OMEGA's
                 capabilities to reason about its own reasoning
                 processes.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  keywords =     "Applications and expert systems; Artificial
                 intelligence; Design; Inf. networks; Inf. storage and
                 retrieval; Information systems applications; Knowledge
                 representation formalisms and methods; Languages;
                 Office automation; Semantic networks; Sys. and
                 software",
}

@Article{Srihari:1983:IDK,
  author =       "S. N. Srihari and J. J. Hull and R. Choudhari",
  title =        "Integrating Diverse Knowledge Sources in Text
                 Recognition",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "1",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "68--87",
  month =        jan,
  year =         "1983",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 16:21:56 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "A new algorithm for text recognition that corrects
                 character substitution errors in words of text is
                 presented. The search for a correct word effectively
                 integrates three knowledge sources: channel
                 characteristics, bottom-up context, and top-down
                 context. Channel characteristics are used in the form
                 of probabilities that observed letters are corruptions
                 of other letters; bottom-up context is in the form of
                 the probability of a letter when the previous letters
                 of the word are known; and top-down context is in the
                 form of a lexicon. A one-pass algorithm is obtained by
                 merging a previously known dynamic programming
                 algorithm to compute the maximum a posteriori
                 probability string (known as the Viterbi algorithm)
                 with searching a lexical trie. Analysis of the
                 computational complexity of the algorithm and results
                 of experimentation with a PASCAL implementation are
                 presented.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  keywords =     "algorithms; Algorithms; Applications; Artificial
                 intelligence; Control methods and search; Dynamic
                 programming; experimentation; Graph and tree search
                 strategies; Knowledge integration; Office automation;
                 Pattern recognition; Problem solving; Spelling; Text
                 editing; Text processing; Theory; theory; TOOIS TOIS
                 Inf. systems applications; Word processing",
  review =       "ACM CR 40355",
  subject =      "H.4.1 Information Systems, INFORMATION SYSTEMS
                 APPLICATIONS, Office Automation, Word processing \\
                 I.2.8 Computing Methodologies, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE,
                 Problem Solving, Control Methods, and Search, Dynamic
                 programming \\ I.2.8 Computing Methodologies,
                 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, Problem Solving, Control
                 Methods, and Search, Graph and tree search strategies
                 \\ I.5.4 Computing Methodologies, PATTERN RECOGNITION,
                 Applications, Text processing \\ I.7.1 Computing
                 Methodologies, TEXT PROCESSING, Text Editing,
                 Spelling",
}

@Article{Tsichritzis:1983:MF,
  author =       "D. Tsichritzis and S. Christodoulakis",
  title =        "Message Files",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "1",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "88--98",
  month =        jan,
  year =         "1983",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 16:21:56 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "We describe a message-filing capability which allows
                 for the retrieval of messages according to contents.
                 Messages are organized in large, general files such
                 that frequent reorganization is avoided. The user
                 specifies a filter which restricts the attention to a
                 manageable subset of messages. Messages within the
                 subset are retrieved for a final check. We discuss file
                 organization and access method, as well as performance
                 and implementation considerations.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  keywords =     "Abstracting methods; Access methods; Communications
                 applications; Computer systems organization; Content
                 analysis and indexing; Control structures and
                 microprogramming; Database management; Design;
                 Electronic mail; Information storage and retrieval;
                 Information systems applications; Microcode
                 applications; Modeling techniques; Performance;
                 Performance of systems; Physical design; Special
                 purpose",
}

@Article{Malone:1983:HDP,
  author =       "T. W. Malone",
  title =        "How Do People Organize Their Desks? {Implications} for
                 the Design of Office Information Systems",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "1",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "99--112",
  month =        jan,
  year =         "1983",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 16:21:56 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "This paper describes a series of interviews focusing
                 on the way professional and clerical office workers
                 organize the information in their desks and offices. A
                 number of implications for designing ``natural'' and
                 convenient computer-based information systems are
                 discussed. Two principal claims are made: (1) A very
                 important function of desk organization is to remind
                 the user of things to do, not just to help the user
                 find desired information. Failing to support this
                 function may seriously impair the usefulness of
                 electronic office systems, and explicitly facilitating
                 it may provide an important advantage for automated
                 office systems over their nonautomated predecessors.
                 (2) The cognitive difficulty of categorizing
                 information is an important factor in explaining how
                 people organize their desks. Computer-based systems may
                 help with this difficulty by (a) doing as much
                 automatic classification as possible (e.g., based on
                 access dates), and (b) including untitled ``piles'' of
                 information arranged by physical location as well as
                 explicitly titled and logically arranged ``files.''
                 Several other implications for the design of electronic
                 office systems are discussed, and some differences in
                 how people organize their desks are described.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
}

@Article{Nutt:1983:EDM,
  author =       "G. J. Nutt",
  title =        "An Experimental Distributed Modeling System",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "1",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "117--142",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1983",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 16:21:56 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "Computer systems will increasingly rely on distributed
                 components in order to increase performance while
                 providing autonomous computing facilities. This
                 evolution implies that a corresponding advance must
                 take place in the state of the art of system analysis
                 and evaluation. This paper describes an experimental
                 modeling system developed to study distributed office
                 information systems. The modeling system is unusual in
                 that the simulation component is itself a distributed
                 program. Support facilities and the organization of the
                 simulator are presented.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  keywords =     "Communications applications; Communications
                 management; Distributed programming office modeling;
                 Information systems applications; Miscellaneous; Office
                 automation; Operating systems; Organization and design;
                 Simulation; Software engineering",
}

@Article{Stonebraker:1983:DPR,
  author =       "M. Stonebraker and H. Stettner and N. Lynn and J.
                 Kalash and A. Guttman",
  title =        "Document Processing in a Relational Database System",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "1",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "143--158",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1983",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 16:21:56 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "This paper contains a proposal to enhance a relational
                 database manager to support document processing.
                 Basically, it suggests support for data items that are
                 variable-length strings, support for ordered relations,
                 support for substring operations, and support for new
                 operators that concatenate and break apart string
                 fields.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  keywords =     "Database management; Document processing; Document
                 storage; Extended query languages; File organization;
                 Inf. storage and retrieval; Information storage;
                 Information systems applications; Languages; Office
                 automation; Query languages; Word processing",
}

@Article{Allen:1983:DCL,
  author =       "R. B. Allen and M. W. Scerbo",
  title =        "Details of Command-Language Keystrokes",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "1",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "159--178",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1983",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 16:21:56 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "The Keystroke-Level Model asserts that the time for an
                 expert to enter a task using a command language is a
                 function of specific task-acquisition, mental, and
                 motor-response times. The evidence for the model is
                 critically reviewed, and new data are presented. The
                 fit of the new data to the model is modest even when
                 several modifications of the model are considered. It
                 is proposed that a more complex model, based explicitly
                 on cognitive processes, is necessary.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  keywords =     "Cognitive psychology; Command and control languages;
                 Human factors; Human information processing;
                 Information systems applications; Models and
                 principles; Office automation; Operating systems; Sys.
                 programs and utilities; Text editing; Text processing;
                 User interface; User/machine systems",
}

@Article{Brotz:1983:MSM,
  author =       "D. K. Brotz",
  title =        "Message System Mores: Etiquette in {Laurel}",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "1",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "179--192",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1983",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 16:21:56 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "Electronic message systems provide a new mode of
                 communication that currently lacks an accepted set of
                 social protocols. On the basis of observations of user
                 behavior in Laurel, a widely used electronic message
                 system, several suggestions for message system
                 etiquette are given. Topics covered include
                 misaddressed messages, rudeness, message system costs,
                 unsolicited messages, chain reactions, and
                 masquerading.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  keywords =     "Communication; Communications applications;
                 Computer-communication networks; Computers and society;
                 Electronic mail; Electronic message system; Etiquette;
                 Human factors; Inf. systems applications; Manners;
                 Miscellaneous; Social issues",
}

@Article{Israel:1983:AOS,
  author =       "J. E. Israel and T. A. Linden",
  title =        "Authentication in Office System Internetworks",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "1",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "193--210",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1983",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 16:21:56 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "In a distributed office system, authentication data
                 (such as password) must be managed in such a way that
                 users and machines from different organizations can
                 easily authenticate themselves to each other. The
                 authentication facility must be secure, but user
                 convenience, decentralized administration, and a
                 capability for smooth, long-term evolution are also
                 important. In addition, the authentication arrangements
                 must not permit failures at a single node to cause
                 systemwide down time. The design used in the Xerox 8000
                 Series products is described. This design anticipates
                 applications in an open-network architecture where
                 there are nodes from diverse sources and one node does
                 not trust authentication checking done by other nodes.
                 Furthermore, in some offices encryption will be
                 required to authenticate data transmissions despite
                 hostile intruders on the network. Requirements and
                 design constraints when applying encryption for
                 authentication in office systems are discussed. It is
                 suggested that protocol standards for use in office
                 systems should allow unencrypted authentication as well
                 as two options for encrypted authentication. Issues
                 that will arise as an office system evolves to deal
                 with increasingly sophisticated threats from users of
                 the system are described.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  keywords =     "Authentication; Computer-communication networks; Data
                 encryption; Data encryption standard (DES);
                 Decentralized systems; Distributed systems; Ethernet;
                 General; Heterogeneous systems; Information systems
                 applications; Internetworks; Network architecture and
                 design; Network communications; Network protocols;
                 Office automation; Open architecture; Protocol
                 architecture; Security; Security and protection;
                 Standardization",
}

@Article{Smith:1983:PDE,
  author =       "S. A. Smith and R. I. Benjamin",
  title =        "Projecting Demand for Electronic Communications in
                 Automated Offices",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "1",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "211--229",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1983",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 16:21:56 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "The large projected growth in the use of office
                 information systems over the next ten years will in
                 turn significantly increase the demand for electronic
                 communications in offices. Projections for this demand
                 on a per employee basis are developed, based on assumed
                 office automation scenarios and case-study observations
                 of current activity levels. Implications for
                 communications systems design are discussed. The
                 results are also compared with observed communications
                 traffic in an existing automated office environment.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  keywords =     "Communications applications; Communications systems;
                 Economics; Electronic mail; Inf. systems applications;
                 Measurement; Office automation; Performance",
}

@Article{Oppen:1983:CDA,
  author =       "D. C. Oppen and Y. K. Dalal",
  title =        "The Clearinghouse: {A} Decentralized Agent for
                 Locating Named Objects in a Distributed Environment",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "1",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "230--253",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1983",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 16:21:56 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "The problem of naming and locating objects in a
                 distributed environment is considered, and the
                 clearinghouse, a decentralized agent for supporting the
                 naming of these ``network-visible'' objects, is
                 described. The objects ``known'' to the clearinghouse
                 are of many types and include workstations, file
                 servers, print servers, mail servers, clearinghouse
                 servers, and human user. All objects known to the
                 clearinghouse are named using the same convention, and
                 the clearinghouse provides information about objects in
                 a uniform fashion, regardless of their type. The
                 clearinghouse also supports aliases. The clearinghouse
                 binds a name to a set of properties of various types.
                 For instance, the name of a user may be associated with
                 the location of his local workstation, mailbox, and
                 nonlocation information such as password and comments.
                 The clearinghouse is decentralized and replicated. That
                 is, instead of one global clearinghouse server, there
                 are many local clearinghouse servers, each storing a
                 copy of a portion of the global database. The totality
                 of services supplied by these clearinghouse servers is
                 called ``the clearinghouse.'' Decentralization and
                 replication increase efficiency, security, and
                 reliability. A request to the clearinghouse to bind a
                 name to its set of properties may originate anywhere in
                 the system and be directed to any clearinghouse server.
                 A clearinghouse client need not be concerned with the
                 question of which clearinghouse server actually
                 contains the binding -- the clearinghouse stub in the
                 client in conjunction with distributed clearinghouse
                 servers automatically finds the mapping if it exists.
                 Updates to the various copies of a mapping may occur
                 asynchronously and be interleaved with requests for
                 bindings of names to properties; updates to the various
                 copies are not treated as indivisible transactions. Any
                 resulting inconsistency between the various copies is
                 only transient: the clearinghouse automatically
                 arbitrates between conflicting updates to restore
                 consistency.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  keywords =     "Binding; Clearinghouse; Communications applications;
                 Computer-communication networks; Data models; Database
                 management; Design; Distributed databases; Distributed
                 systems; Electronic mail; Information search and
                 retrieval; Information storage and retrieval;
                 Information systems applications; Internetwork;
                 Locations; Logical design; Names; Network management;
                 Network operating systems; Network operations;
                 Network-visible objects; Search processes",
}

@Article{Mack:1983:LUW,
  author =       "R. L. Mack and C. H. Lewis and J. M. Carroll",
  title =        "Learning to Use Word Processors: Problems and
                 Prospects",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "1",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "254--271",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1983",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 16:21:56 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "Computer text editors are powerful, but complex,
                 tools. Particularly in the early stages of learning,
                 the complexity of these tools can cause serious
                 problems for users who are not experienced with
                 computers. The problems of new users were studied by
                 asking the users to think out loud while learning to
                 use word-processing systems. In this paper several of
                 the most typical and debilitating problems these users
                 had understanding and following directions in using
                 training manuals, as well as problems understanding and
                 using interface functions to accomplish word processing
                 tasks, are taxonomized and analyzed. Approaches for
                 improving design features of the interface functions
                 and the training methods used for learning are
                 discussed.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  keywords =     "Analogies; Artificial intelligence; Behavioral
                 science; Cognitive psychology; Concept learning;
                 Equipment; Human factors; Human information processing;
                 Human-computer interface; Information systems
                 applications; Instruction; Learning; Models and
                 principles; Novices; Office automation; Protocol
                 methodology; Text editors; User/machine systems; Word
                 processing",
}

@Article{Gould:1983:HFC,
  author =       "J. D. Gould and S. J. Boies",
  title =        "Human Factors Challenges In Creating a Principal
                 Support Office System --- The Speech Filing System
                 Approach",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "1",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "273--298",
  month =        oct,
  year =         "1983",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 16:21:56 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "This paper identifies the key behavioral challenges in
                 designing a principal-office system and our approaches
                 to them. These challenges included designing a system
                 which office principals would find useful and would
                 directly use themselves. Ultimately, the system, called
                 the Speech Filing System (SFS), became primarily a
                 voice store and forward message system with which users
                 compose, edit, send, and receive audio messages, using
                 telephones as terminals. Our approaches included
                 behavioral analyses of principals' needs and
                 irritations, controlled laboratory experiments, several
                 years of training, observing, and interviewing hundreds
                 of actual SFS users, several years of demonstrating SFS
                 to thousands of potential users and receiving feedback,
                 empirical studies of alternative methods of training
                 and documentation, continual major modifications of the
                 user interface, simulations of alternative user
                 interfaces, and actual SFS usage analyses. The results
                 indicate that SFS is now relatively easy to learn,
                 solves real business problems, and leads to user
                 satisfaction.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  keywords =     "Communications applications; Human factors; Inf.
                 systems applications; Information systems applications;
                 Models and principles; Office automation; Office of the
                 future; Principal support system; User/machine
                 systems",
}

@Article{Gibbs:1983:DMA,
  author =       "S. Gibbs and D. Tsichritzis",
  title =        "A Data Modeling Approach for Office Information
                 Systems",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "1",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "299--319",
  month =        oct,
  year =         "1983",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 16:21:56 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "A data model for representing the structure and
                 semantics of office objects is proposed. The model
                 contains features for modeling forms, documents, and
                 other complex objects; these features include a
                 constraint mechanism based on triggers, templates for
                 presenting objects in different media, and unformatted
                 data types such as text and audio. The representation
                 of common office objects is described. User-level
                 commands may be translated to operations within the
                 model.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  keywords =     "Data models; Database management; Design; Human
                 information processing; Information systems
                 applications; Logical design; Models and principles;
                 Office automation; Templates; Unformatted data;
                 User/machine systems",
}

@Article{Suchman:1983:OPP,
  author =       "L. A. Suchman",
  title =        "Office Procedure as Practical Action: Models of Work
                 and System Design",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "1",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "320--328",
  month =        oct,
  year =         "1983",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 16:21:56 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "The design of office technology relies upon underlying
                 conceptions of human organization and action. The goal
                 of building office information systems requires a
                 representation of office work and its relevant objects.
                 The concern of this paper is that although system
                 designers recognize the centrality of procedural tasks
                 in the office, they tend to ignore the actual work
                 involved in accomplishing those tasks. A perspicuous
                 instance of work in an accounting office is used to
                 recommend a new line of research into the practical
                 problems of office work, and to suggest preliminary
                 implications of that research for office systems
                 design.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  keywords =     "Design; General; Human factors; Human information
                 processing; Models and principles; Models of work;
                 Office procedure; User/machine systems",
}

@Article{Ballard:1984:LTK,
  author =       "B. W. Ballard and J. C. Lusth and N. L. Tinkham",
  title =        "{LDC-1}: {A} Transportable, Knowledge-Based Natural
                 Language Processor for Office Environments",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "2",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "1--25",
  month =        jan,
  year =         "1984",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 16:21:56 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "During the 1970s, a number of systems providing
                 limited English-language processing capabilities were
                 developed to permit computer access be casual or
                 untrained users. Our interest is in adapting and
                 extending techniques developed for these systems,
                 especially those used in database query systems and our
                 own English-language programming language system (NLC),
                 for use in office environments. This paper describes
                 the Layered Domain Class system (LDC), a
                 state-of-the-art natural language processor whose major
                 goals are (1) to provide English-language retrieval
                 capabilities for medium-sized office domains that have
                 been stored on the computer as text-edited files, as
                 oppose to more restrictive database structures; and (2)
                 to eliminate the need to call in the system designer
                 when extensions into new domains are desired, without
                 sacrificing the depth or reliability of the interface.
                 In this paper we (a) provide an overview of LDC,
                 including sample inputs; (b) briefly discuss the role
                 of each module of the system, with special attention to
                 provisions for users to adapt the system to deal with
                 new types of data; and (c) consider the relation of our
                 system to other formal and natural language interfaces
                 that are in use or under development.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  keywords =     "Artificial intelligence; Database management;
                 Deduction and theorem proving; Distribution and
                 maintenance; Extensibility; Human factors; Information
                 search and retrieval; Information storage and
                 retrieval; Information systems applications; Knowledge
                 acquisition; Language parsing and understanding;
                 Languages; Natural language processing; Office
                 automation; Query formulation; Query languages;
                 Restructuring; Software engineering",
}

@Article{Kelley:1984:IDM,
  author =       "J. F. Kelley",
  title =        "An Iterative Design Methodology for User-Friendly
                 Natural Language Office Information Applications",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "2",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "26--41",
  month =        jan,
  year =         "1984",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 16:21:56 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "A six-step, iterative, empirical human factors design
                 methodology was used to develop CAL, a natural language
                 computer application to help computer-naive business
                 professionals manage their personal calendars. Input
                 language is processed by a simple, nonparsing algorithm
                 with limited storage requirements and a quick response
                 time. CAL allows unconstrained English inputs from
                 users with no training (except for a five minute
                 introduction to the keyboard and display) and no manual
                 (except for a two-page overview of the system). In a
                 controlled test of performance, CAL correctly responded
                 to between 86 percent and 97 percent of the storage and
                 retrieval requests it received, according to various
                 criteria. This level of performance could never have
                 been achieved with such a simple processing model were
                 it not for the empirical approach used in the
                 development of the program and its dictionaries. The
                 tools of the engineering psychologist are clearly
                 invaluable in the development of user-friendly
                 software, if that software is to accommodate the unruly
                 language of computer-naive, first-time users. The key
                 is to elicit the cooperation of such users as partners
                 in an iterative, empirical development process.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  keywords =     "Applications; Applications and expert systems;
                 Artificial intelligence; Discretionary user;
                 Ease-of-use; Empirical grammar; Engineering psychology;
                 Experimentation; Human factors; Iterative design;
                 Language parsing and understanding; Limited context;
                 Management of computing and information systems; Models
                 and principles; Naive user; Natural language; Natural
                 language interfaces; Natural language processing;
                 Simulation; Simulation and modeling; Software; Software
                 development; Software management; Software psychology;
                 Task analysis; User-friendly; User/machine systems",
}

@Article{Hanson:1984:IDM,
  author =       "S. J. Hanson and R. E. Kraut and J. M. Farber",
  title =        "Interface Design and Multivariate Analysis of {UNIX}
                 Command Use",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "2",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "42--57",
  month =        jan,
  year =         "1984",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 16:21:56 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "To understand how people interact with powerful
                 computer systems, we analyzed, using several
                 multivariate statistical analyses, the commands people
                 use and the errors they made when performing office
                 work with the UNIX operating system. The frequency of
                 use across commands was very uneven. User's most
                 frequent commands were those that performed
                 editing-like functions on text and other objects (e.g.,
                 UNIX directories), those that returned orienting
                 information to users, and those that helped to control
                 and sequence other commands. People made mistakes
                 frequently, and made them most, when they needed
                 information about the command and file context in which
                 they were working, and when they had to plan long
                 sequences of commands without feedback. From these
                 analyses we make several recommendations for a
                 human-computer interface.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  keywords =     "Command and control languages; Command languages;
                 Experimentation; Human computer interactions; Human
                 factors; Human information processing; Human-computer
                 interaction; Information systems applications;
                 Man-machine interface; Measurement; Models and
                 principles; Office automation; Operating systems; Sys.
                 programs and utilities; User/machine systems",
}

@Article{Tsichritzis:1984:MAS,
  author =       "D. Tsichritzis",
  title =        "Message Addressing Schemes",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "2",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "58--77",
  month =        jan,
  year =         "1984",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 16:21:56 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "This paper defines and investigates different
                 addressing schemes which can be used to route messages
                 in mail systems. An analysis of finite state addressing
                 schemes is carried out, and an illustrative example is
                 given.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  keywords =     "Active messages; Communications applications; Computer
                 communication networks; Database and message systems;
                 Electronic mail; Electronic mail routing; Inf. systems
                 applications; Message systems; Miscellaneous",
}

@Article{Terry:1984:CCS,
  author =       "D. B. Terry and S. Andler",
  title =        "The {COSIE} Communication Subsystem: Support for
                 Distributed Office Applications",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "2",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "79--95",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1984",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 16:21:56 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "Contemporary distributed office systems rely heavily
                 on communication between workstation, file servers,
                 printers, and other computerized components. The COSIE
                 Communication Subsystem has been developed for an
                 office system internetwork consisting of local networks
                 of varying technologies. The communication facilities
                 provide for the transmission of self-contained messages
                 to mailboxes, which are referenced by capabilities and
                 may be shared. A generalized method for pairing
                 requests with responses supports a variety of
                 communication paradigms, while a flexible routing
                 algorithm permits diverse network topologies. The main
                 emphasis in the design of the COSIE Communication
                 Subsystem was on presenting simple mechanisms that
                 allow more general policies and protocols to be
                 explored.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  keywords =     "Applications; Applications and expert systems;
                 Artificial intelligence; Discretionary user;
                 Ease-of-use; Empirical grammar; Engineering psychology;
                 Experimentation; Human factors; Iterative design;
                 Language parsing and understanding; Limited context;
                 Management of computing and information systems; Models
                 and principles; Naive user; Natural language; Natural
                 language interfaces; Natural language processing;
                 Simulation; Simulation and modeling; Software; Software
                 development; Software management; Software psychology;
                 Task analysis; User-friendly; User/machine systems",
}

@Article{Lyngbaek:1984:OMD,
  author =       "P. Lyngbaek and D. McLeod",
  title =        "Object Management in Distributed Information Systems",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "2",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "96--122",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1984",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 16:21:56 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "A simple model for object sharing in distributed
                 office information systems is described. The model
                 provides a small set of operators for object
                 definition, manipulation, and retrieval in a
                 distributed environment, modeled as a logical network
                 of workstations. Relationships among objects can be
                 established across work station boundaries, objects are
                 relocatable within the distributed environment, and
                 mechanisms are provided for access control and the
                 dynamic sharing of objects among individual work
                 stations. An object naming convention supports
                 location-transparent object references; that is,
                 objects can be referenced by user-defined names rather
                 than by addresses. The primitive operations introduced
                 can be used as the basis for the specification and
                 stepwise development of office information models and
                 systems of increasing complexity. An experimental
                 prototype implementation of the distributed object
                 sharing model is described.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  keywords =     "Data models; Database management; Design; Distributed
                 office information management; Distributed systems;
                 Information systems applications; Logical design;
                 Nameservers; Office automation; Office information
                 systems; Semantic data modeling; Systems",
}

@Article{Trauth:1984:CSE,
  author =       "E. M. Trauth and S. K. Kwan",
  title =        "Channel Selection and Effective Communication for
                 Managerial Decision Making",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "2",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "123--140",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1984",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 16:21:56 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "New office technologies provide a range of
                 alternatives to traditional channels for corporate
                 communications. This paper explores the effectiveness
                 of print, electronic messaging, and videotape along
                 both objective and subjective dimensions. While
                 electronic messaging and videotape were not found to
                 improve significantly over print either the recall of
                 information or the quality of decisions made based on
                 it, some interesting patterns were observed. The use of
                 electronic messaging resulted in improved recall of
                 information. Videotape tended toward the extremes: It
                 was either the most or the least effective in
                 disseminating information for learning. Subjects'
                 attitudes about the influence of each channel on the
                 quality of information were contrasted with the
                 disposition toward use. In general, subjects had
                 positive attitudes toward both electronic messaging and
                 videotape. When asked about the likelihood of choosing
                 a particular channel, given emphasis on certain
                 information attributes, however, subjects consistently
                 preferred print. These results suggest that both the
                 communication context and user preconceptions must be
                 taken into account when planning for the introduction
                 of new technologies.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  keywords =     "Communications applications; Computers and society;
                 Electronic mail; Electronic messaging; Evaluating
                 communication channels; Experimentation; General; Inf.
                 systems; Inf. systems applications; Information
                 attributes; Information systems applications;
                 Management; Measurement; Office automation;
                 Organizational impacts; Performance; Print; User study;
                 Video technology",
}

@Article{Culnan:1984:DAO,
  author =       "M. J. Culnan",
  title =        "The Dimensions of Accessibility to Online Information:
                 Implications for Implementing Office Information
                 Systems",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "2",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "141--150",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1984",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 16:21:56 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "Prior research has found a positive correlation
                 between the perceived accessibility of information and
                 information use. The underlying dimensions of
                 information accessibility, however, have not been
                 investigated empirically. The present field study
                 measures end-user perceptions of three online
                 information retrieval systems and one electronic mail
                 system. User ratings of the four systems are collected
                 and factor-analyzed. The results suggest that (1)
                 physical access to a terminal and access to the actual
                 information system are independent dimensions, (2) that
                 accessibility is a multidimensional concept
                 encompassing physical access to a terminal and the
                 system, the command language, and the ability to
                 retrieve the desired information successfully, and (3)
                 that perceptions of accessibility are a function of
                 prior user experience with online systems. In order to
                 facilitate the acceptance of office information
                 systems, organizations need to provide extensive
                 support and training when the system is introduced, as
                 well as ready physical access to the system over the
                 course of its useful life.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  keywords =     "Accessibility; Communications applications; End-user
                 computing; Human factors; Implementation strategies;
                 Inf. storage and retrieval; Information systems
                 applications; Management; Online information services",
}

@Article{Bracchi:1984:DRO,
  author =       "G. Bracchi and B. Pernici",
  title =        "The Design Requirements of Office Systems",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "2",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "151--170",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1984",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 16:21:56 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "The original characteristics of an office information
                 system, when compared to a conventional information
                 system, imply the need for developing new design
                 methodologies and models, or for substantially changing
                 existing design approaches. In this paper the relevant
                 features of office information systems are outlined and
                 some existing office methodologies and models are
                 classified and evaluated. Particular emphasis is given
                 to the early phases of the design process, commonly
                 called ``conceptual'' or ``logical'' design phases. The
                 basic requirements for conceptual design methodologies
                 in the office environment are derived from the analysis
                 and evaluation of existing design approaches.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  keywords =     "Design; Documentation; Inf. systems applications;
                 Models and principles; Office automation; Office
                 modeling; User/machine systems",
}

@Article{Ellis:1984:EIO,
  author =       "C. Ellis",
  title =        "{Editor}'s Introduction to the Special Issue",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "2",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "171--172",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1984",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 16:21:56 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  note =         "Research Contributions: Selected Papers from the
                 Conference on Office Information Systems.",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "We need a Theory of the Office, encompassing ideas
                 from fields as diverse as organizational design, CS,
                 ergonomics, operations research, and communications.
                 Notions conveyed within this issue of the ACM Trans. on
                 Office Information Systems (TOOIS) may be able to
                 contribute to such a theory. Persons wanting to become
                 knowledgeable in this field today must rely on lengthy,
                 agonizing-frequently incomplete and
                 deceiving-experience; which, even a partial theory of
                 the office would alleviate. A theory would also be
                 valuable to the large numbers of people who would like
                 to judge, fit, and size office automation for their
                 organizations. Finally, the office systems area has
                 been scorned within some universities and university
                 departments as not being a valid academic area in which
                 to work and publish. I believe that a solid and
                 utilitarian theory of the office would encourage many
                 theoretical researchers to work on some exciting and
                 useful office topics. The need exists, and it appears
                 that the time is right. TOOIS welcomes such work to its
                 pages.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  keywords =     "TOOIS TOIS",
}

@Article{Ahlsen:1984:AOM,
  author =       "M. Ahlsen and A. Bjornerstedt and S. Britts and C.
                 Hulten and L. Soderlund",
  title =        "An Architecture for Object Management in {OIS}",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "2",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "173--196",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1984",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 16:21:56 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  note =         "Research Contributions: Selected Papers from the
                 Conference on Office Information Systems.",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "The design of an office information system (OIS)
                 application development environment prototype, OPAL, is
                 outlined. OPAL is based on an object management
                 approach. The central concept is the packet, which is
                 the principal data and action structuring device. The
                 main ideas in OPAL are described, including novel data
                 types, partitioned work spaces, object version
                 management, multiple property inheritance, and
                 incremental application development. A scheme for
                 naming objects is proposed and discussed. There are
                 basically two large advantages to such a scheme -- a
                 very practical shorthand for referring to objects and a
                 means for structuring information according to criteria
                 not represented in the objects themselves. The latter
                 property also supports viewing objects in different
                 roles. Furthermore, the scheme is used to structure the
                 whole object management system.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  keywords =     "Application development tools; Data models; Data types
                 and structures; Database management; Design;
                 Information systems applications; Language constructs;
                 Languages; Logical design; Object databases; Object
                 programming; Office automation; OIS; Query languages;
                 Soederlund TOOIS TOIS Programming languages",
}

@Article{Croft:1984:TSO,
  author =       "W. B. Croft and L. S. Lefkowitz",
  title =        "Task Support In an Office System",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "2",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "197--212",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1984",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 16:21:56 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  note =         "Research Contributions: Selected Papers from the
                 Conference on Office Information Systems.",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "A major goal of an office system is to support tasks
                 that are central to office functions. Some office tasks
                 are readily implemented with generic office tools, such
                 as calendars, forms packages, and mail. Many tasks,
                 however, involve complex sequences of actions which do
                 not all correspond to tool invocations but, instead,
                 rely on the problem-solving abilities of office
                 workers. In this paper we describe a system (POISE)
                 that can be used to both automate routine tasks and
                 provide assistance in more complex situations. The type
                 of assistance provided can range from maintaining a
                 record of the tasks currently being executed to
                 suggesting possible next steps and answering natural
                 language queries about the tasks. The POISE system uses
                 both a procedure-based and a goal-based representation
                 of the tasks to achieve efficiency and flexibility. The
                 mechanisms used by POISE are described with example
                 procedures from a university office.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  keywords =     "Applications and expert systems; Artificial
                 intelligence; Decision support; Design; Inf. systems
                 applications; Knowledge representation formalisms and
                 methods; Management; Natural language; Office
                 automation; Problem-solving; Representations
                 (procedural and rule-based); Tools; Types of systems",
}

@Article{Radicati:1984:MTI,
  author =       "S. Radicati",
  title =        "Managing Transient Internetwork Links in the {Xerox
                 Internet}",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "2",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "213--225",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1984",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 16:21:56 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  note =         "Research Contributions: Selected Papers from the
                 Conference on Office Information Systems.",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "The Xerox Research Internet has been in operation for
                 over a decade, and includes as many as 200
                 geographically-dispersed Ethernet local area networks.
                 As Internets grow, it becomes unrealistic for both
                 practical and economic reasons to expect them to be
                 fully interconnected at all times. This paper presents
                 an approach to the management of transient internetwork
                 communication links in a datagram-based architecture,
                 such as the Xerox Network Systems architecture. The
                 major novelty lies in the idea of allowing high-level
                 application programs to dynamically alter the internet
                 topology, without the need for end users to be
                 involved, or even to be aware of what is happening.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  keywords =     "Computer communication networks; Design;
                 Internetworking; Network architecture and design;
                 Network communications; Network topology; NS
                 architecture; X.25",
}

@Article{Panko:1984:OAN,
  author =       "R. R. Panko",
  title =        "38 Offices: Analyzing Needs in Individual Offices",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "2",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "226--234",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1984",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 16:21:56 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  note =         "Research Contributions: Selected Papers from the
                 Conference on Office Information Systems.",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "There are growing pressures in the office automation
                 field to develop methodologies to determine the needs
                 of individual offices. An exploratory study of two
                 techniques, a 1983 version of MIT's Office Analysis
                 Methodology and the Strategic Approach, is presented.
                 The study suggests the need to extend the Type I/Type
                 II typology of offices, previously suggested by this
                 author and by Sprague [15]. It also determined that
                 managers find fairly radical innovation extremely
                 difficult to visualize.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  keywords =     "Business; Design; Economics; Inf. systems
                 applications; Management; Management of computing and
                 information systems; Methodology; Office automation;
                 Project and people management; Systems analysis and
                 design; Taxonomy",
}

@Article{Yao:1984:FOF,
  author =       "S. B. Yao and A. R. Hevner and Z. Shi and D. Luo",
  title =        "{FORMANAGER}: An Office Forms Management System",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "2",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "235--262",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1984",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 16:21:56 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  note =         "Research Contributions: Selected Papers from the
                 Conference on Office Information Systems.",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "The form has become an important abstraction for data
                 management in an office application environment.
                 Structured office forms present data to users in an
                 easily understood and easily manipulated manner. In
                 this paper we classify forms systems in terms of three
                 dimensions: data structuring, user interfaces, and
                 programming interfaces. Current forms systems are
                 analyzed under these dimensions. We have designed a
                 comprehensive forms management system, FORMANAGER, that
                 includes facilities for form specification, form
                 processing, and form control. The system transforms
                 data from a relational database into a hierarchical
                 data structure which defines the form. The design and
                 algorithms for implementation of the system are
                 described, and future extensions to enhance the
                 capabilities of forms systems are proposed.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  keywords =     "Database management; Design; Forms management; Inf.
                 systems applications; Office automation; Query
                 processing; Relational database systems; Systems",
}

@Article{Faloutsos:1984:SFA,
  author =       "C. Faloutsos and S. Christodoulakis",
  title =        "Signature Files: An Access Method for Documents and
                 Its Analytical Performance Evaluation",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "2",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "267--288",
  month =        oct,
  year =         "1984",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 16:21:56 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "The signature-file access method for text retrieval is
                 studied. According to this method, documents are stored
                 sequentially in the ``text file.'' Abstractions
                 (``signatures'') of the documents are stored in the
                 ``signature file.'' The latter serves as a filter on
                 retrieval: It helps in discarding a large number of
                 nonqualifying documents. In this paper two methods for
                 creating signatures are studied analytically, one based
                 on word signatures and the other on superimposed
                 coding. Closed-form formulas are derived for the
                 false-drop probability of the two methods, factors that
                 affect it are studied, and performance comparisons of
                 the two methods based on these formulas are provided.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  keywords =     "Access methods; Database management; Design; Document
                 retrieval; Inf. storage and retrieval; Information
                 retrieval; Information systems applications; Library
                 automation; Office automation; Performance; Physical
                 design; Signature file; Superimposed coding; Text
                 editing; Text processing; Text retrieval",
}

@Article{Paddock:1984:OAP,
  author =       "C. E. Paddock and R. W. Scamell",
  title =        "Office Automation Projects and Their Impact on
                 Organization, Planning, and Control",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "2",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "289--302",
  month =        oct,
  year =         "1984",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 16:21:56 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "Implementing office information systems within an
                 organization results in both technological and
                 organizational change. Changes to the hardware,
                 software, data, and personnel components of an
                 organization tend to be more noticeable than changes to
                 the organization, planning, and control attributes that
                 permit these components to function as a unit.
                 Recognizing these more subtle changes while the office
                 automation effort is in its early stages can provide
                 management direction for future efforts. A study
                 designed to identify differences that exist between
                 data processing and word processing departments that
                 have begun office automation versus those that have not
                 is described. Data on specific attributes of
                 organization, planning, and control were collected from
                 26 data processing and 25 word processing managers. The
                 results, discussed as propositions, show that
                 significant differences do exist and raise other issues
                 for future study.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  keywords =     "Administrative data processing; Business;
                 Centralization/decentralization; DP/WP integration;
                 Inf. systems applications; Management; Management of
                 computing and information systems; Miscellaneous;
                 Office automation; Performance; Project and people
                 management; Systems department; Systems management;
                 Text processing",
}

@Article{Mazer:1984:LRS,
  author =       "M. S. Mazer and F. H. Lochovsky",
  title =        "Logical Routing Specification in Office Information
                 Systems",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "2",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "303--330",
  month =        oct,
  year =         "1984",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 16:21:56 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "A message management system is an office information
                 system for managing structured messages, integrating
                 the facilities of computer-based message systems and
                 database management systems, and adding to them the
                 capability of ``intelligent'' handling of messages.
                 This allows the office information system to support
                 messages that can use information about themselves
                 (such as structure and content) or about the system to
                 effect their own processing. Logical routing of
                 messages in an office information system is a function
                 that can benefit from such intelligent processing. A
                 framework and language are introduced for the
                 specification of logical routing for messages in an
                 office information system. By associating routing
                 specifications with message types, the system assumes
                 the responsibility both for evaluating the current
                 message instance state to yield the next destination
                 for the instance and for forwarding the instance. The
                 user is freed from the need to direct explicitly each
                 instance of a message type. The routing specifications
                 are based on a variety of criteria, including message
                 instance state and system characteristics. A routing
                 specification language is described, with examples, and
                 an implementation for a distributed workstation
                 environment is outlined.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  keywords =     "Communications applications; Computer-communication
                 networks; Design; Distr. applications; Distr. systems;
                 Electronic mail; Information systems applications;
                 Intelligent office systems; Languages; Logical routing;
                 Message management systems; Message types; Office
                 automation; Office information systems",
}

@Article{Higgins:1984:CAT,
  author =       "C. A. Higgins and F. R. Safayeni",
  title =        "A Critical Appraisal of Task Taxonomies As a Tool for
                 Studying Office Activities",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "2",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "331--339",
  month =        oct,
  year =         "1984",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 16:21:56 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "Task taxonomies have been developed and used by many
                 practitioners in studies related to office automation.
                 Often the studies are used to indicate the potential
                 for automation in an office. In other cases the
                 taxonomies serve as a tool for evaluating the impact of
                 various technologies. However, there are numerous
                 problems associated with using taxonomies for such
                 studies. These are related to three common assumptions
                 that are made: (1) the assumption of categorization,
                 (2) the assumption of finite representation, and (3)
                 the assumption of technological validity. In this paper
                 these assumptions are examined, their weaknesses and
                 limitations are pointed out, and suggestions for the
                 improvement of task taxonomies are made. The general
                 conclusion drawn is that current task taxonomies are of
                 questionable value in studies related to office
                 automation.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  keywords =     "Design; Inf. systems applications; Measuring office
                 activities; Office automation; Taxonomy",
}

@Article{Allen:1985:E,
  author =       "Robert B. Allen",
  title =        "Editorial",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "3",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "1--1",
  month =        jan,
  year =         "1985",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 16:21:56 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
}

@Article{King:1985:DDM,
  author =       "R. King and D. McLeod",
  title =        "A Database Design Methodology And Tool For Information
                 Systems",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "3",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "2--21",
  month =        jan,
  year =         "1985",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 16:21:56 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "A model and methodology for describing the information
                 objects in an office information system and how such
                 objects flow among the components of such a system are
                 presented. The model and methodology support the
                 specification of information objects at multiple levels
                 of abstraction. An interactive prototype design tool
                 based on the methodology and model has been designed
                 and experimentally implemented.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  keywords =     "Database management; Design; Models and principles;
                 Semantic modeling",
}

@Article{Gould:1985:CMD,
  author =       "J. D. Gould and C. Lewis and V. Barnes",
  title =        "Cursor Movement During Text Editing",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "3",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "22--34",
  month =        jan,
  year =         "1985",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 16:21:56 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "Nine participants used a full-screen computer text
                 editor (XEDIT) with an IBM 3277 terminal to edit
                 marked-up documents at each of three cursor speeds
                 (3.3, 4.7, and 11.0 cm/s). These speeds occur when a
                 user continuously holds down an arrow key to move the
                 cursor more than one character position (i.e., in
                 repeat or typamatic mode). Results show that cursor
                 speed did not seem to act as a pacing device for the
                 entire editing task. Since cursor speed is a form of
                 system response, this finding is in contrast with the
                 generally found positive relation between
                 system-response time and user-response time.
                 Participants preferred the Fast cursor speed, however.
                 Overall, more than one-third of all keystrokes were
                 used to move the cursor. We estimate that 9-14 percent
                 of editing time was spent controlling and moving the
                 cursor, regardless of cursor speed.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  keywords =     "Computer-human interaction; Cursor; Engineering
                 psychology; Experimentation; Human factors;
                 Miscellaneous; Models and principles; Software;
                 Software psychology; Terminal design; user interface;
                 User/machine systems",
}

@Article{Hevner:1985:QOL,
  author =       "A. R. Hevner and O. Q. Wu and S. B. Yao",
  title =        "Query Optimization on Local Area Networks",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "3",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "35--62",
  month =        jan,
  year =         "1985",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 16:21:56 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "Local area networks are becoming widely used as the
                 database communication framework for sophisticated
                 information systems. Databases can be distributed among
                 stations on a network to achieve the advantages of
                 performance, reliability, availability, and modularity.
                 Efficient distributed query optimization algorithms are
                 presented here for two types of local area networks:
                 address ring networks and broadcast networks. Optimal
                 algorithms are designed for simple queries.
                 Optimization principles from these algorithms guide the
                 development of effective heuristic algorithms for
                 general queries on both types of networks. Several
                 examples illustrate distributed query processing on
                 local area networks.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  keywords =     "Access schemes; Algorithms; Computer-communication
                 networks; Database management; Design; Distr.
                 databases; Distr. systems; Distributed query
                 optimization; Distributed systems; Local networks;
                 Query processing; Systems",
}

@Article{Weyer:1985:PEE,
  author =       "S. A. Weyer and A. H. Borning",
  title =        "A Prototype Electronic Encyclopedia",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "3",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "63--88",
  month =        jan,
  year =         "1985",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 16:21:56 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "We describe a prototype electronic encyclopedia
                 implemented on a powerful personal computer, in which
                 user interface, media presentation, and knowledge
                 representation techniques are applied to improving
                 access to a knowledge resource. In itself, an
                 electronic encyclopedia is an important information
                 resource, but this work also illustrates the issues and
                 approaches for many types of electronic information
                 retrieval environments. In the prototype we make
                 dynamic use of the structure and semantics of the text
                 articles and index of an existing encyclopedia, while
                 experimenting with other forms of representation, such
                 as simulation and videodisc images. We present a long-
                 term vision of an intelligent user-interface agent;
                 summarize previous work related to futuristic
                 encyclopedias, electronic books, decision support
                 systems, and knowledge libraries; and outline current
                 and potential research directions.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  keywords =     "Electronic books; Experimentation; Human factors; Inf.
                 storage and retrieval; Information browsing and
                 viewing; Interactive simulations; Sys. and software;
                 Videodiscs",
}

@Article{Kincaid:1985:ECO,
  author =       "C. M. Kincaid and P. B. Dupont and A. R. Kaye",
  title =        "Electronic Calendars in the Office: An Assessment of
                 User Needs and Current Technology",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "3",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "89--102",
  month =        jan,
  year =         "1985",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 16:21:56 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "Manufacturers of integrated electronic office systems
                 have included electronic versions of the calendar in
                 almost every system they offer. This paper describes a
                 survey of office workers, carried out to examine their
                 use both of paper calendars and of electronic calendars
                 that are commercially available as part of integrated
                 office systems. It assesses the degree to which
                 electronic calendars meet the needs of users. Our
                 survey shows that the simple paper calendar is a tool
                 whose power and flexibility is matched by few, if any,
                 of the current commercially available electronic
                 calendars. Recommendations for features that should be
                 included in electronic calendars and automatic
                 schedulers are included.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  keywords =     "Design; Electronic calendars; Electronic schedules;
                 Human factors; Information systems applications; Models
                 and principles; Office automation;
                 Requirements/specifications; Software engineering; User
                 preferences; User/machine systems",
}

@Article{Ballard:1985:EIO,
  author =       "B. W. Ballard",
  title =        "Editorial: Introduction to the Special Issue",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "3",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "105--106",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1985",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 16:21:56 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
}

@Article{Epstein:1985:TNL,
  author =       "S. S. Epstein",
  title =        "Transportable Natural Language Processing Through
                 Simplicity --- The {PRE} System",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "3",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "107--120",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1985",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 16:21:56 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "PRE (Purposefully Restricted English) is a restricted
                 English database query language whose implementation
                 has addressed engineering goals, namely, habitability,
                 interapplication transportability, performance, and use
                 with a reliable database management system that
                 supports large numbers of concurrent users and large
                 databases. Habitability has not been demonstrated, but
                 initial indications are encouraging. The other goals
                 have clearly been achieved. The existence of the PRE
                 system demonstrates that an explicitly ``minimalist''
                 approach to natural language processing can facilitate
                 achievement of transportability.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  keywords =     "Artificial intelligence; Database management; Design;
                 Distribution and maintenance; Extensibility;
                 Habitability; Human factors; Information search and
                 retrieval; Information storage and retrieval;
                 Information systems applications; Knowledge
                 representation formalisms and methods; Language parsing
                 and understanding; Languages; Natural language
                 processing; Office automation; Portability; Query
                 formulation; Query languages; Representations;
                 Retrieval models; Software engineering;
                 Transportability",
}

@Article{Marsh:1985:TLS,
  author =       "E. Marsh and C. Friedman",
  title =        "Transporting the Linguistic String Project System from
                 a Medical to a Navy Domain",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "3",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "121--140",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1985",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 16:21:56 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "The Linguistic String Project (LSP) natural language
                 processing system has been developed as a
                 domain-independent natural language processing system.
                 Initially utilized for processing sets of medical
                 messages and other texts in the medical domain, it has
                 been used at the Naval Research Laboratory for
                 processing Navy messages about shipboard equipment
                 failures. This paper describes the structure of the LSP
                 system and the features that make it transportable from
                 one domain to another. The processing procedures
                 encourage the isolation of domain-specific information,
                 yet take advantage of the syntactic and semantic
                 similarities between the medical and Navy domains. From
                 our experience in transporting the LSP system, we
                 identify the features that are required for
                 transportable natural language systems.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  keywords =     "Artificial intelligence; Human information processing;
                 Language parsing and understanding; Languages; Models
                 and principles; Natural language processing; Natural
                 language understanding; Sublanguage analysis; Text
                 analysis; Transportability; User/machine systems",
}

@Article{Hafner:1985:PSS,
  author =       "C. D. Hafner and K. Godden",
  title =        "Portability of Syntax and Semantics in Datalog",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "3",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "141--164",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1985",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 16:21:56 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "This paper presents a discussion of the techniques
                 developed and problems encountered during the design,
                 implementation, and experimental use of a portable
                 natural language processor. Datalog (for ``database
                 dialogue'') is an experimental natural language query
                 system, which was designed to achieve a maximum degree
                 of portability and extendability. Datalog uses a
                 three-level architecture to provide both portability of
                 syntax to new and extended tasks and portability of
                 semantics to new database applications. The
                 implementation of each of the three levels, the
                 structures and conventions that control the
                 interactions among them, and the way in which different
                 aspects of the design contribute to portability are
                 described. Finally, two specific, implemented examples
                 are presented, showing how it was possible to transport
                 or extend Datalog by changing only one ``layer'' of the
                 system's knowledge and achieve correct processing of
                 the extended input by the entire system.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  keywords =     "Applications and expert systems; Artificial
                 intelligence; Design; Frames and scripts; Inf. storage
                 and retrieval; Knowledge representation formalisms and
                 methods; Language models; Language parsing and
                 understanding; Natural language interfaces; Natural
                 language lexical structures; Natural language
                 processing; Portability; Question-answering
                 (fact-retrieval) systems; Semantic networks; Sys. and
                 software",
}

@Article{Damerau:1985:PSS,
  author =       "F. J. Damerau",
  title =        "Problems and Some Solutions in Customization of
                 Natural Language Database Front Ends",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "3",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "165--184",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1985",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 16:21:56 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "This paper is concerned with some of the issues
                 arising in the development of a domain-independent
                 English interface to IBM SQL-based program products.
                 The TQA system falls into the class of multilayered
                 natural language processing systems. As a result, there
                 is a large number of potential points at which
                 customization to a particular database can be done. Of
                 these, we discuss procedures that affect the reader,
                 the lexicon, the lowest level of grammar rules, the
                 semantic interpreter, and the output formatter. Our
                 tests lead us to believe that the approach we are
                 taking will make it possible for database
                 administrators to generate robust English interfaces to
                 particular databases without help from linguistic
                 experts.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  keywords =     "Applications and expert systems; Artificial
                 intelligence; Database management; Human factors;
                 Knowledge acquisition; Language understanding;
                 Languages; Learning; Natural language interfaces;
                 Natural language processing; Query languages",
}

@Article{Thompson:1985:ATH,
  author =       "B. H. Thompson and F. B. Thompson",
  title =        "{ASK} Is Transportable in Half a Dozen Ways",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "3",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "185--203",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1985",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 16:21:56 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "This paper is a discussion of the technical issues and
                 solutions encountered in making the ASK System
                 transportable. A natural language system can be
                 ``transportable'' in a number of ways. Although
                 transportability to a new domain is most prominent,
                 other ways are also important if the system is to have
                 viability in the commercial marketplace. On the one
                 hand, transporting a system to a new domain may start
                 with the system prior to adding any domain of knowledge
                 and extend it to incorporate the new domain. On the
                 other hand, one may wish to add to a system that
                 already has knowledge of one domain the knowledge
                 concerning a second domain, that is, to extend the
                 system to cover this second domain. In the context of
                 ASK, it has been natural to implement extending and
                 then achieve transportability as a special case. In
                 this paper, we consider six ways in which the ASK
                 System can be extended to include new capabilities: --
                 to a new domain, -- to a new object type, -- to access
                 data from a foreign database, -- to a new natural
                 language, -- to a new programming language, -- to a new
                 computer family. Special-purpose applications, such as
                 those to accommodate standard office tasks, would make
                 use of these various means of extension.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  keywords =     "Applications and expert systems; Artificial
                 intelligence; Data manipulation languages (DML);
                 Database management; Design; Languages; Natural
                 language; Natural language interfaces; Natural language
                 processing; Transportability; User interface",
}

@Article{Slocum:1985:TOL,
  author =       "J. Slocum and C. F. Justus",
  title =        "Transportability to Other Languages: The Natural
                 Language Processing Project in the {AI} Program at
                 {MCC}",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "3",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "204--230",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1985",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 16:21:56 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "We discuss a recently launched, long-term project in
                 natural language processing, the primary concern of
                 which is that natural language applications be
                 transportable among human languages. In particular, we
                 seek to develop system tools and linguistic processing
                 techniques that are themselves language-independent to
                 the maximum extent practical. In this paper we discuss
                 our project goals and outline our intended approach,
                 address some cross-linguistic requirements, and then
                 present some new linguistic data that we feel support
                 our approach.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  keywords =     "Artificial intelligence; Interlingual language models;
                 Language generation; Language models; Language parsing
                 and understanding; Languages; Multilingual language
                 models; Natural language processing",
}

@Article{Allen:1985:EPM,
  author =       "R. B. Allen",
  title =        "Editorial: Processing Manuscripts Electronically",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "3",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "233--233",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1985",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 16:21:56 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
}

@Article{Dannenberg:1985:BPR,
  author =       "R. B. Dannenberg and P. G. Hibbard",
  title =        "A {Butler} Process for Resource Sharing on {Spice}
                 Machines",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "3",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "234--252",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1985",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 16:21:56 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "A network of personal computers may contain a large
                 amount of distributed computing resources. For a number
                 of reasons it is desirable to share these resources,
                 but sharing is complicated by issues of security and
                 autonomy. A process known as the Butler addresses these
                 problems and provides support for resource sharing. The
                 Butler relies upon a capability-based accounting system
                 called the Banker to monitor the use of local
                 resources.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  keywords =     "Access controls; Autonomy; Communications
                 applications; Computer-communication networks; Design;
                 Distributed applications; Distributed systems;
                 Information systems applications; Negotiation; Network
                 operating systems; Network protocols; Office
                 automation; Operating systems; Organization and design;
                 Personal computers; Process migration; Protocol
                 architecture; Resource sharing; Security; Security and
                 protection",
}

@Article{Heimbigner:1985:FAI,
  author =       "D. Heimbigner and D. McLeod",
  title =        "A Federated Architecture for Information Management",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "3",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "253--278",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1985",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 16:21:56 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "An approach to the coordinated sharing and interchange
                 of computerized information is described emphasizing
                 partial, controlled sharing among autonomous databases.
                 Office information systems provide a particularly
                 appropriate context for this type of information
                 sharing and exchange. A federated database architecture
                 is described in which a collection of independent
                 database systems are united into a loosely coupled
                 federation in order to share and exchange information.
                 A federation consists of components (of which there may
                 be any number) and a single federal dictionary. The
                 components represent individual users, applications,
                 workstation, or other components in an office
                 information system. The federal dictionary is a
                 specialized component that maintains the topology of
                 the federation and oversees the entry of new
                 components. Each component in the federation controls
                 its interactions with other components by means of an
                 export schema and an import schema. The export schema
                 specifies the information that a component will share
                 with other components, while the import schema
                 specifies the nonlocal information that a component
                 wishes to manipulate. The federated architecture
                 provides mechanisms for sharing data, for sharing
                 transactions (via message types) for combining
                 information from several components, and for
                 coordinating activities among autonomous components
                 (via negotiation). A prototype implementation of the
                 federated database mechanism is currently operational
                 on an experimental basis.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  keywords =     "Algorithms; Data models; Database management; Design;
                 Distributed information management; Distributed
                 systems; Federated databases; Information systems
                 applications; Languages; Logical design; Management;
                 Office automation; Office information systems; Schema
                 and subschema; Systems",
}

@Article{Thoma:1985:PSE,
  author =       "G. R. Thoma and S. Suthasinekul and F. L. Walker and
                 J. Cookson and M. Rashidian",
  title =        "A Prototype System for the Electronic Storage and
                 Retrieval of Document Images",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "3",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "279--291",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1985",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 16:21:56 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "A prototype system has been implemented for electronic
                 scanning, digitization, storage, retrieval, and display
                 of images of biomedical documents. Paper documents are
                 scanned and digitized at a scan density of 200 picture
                 elements (pels) per inch by either a high-speed
                 loose-leaf scanner with an automatic document transport
                 or a book scanner with a manual book holder. Each
                 scanner employs a high-resolution charge-coupled device
                 (CCD) linear array operating at a sampling rate close
                 to 10 MHz. The analog output signal of the CCD array is
                 digitized into 1 bit per pixel two-tone images by means
                 of dynamic thresholding. The digitized images are
                 stored on magnetic disks to be processed and will
                 eventually be transferred onto optical disks for
                 archival storage. Existing on-line bibliographic
                 databases developed by the National Library of Medicine
                 are used as directories for the retrieval of document
                 images. These images are displayed at a resolution of
                 200 pels/inch in both soft-copy (raster-refreshed CRT)
                 and hard-copy forms. This prototype system, developed
                 as part of a research and development program, offers
                 the opportunity to investigate the areas of document
                 image enhancement, image compression, and omnifont text
                 recognition and to conduct experiments designed to
                 answer key questions on the role of electronic document
                 storage and retrieval technology in library information
                 processing and the preservation of library documents.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  keywords =     "Computer applications; Design; Document retrieval
                 systems; Documentation; Equipment; Inf. storage; Inf.
                 storage and retrieval; Information search and
                 retrieval; Information storage and retrieval;
                 Information systems applications; Library automation;
                 Library science; Life and medical sciences; Medical
                 information systems; Office automation; Systems and
                 software",
}

@Article{Harris:1985:DIT,
  author =       "S. E. Harris and H. J. Brightman",
  title =        "Design Implications of a Task-Driven Approach to
                 Unstructured Cognitive Tasks in Office Work",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "3",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "292--306",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1985",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 16:21:56 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "Previous research in modeling office activities has
                 been primarily oriented toward office work that is
                 structured and organized. In this paper we report on
                 efforts to develop a new methodology for needs
                 assessment evaluation. We use the Critical Task Method
                 to identify the ``bottleneck cognitive tasks'' of
                 principals with an unstructured work profile. Data were
                 collected on the computer-support needs of faculty
                 researchers, and the finding indicate that a
                 ``knowledge-based'' design offers the most promise for
                 delivering effective support. In addition, the systems
                 design suggests the integration of text, data, voice,
                 and images.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  keywords =     "Applications and expert systems; Artificial
                 intelligence; Decision support; Design; Inf. systems
                 applications; Management; Management of computing and
                 information systems; Methodology; Models of work;
                 Office automation; Problem solving; Project and people
                 management; System analysis and design; Tools; Types of
                 systems",
}

@Article{Nicholson:1985:UPI,
  author =       "R. T. Nicholson",
  title =        "Usage Patterns in an Integrated Voice and Data
                 Communications System",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "3",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "307--314",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1985",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 16:21:56 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "Recently, office communication systems have begun to
                 integrate voice recordings into their mail and data
                 communications facilities. The study of usage patterns
                 on one such system shows that voice is used for
                 informal, person-to-person communications, as opposed
                 to the formal content of typed messages. Voice messages
                 are generally sent to fewer recipients (often only
                 one), and sometimes replace face-to-face meetings.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  keywords =     "Communications applications; Design; Electronic mail;
                 Human factors; Inf. systems applications; Information
                 systems applications; Models and principles; Office
                 automation; User/machine systems; Voice
                 communications",
}

@Article{Biermann:1985:ISP,
  author =       "A. W. Biermann and L. Fineman and K. C. Gilbert",
  title =        "An Imperative Sentence Processor for Voice Interactive
                 Office Applications",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "3",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "321--346",
  month =        oct,
  year =         "1985",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 16:21:56 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "An imperative sentence processor that enables a user
                 to manipulate text with connected speech and
                 touch-graphics input is described. The processor
                 includes capabilities to follow dialogue focus, execute
                 a variety of imperative commands, and handle nested
                 noun groups, pronouns, and other phenomena. A
                 micromodel of the system, giving enough of the
                 structure to enable the reader to observe internal
                 mechanisms in considerable detail, is included. This
                 processor is designed to be transportable to a number
                 of other office automation domains such as calendar
                 management, message-passing, and desk calculation.
                 Various examples and statistics related to its behavior
                 in the text manipulation application are given. The
                 system has been implemented in PASCAL and can run on
                 any machine that supports this language.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  keywords =     "Artificial intelligence; Computational linguistics;
                 Human factors; Inf. systems applications; Language
                 models; Language parsing and understanding; Languages;
                 Natural language processing; Office automation; Speech
                 recognition and understanding; Text editing; Text
                 processing; Voice interactive systems; Word
                 processing",
}

@Article{Peels:1985:DAT,
  author =       "A. J. H. M. Peels and N. J. M. Janssen and W. Nawijn",
  title =        "Document Architecture and Text Formatting",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "3",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "347--369",
  month =        oct,
  year =         "1985",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 16:21:56 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "The formalization of the architecture of documents and
                 text formatting are the central issues of this paper.
                 Besides a fundamental and theoretical approach toward
                 these topics, and overview is presented of the COBATEF
                 system. The COBATEF system is a context-based text
                 formatting system, for which a software, as well as a
                 hardware, implementation is available. A unique feature
                 of the system is its automatic text-element recognition
                 mechanism, which is context based and consequently
                 takes advantage of the implicit structure of text. A
                 predefined layout for each type of text element then
                 opens the way for a fully automatic text-processing
                 system in which user control information can be reduced
                 to an absolute minimum.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  keywords =     "Applications and expert systems; Artificial
                 intelligence; Automatic text element recognition;
                 Design; Document architecture; Document preparation;
                 Formatting; Inf. systems applications; Information
                 streams; Languages; Management; Natural language
                 processing; Office automation; Text analysis; Text
                 processing; Typesetting",
}

@Article{Panko:1985:PTC,
  author =       "R. R. Panko",
  title =        "Productivity Trends in Certain Office-Intensive
                 Sectors of the {U.S.} Federal Government",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "3",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "370--379",
  month =        oct,
  year =         "1985",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 16:21:56 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "It is often said that office productivity is virtually
                 stagnant, increasing only about 4 percent every 10
                 years. The methodology used to estimate this 4 percent
                 figure is examined and found to be inaccurate! There is
                 no known way to estimated overall national office
                 productivity trends. Productivity trends in a single
                 part of the economy, however, can be examined, namely,
                 office-intensive sectors of the U.S. federal
                 government. Productivity in these sectors is found to
                 be anything but stagnant, having increased 1.7 percent
                 annually from 1967 to 1981 and 3.0 percent annually
                 from 1977 through 1981.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  keywords =     "Computers and society; Economics; General; Labor
                 productivity; Measurement; Office productivity;
                 Organizational impacts; Performance",
}

@Article{Buchman:1985:DFA,
  author =       "C. Buchman and D. M. Berry and J. Gonczarowski",
  title =        "{DITROFF\slash FFORTID}, An Adaptation of the {UNIX
                 DITROFF} for Formatting Bidirectional Text",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "3",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "380--397",
  month =        oct,
  year =         "1985",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 16:21:56 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "DITROFF\slash FFORTID, a collection of pre- and
                 postprocessors for the UNIX DITROFF (Device Independent
                 Typesetter RunOFF) is described. DITROFF\slash FFORTID
                 permits formatting of text involving a mixture of
                 languages written from left to right and from right to
                 left, such as English and Hebrew. The programs are
                 table driven or macro-generated to permit them to be
                 used for any languages written from left to right and
                 from right to left so long as fonts with the proper
                 character sets can be mounted on a typesetting device
                 supported by DITROFF. The preprocessors are set up to
                 permit phonetic, unidirectional input of all of the
                 alphabets needed using only the two alphabets (each
                 case counts as an alphabet) available on the input
                 device. These macro-generated preprocessors can be
                 adjusted to the user's pronunciation, the language's
                 rules about a letter's form, depending on its position
                 in the word, and the language of the user's input
                 keyboard. The postprocessor is set up to properly
                 change direction of formatting when the text switches
                 to a language written in a different direction. The
                 collection of programs is also designed to allow use of
                 any of DITROFF's preprocessors, such as PIC, EQN, TBL
                 and the various device drivers.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  keywords =     "Bidirectional formatting; Bidirectional text; Design;
                 Document preparation; Format and notation; Human
                 factors; Inf. systems applications; Languages; Macro;
                 Office automation; Postprocessor; Preprocessor; Text
                 processing; Word processing",
}

@Article{King:1985:ECA,
  author =       "R. King and C. Stanley",
  title =        "Ensuring the Court Admissibility of Computer-Generated
                 Records",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "3",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "398--412",
  month =        oct,
  year =         "1985",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 16:21:56 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "An informal methodology is described for optimizing
                 the likelihood of computer-generated records being
                 admissible in a U.S. court of law. This methodology is
                 intended for individuals who are converting to
                 automated office procedures, as well as for those whose
                 businesses are already highly computerized. However,
                 this paper does not purport to be a formal legal guide;
                 rather, it is intended as an overview of this issue.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  keywords =     "Administrative data processing; Computer applications;
                 Evidence; Law; Legal aspects; Records",
}

@Article{Trigg:1986:TNB,
  author =       "Randall H. Trigg and Mark Weiser",
  title =        "{TEXTNET}: {A} Network-Based Approach to Text
                 Handling",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "4",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "1--23",
  month =        jan,
  year =         "1986",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 19:04:41 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database;
                 ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "Textnet is a new system for structuring text. The
                 Textnet approach uses one uniform data structure to
                 capture graphlike pools of text, as well as embedded
                 hierarchical structures. By using a semantic network
                 formalism of nodes connected by typed links, the
                 relationships between neighboring pieces of text are
                 made explicit. Also described is our partial
                 implementation of the Textnet approach, which makes use
                 of an object-oriented window\slash menu-driven user
                 interface. Users peruse the network by moving among
                 object menus or by reading text along a path through
                 the network. In addition, critiquing, reader linking,
                 searching, and jumping are easily accessible
                 operations. Finally, the results of a short trial with
                 users are presented.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliationaddress = "Univ of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA",
  classification = "461; 723; 903",
  journalabr =   "ACM Trans Off Inf Syst",
  keywords =     "Content analysis and indexing; document preparation;
                 Document preparation; Experimentation; human
                 engineering; Human factors; Hypertext systems; Inf.
                 storage and retrieval; information retrieval systems;
                 information science --- Indexing; Information search
                 and retrieval; Information storage and retrieval;
                 Information systems applications; Languages;
                 Management; Models and principles; office automation;
                 Office automation; Online information services;
                 semantic networks; Semantic networks; Systems and
                 software; Text processing; User/machine systems",
}

@Article{Donahue:1986:WGD,
  author =       "James Donahue and Jennifer Widom",
  title =        "Whiteboards: {A} Graphical Database Tool",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "4",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "24--41",
  month =        jan,
  year =         "1986",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 19:04:41 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "The `Whiteboards' system is intended to be an
                 electronic equivalent of the whiteboards and corkboards
                 that we have in our offices. A Whiteboard database has
                 similar qualities of storing disparate collections of
                 data and saving their spatial location in a window to
                 help with organization. A Whiteboard database can
                 contain references to arbitrary entities: text files,
                 notes, programs, tools, pictures, etc. Whiteboards runs
                 as an application in the Cedar programming environment
                 developed at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliationaddress = "Xerox Corp, Palo Alto, CA, USA",
  classification = "723; 903",
  journalabr =   "ACM Trans Off Inf Syst",
  keywords =     "Applications; database systems; information retrieval
                 systems; office automation; programming environment",
}

@Article{Jones:1986:SMU,
  author =       "William P. Jones and Susan T. Dumais",
  title =        "The Spatial Metaphor for User Interfaces: Experimental
                 Tests of Reference by Location versus Name",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "4",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "42--63",
  month =        jan,
  year =         "1986",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 19:04:41 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database;
                 ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "The accuracy of spatial versus symbolic reference was
                 assessed in three experiments. In Experiment 1 accuracy
                 of location reference in a location-only filing
                 condition was initially comparable to that in a
                 name-only condition, but deteriorated much more rapidly
                 with increases in the number of objects filed. In
                 Experiment 2 subjects placed objects in a
                 two-dimensional space containing landmarks (drawings of
                 a desk, table, filing cabinets, etc. ) designed to
                 evoke an office metaphor, and in Experiment 3 subjects
                 placed objects in an actual, three-dimensional mock
                 office. Neither of these enhancements served to improve
                 significantly the accuracy of location reference, and
                 performance remained below that of a name-only
                 condition in Experiment 1. The results raise questions
                 about the utility of spatial metaphor over symbolic
                 filing and highlight the need for continuing research
                 in which considerations of technological and economic
                 feasibility are balanced by considerations of
                 psychological utility.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliationaddress = "Bell Communications Research",
  classification = "461; 722; 723; 903",
  journalabr =   "ACM Trans Off Inf Syst",
  keywords =     "computer interfaces; computer-human interaction;
                 Computer-human interaction; Experimentation; File
                 organization; human engineering; Human factors; Human
                 information processing; information retrieval systems;
                 Information storage; Information storage and retrieval;
                 Information systems applications; Management; Models
                 and principles; office automation; Office automation;
                 Performance; Personal filing systems; Spatial
                 representation; User interface; User/machine systems",
}

@Article{Martin:1986:CLR,
  author =       "P. Martin and D. Tsichritzis",
  title =        "Complete Logical Routings in Computer Mail Systems",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "4",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "64--80",
  month =        jan,
  year =         "1986",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 19:04:41 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "The logical routing of a message in a computer mail
                 system involves the identification and location of the
                 set of intended recipients for that message. This
                 function is carried out by the naming and addressing
                 mechanism of the mail system. An important property of
                 that mechanism is that it should be able to identify
                 and locate all the intended recipients of a message, so
                 that, once submitted, a message will not become lost or
                 stuck in the system. We first discuss message
                 addressing schemes, which are a framework for dealing
                 with the naming and addressing problem. Message
                 addressing schemes can also serve as a basis for the
                 analysis of some of the properties of logical message
                 routing within a system. We examine the conditions
                 necessary for a complete message addressing scheme,
                 that is, one that guarantees to deliver all possible
                 messages.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliationaddress = "Queen's Univ, Kingston, Ont, Can",
  classification = "718; 722; 723",
  journalabr =   "ACM Trans Off Inf Syst",
  keywords =     "computer networks; computer systems; digital ---
                 Distributed; distributed systems; electronic mail;
                 message systems",
}

@Article{Bui:1986:CDC,
  author =       "T. X. Bui and M. Jarke",
  title =        "Communications Design for {Co-oP}: {A} Group Decision
                 Support System",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "4",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "81--103",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1986",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 16:21:56 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "Decision Support Systems (DSSs), computer-based
                 systems intended to assist managers in preparing and
                 analyzing decisions, have been single-user systems for
                 most of the past decade. Only recently has DSS research
                 begun to study the implications of the fact that most
                 complex managerial decisions involve multiple decision
                 makers and analysts. A number of tools for facilitating
                 group decisions have been proposed under the label
                 Group Decision Support Systems (GDSSs). One of the most
                 important functions of a GDSS is to provide
                 problem-oriented services for communication among
                 decision makers. On the basis of an analysis of the
                 communication requirements in various group decision
                 settings, this paper presents an architecture for
                 defining and enforcing dynamic application-level
                 protocols that organize decision group interaction. The
                 architecture has been implemented on a network of
                 personal computers in Co-oP, a GDSS for cooperative
                 group decision making based on interactive,
                 multiple-criteria decision methods.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  keywords =     "Communication design; Communications applications;
                 Computer-communication networks; Cooperative work;
                 Decision support; Design; Distributed applications;
                 Distributed systems; Group decision making; Human
                 factors; Information systems applications; Management;
                 Models and principles; Negotiation; Network protocols;
                 Office automation; Operating systems; Organization and
                 design; Types of systems; User/machine systems",
}

@Article{Ho:1986:SMO,
  author =       "C.-S. Ho and Y.-C. Hong and T.-S. Kuo",
  title =        "A Society Model for Office Information Systems",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "4",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "104--131",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1986",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 16:21:56 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "A society model, which characterizes the behavior and
                 procedure of offices, is proposed. It is our belief
                 that an office system capable of dealing with all real
                 office problems only through the modeling of the
                 internal behavior of an office can be developed. In
                 this society model, office entities are viewed as
                 agents. An agent is modeled as a microsociety of
                 interacting knowledge sources. Within the microsociety,
                 there exists a microknowledge exchange system, which
                 provides a set of microknowledge exchange protocols as
                 a coordination system among those knowledge sources
                 during their cooperative reasoning process. An office
                 is then modeled as a society of various interacting
                 agents using their knowledge to complete the office
                 goals cooperatively. It is this unified view that
                 allows offices to be modeled in a flexible and general
                 way.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  keywords =     "Applications and expert systems; Artificial
                 intelligence; Computer-communication networks; Design;
                 Distributed applications; Distributed problem solving;
                 Distributed systems; Human factors; Information systems
                 applications; Knowledge exchange protocols; Knowledge
                 messages; Management; Miscellaneous; Models and
                 principles; Network protocols; Office automation;
                 Office modeling; Office systems; Protocol
                 architecture",
}

@Article{Hudson:1986:GDM,
  author =       "S. E. Hudson and R. King",
  title =        "A Generator of Direct Manipulation Office Systems",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "4",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "132--163",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1986",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 16:21:56 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "A system for generating direct manipulation office
                 systems is described. In these systems, the user
                 directly manipulates graphical representations of
                 office entities instead of dealing with these entities
                 abstractly through a command language or menu system.
                 These systems employ a new semantic data model to
                 describe office entities. New techniques based on
                 attribute grammars and incremental attribute evaluation
                 are used to implement this data model in an efficient
                 manner. In addition, the system provides a means of
                 generating sophisticated graphics-based user interfaces
                 that are integrated with the underlying semantic model.
                 Finally, the generated systems contain a general user
                 reversal and recovery (or undo) mechanism that allows
                 them to be much more tolerant of human errors.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  keywords =     "Application development tools; Computer graphics; Data
                 models; Database management; Design; Direct
                 manipulation; Graphical user interfaces; Human factors;
                 Inf. systems applications; Interaction techniques;
                 Languages; Logical design; Management; Methodology and
                 techniques; Office automation; Semantic models",
}

@Article{Motro:1986:BBR,
  author =       "A. Motro",
  title =        "{BAROQUE}: {A} Browser for Relational Databases",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "4",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "164--181",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1986",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 16:21:56 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "The standard, most efficient method to retrieve
                 information from databases can be described as
                 systematic retrieval: The needs of the user are
                 described in a formal query, and the database
                 management system retrieves the data promptly. There
                 are several situations, however, in which systematic
                 retrieval is difficult or even impossible. In such
                 situations exploratory search (browsing) is a helpful
                 alternative. This paper describes a new user interface,
                 called BAROQUE, that implements exploratory searches in
                 relational databases. BAROQUE requires few formal
                 skills from its users. It does not assume knowledge of
                 the principles of the relational data model or
                 familiarity with the organization of the particular
                 database being accessed. It is especially helpful when
                 retrieval targets are vague or cannot be specified
                 satisfactorily. BAROQUE establishes a view of the
                 relational database that resembles a semantic network,
                 and provides several intuitive functions for scanning
                 it. The network integrates both schema and data, and
                 supports access by value. BAROQUE can be implemented on
                 top of any basic relational database management system
                 but can be modified to take advantage of additional
                 capabilities and enhancements often present in
                 relational systems.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  keywords =     "Browsing; Data models; Database; Database management;
                 Design; Exploratory search; Human factors; Information
                 search and retrieval; Information storage and
                 retrieval; Languages; Logical design; Query languages;
                 Relational database; Retrieval models; User interface",
}

@Article{Hewitt:1986:EIS,
  author =       "C. Hewitt and S. B. Zdonik",
  title =        "{Editors}' Introduction: Special Issue",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "4",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "183--184",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1986",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 16:21:56 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  note =         "Research Contributions: Selected Papers from the
                 Conference on Office Information Systems.",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
}

@Article{Woo:1986:SDO,
  author =       "Carson C. Woo and Frederick H. Lochovsky",
  title =        "Supporting Distributed Office Problem Solving in
                 Organizations",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "4",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "185--204",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1986",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 19:04:41 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  note =         "Research Contributions: Selected Papers from the
                 Conference on Office Information Systems.",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "To improve the effectiveness of office workers in
                 their decision making, office systems have been built
                 to support (rather than replace) their judgment.
                 However, these systems model office work in a
                 centralized environment, and\slash or they can only
                 support a single office worker. Office work that is
                 divided into specialized domains handled by different
                 office workers (where cooperation is needed in order to
                 accomplish the work) is not supported. In this paper,
                 we will present a model that supports office problem
                 solving in a logically distributed environment. (In
                 some systems, information is geographically distributed
                 for performance purposes rather than for conceptual
                 need. The term, logically, is therefore used to
                 indicate the logical need of organizing information
                 without having to worry about the physical location of
                 the information). In particular, cooperative tools that
                 can be used to support office workers during the
                 process of their problem solving is discussed.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliationaddress = "Univ of Toronto, Toronto, Ont, Can",
  classification = "718; 721; 722; 723; 912",
  journalabr =   "ACM Trans Off Inf Syst",
  keywords =     "Applications; artificial intelligence --- Expert
                 Systems; computer networks; computers; digital --- Data
                 Communication Systems; electronic mail; management ---
                 Information Systems; office automation; office
                 communication",
}

@Article{Gasser:1986:ICR,
  author =       "Les Gasser",
  title =        "The Integration of Computing and Routine Work",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "4",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "205--225",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1986",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 19:04:41 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database;
                 ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  note =         "Research Contributions: Selected Papers from the
                 Conference on Office Information Systems.",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "Most computing serves as a resource or tool to support
                 other work: performing complex analyses for engineering
                 projects, preparing documents, or sending electronic
                 mail using office automation equipment, etc. To improve
                 the character, quality, and ease of computing work, we
                 must understand how automated systems actually are
                 integrated into the work they support. How do people
                 actually adapt to computing a resource? How do they
                 deal with the unreliability in hardware, software, or
                 operations; data inaccuracy; system changes; poor
                 documentation; inappropriate designs; etc.; which are
                 present in almost every computing milieu, even where
                 computing a widely used and considered highly
                 successful? This paper presents some results of a
                 detailed empirical study of routine computer use in
                 several organizations.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliationaddress = "Univ of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA,
                 USA",
  classification = "723; 912",
  journalabr =   "ACM Trans Off Inf Syst",
  keywords =     "Administrative data processing; Articulation work;
                 Artificial intelligence; artificial intelligence ---
                 Applications; business; computer software; Computing
                 and work; Computing in organizations; Control methods
                 and search; data processing; Distribution and
                 maintenance; Human factors; Integration of computing;
                 knowledge representation; Knowledge representation
                 formalisms and methods; Management; management ---
                 Information Systems; Management of computing and
                 information systems; Manufacturing; Models and
                 principles; Multiagent systems; Problem solving; Social
                 analysis of computing; Software engineering; Software
                 Engineering; Software engineering; user/machine
                 systems; User/machine systems; Workarounds",
}

@Article{Davison:1986:VID,
  author =       "Jay W. Davison and Stanley B. Zdonik",
  title =        "A Visual Interface for a Database with Version
                 Management",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "4",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "226--256",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1986",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 19:04:41 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database;
                 ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  note =         "Research Contributions: Selected Papers from the
                 Conference on Office Information Systems.",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "This paper describes a graphical interface to an
                 experimental database system which incorporates a
                 built-in version control mechanism that maintains a
                 history of the database development and changes. The
                 system is an extension of ISIS, Interface for a
                 Semantic Information System, a workstation-based,
                 graphical database programming tool developed at Brown
                 University. ISIS supports a graphical interface to a
                 modified subset of the Semantic Data Model (SDM). The
                 ISIS extension introduces a transaction mechanism that
                 interacts with the version control facilities. A series
                 of version control support tools have been added to
                 ISIS to provide a notion of history to user-created
                 databases. The user can form new versions of three
                 types of ISIS objects: a class definition object (a
                 type), the set of instances of a class (the content),
                 and an entity. A version-viewing mechanism is provided
                 to allow for the comparison of various object versions.
                 Database operations are grouped together in atomic
                 units to form transactions, which are stored as
                 entities in the database. A sample session demonstrates
                 the capabilities of version and transaction control
                 during the creation and manipulation of database
                 objects.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliationaddress = "AT\&T Bell Lab, USA",
  classification = "461; 723; 912",
  journalabr =   "ACM Trans Off Inf Syst",
  keywords =     "Data models; Database management; database systems;
                 Design; Historical database; human engineering; Human
                 factors; Information systems applications; Languages;
                 Logical design; management --- Information Systems;
                 Models and principles; office automation; Office
                 automation; semantic data model; Semantic data model;
                 Transaction processing; user/machine systems;
                 User/machine systems; Version control; Visual
                 interfaces",
}

@Article{Gerson:1986:ADP,
  author =       "Elihu M. Gerson and Susan Leigh Star",
  title =        "Analyzing Due Process in the Workplace",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "4",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "257--270",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1986",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 19:04:41 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database;
                 ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  note =         "Research Contributions: Selected Papers from the
                 Conference on Office Information Systems.",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "Every office is an open system, and the products of
                 office work are the result of decentralized
                 negotiations. Changing patterns of task organization
                 and alliance inevitably give rise to inconsistent
                 knowledge bases and procedures. This implies that there
                 are no globally correct answers to problems addressed
                 by OISs. Rather, systems must deal with multiple
                 competing, possibly irreconcilable, solutions.
                 Articulating alternative solutions is the problem of
                 due process. This problem and its consequences are
                 illustrated by a case study of a rate-setting group in
                 a large health insurance firm. There is no formal
                 solution to the problem of due process. But it must be
                 solved in practice if distributed intelligent OISs are
                 to be developed. We propose an alternative approach
                 based on the work of social scientists concerned with
                 analyzing analogous problems in human organization.
                 Solution of the due process problem hinges on
                 developing local closures to the problem faced by an
                 organization. This means analyzing (a) local, tacit
                 knowledge and its transfer ability; (b) articulation
                 work, that is, reconciling incommensurate assumptions
                 and procedures.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliationaddress = "Tremont Research Inst, San Francisco, CA, USA",
  classification = "723; 912",
  journalabr =   "ACM Trans Off Inf Syst",
  keywords =     "Artificial intelligence; artificial intelligence ---
                 Applications; Centralization/decentralization; Design;
                 General; Human factors; Information Systems; knowledge
                 representation; Knowledge representation formalisms and
                 methods; management; Management of computing and
                 information systems; Models and principles; office
                 automation; Project and people management; Sys. and
                 information theory; System management; Systems analysis
                 and design; Systems development; systems development",
}

@Article{Hewitt:1986:OOS,
  author =       "Carl Hewitt",
  title =        "Offices Are Open Systems",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "4",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "271--287",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1986",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 19:04:41 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database;
                 ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  note =         "Research Contributions: Selected Papers from the
                 Conference on Office Information Systems.",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "This paper is intended as a contribution to analysis
                 of the implications of viewing offices as open systems.
                 It takes a prescriptive stance on how to establish the
                 information-processing foundations for taking action
                 and making decisions in office work from an open
                 systems perspective. We propose due process as a
                 central activity in organizational information
                 processing. Computer systems are beginning to play
                 important roles in mediating the ongoing activities of
                 organizations. We expect that these roles will
                 gradually increase in importance as computer systems
                 take on more of the authority and responsibility for
                 ongoing activities. At the same time we expect computer
                 systems to acquire more of the characteristics and
                 structure of human organizations.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliationaddress = "MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA",
  classification = "723; 912",
  journalabr =   "ACM Trans Off Inf Syst",
  keywords =     "Artificial intelligence; artificial intelligence ---
                 Applications; computer systems programming ---
                 Multiprocessing Programs; concurrent programming;
                 Concurrent programming; Control methods and search;
                 Debate; Decision making; Due process; Formation;
                 Generation; knowledge representation; Knowledge
                 representation formalisms and methods; Language
                 classifications; Logic; Management; management ---
                 Information Systems; Microtheories; Negotiation; office
                 automation; Offices; Open systems; Operating systems;
                 Plan execution; Problem solving; problem solving;
                 Programming languages; Programming techniques;
                 Reliability; Very high-level languages",
}

@Article{Hauzeur:1986:MNA,
  author =       "Bernard M. Hauzeur",
  title =        "A Model for Naming, Addressing, and Routing",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "4",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "293--311",
  month =        oct,
  year =         "1986",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 19:04:41 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database;
                 ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "Naming and addressing are areas in which there is
                 still a need for clarification. Many definitions for
                 names, addresses, and routes have been proposed, but
                 the exact relations among these concepts are obscure. A
                 taxonomy of names, addresses, and routes is presented.
                 First, we identify names and routes as the essential
                 concepts of communication. Then, addresses are
                 introduced as an intermediate form that eases the
                 process of mapping between names and routes; an
                 original definition of an address is thus proposed.
                 Relations among names, addresses, and routes are
                 explained with the concept of mapping. On this basis, a
                 general model relating names, addresses, and routes is
                 built and then applied recursively throughout a layered
                 architecture, leading to a layered naming and
                 addressing model which may play the same role for
                 naming and addressing features that the OSI reference
                 model plays for the definition of services and
                 protocols. Finally, the model is particularized to a
                 typical network architecture. The model may also be
                 applied to non-OSI layered systems; naming, addressing,
                 and routing issues in any network architecture could be
                 a particular instance of this layered model.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliationaddress = "Univ of Li{\`e}ge, Li{\`e}ge, Belg",
  classification = "718; 723; 902",
  journalabr =   "Acm Trans Off Inf Syst",
  keywords =     "Addresses; computer networks; Computer-communication
                 networks; computer-communication networks; computers;
                 Design; digital --- Data Communication Systems;
                 General; Layered architecture; Mapping names; Network
                 architecture and design; open systems interconnection
                 (osi); OSI model; Routes; routing; Standardization;
                 Standards; Theory",
}

@Article{Motro:1986:SMV,
  author =       "Amihai Motro",
  title =        "{SEAVE}: {A} Mechanism for Verifying User
                 Presuppositions in Query Systems",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "4",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "312--330",
  month =        oct,
  year =         "1986",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 19:04:41 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database;
                 ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "Every information system incorporates a database
                 component, and a frequent activity of users of
                 information systems is to present it with queries.
                 These queries reflect the presuppositions of their
                 authors about the system and the information it
                 contains. With most query processors, queries that are
                 based on erroneous presuppositions often result in null
                 answers. These fake nulls are misleading, since they do
                 not point out the user's erroneous presuppositions (and
                 can even be interpreted as their affirmation). This
                 article describes the SEAVE mechanism for extracting
                 presuppositions from queries and verifying their
                 correctness. The verification is done against three
                 repositories of information: the actual data, their
                 integrity constraints, and their completeness
                 assertions. Consequently, queries that reflect
                 erroneous presuppositions are answered with informative
                 messages instead of null answers, and user-system
                 communication is thus improved (an aspect that is
                 particularly important in systems that often are
                 accessed by naive users). First, the principles of
                 SEAVE are described abstractly. Then, specific
                 algorithms for implementing it with relational
                 databases are presented, including a new method for
                 sorting knowledge and an efficient algorithm for
                 processing queries against the knowledge.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliationaddress = "Univ of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA,
                 USA",
  classification = "722; 723; 903",
  journalabr =   "Acm Trans Off Inf Syst",
  keywords =     "Cooperative user interface; Database; Database
                 completeness; database integrity; Database integrity;
                 Database management; database systems; Design;
                 Erroneous presupposition; Human factors; Inf. storage
                 and retrieval; information retrieval systems ---
                 Computer Interfaces; Information search and retrieval;
                 Languages; Query failure; Query generalization; Query
                 processing; query systems; Relational; Relational
                 database; Retrieval models; Sys.",
}

@Article{Hirschheim:1986:UOS,
  author =       "R. A. Hirschheim",
  title =        "Understanding the Office: {A} Social-Analytic
                 Perspective",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "4",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "331--344",
  month =        oct,
  year =         "1986",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 19:04:41 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database;
                 ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "In order to apply office automation in a meaningful
                 fashion, it is apparent that some understanding of the
                 office is necessary. Most descriptive studies of the
                 office have placed great emphasis on manifest office
                 actions, suggesting that offices are the embodiment of
                 these actions. The meanings of these actions or tasks,
                 however, have been given scant attention. There exist a
                 number of office activity or task taxonomies, but they
                 do little more than provide a simple and limited
                 structure through which to conceive of an office. From
                 a social-analytic perspective this appears to be overly
                 simplistic and misses the richness of social action in
                 an office. Focusing on the overt and manifest aspects
                 of the office may very well lead to its
                 misrepresentation. This paper takes a critical look at
                 the way offices are conceived in the office automation
                 literature and suggests alternatives that may provide a
                 better understanding of the real functions of an
                 office.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliationaddress = "Oxford Univ, Oxford, Engl",
  classification = "461; 723; 901; 912",
  journalabr =   "Acm Trans Off Inf Syst",
  keywords =     "computers and society; Computers and society; Human
                 Factors; Human factors; Inf. systems applications;
                 management --- Information Systems; Models and
                 principles; office automation; Office automation;
                 Office automation systems development; Office
                 perspectives; Office views; Organizational impacts;
                 Public policy issues; Social issues; technology ---
                 Economic and Sociological Effects; Theory; User/machine
                 systems",
}

@Article{Christodoulakis:1986:MDP,
  author =       "S. Christodoulakis and M. Theodoridou and F. Ho and M.
                 Papa and A. Pathria",
  title =        "Multimedia Document Presentation, Information
                 Extraction, and Document Formation in {MINOS}: {A}
                 Model and a System",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "4",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "345--383",
  month =        oct,
  year =         "1986",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 19:04:41 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database;
                 ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "Minos is an object-oriented multimedia information
                 system that provides integrated facilities for creating
                 and managing complex multimedia objects. In this paper
                 the model for multimedia documents supported by MINOS
                 and its implementation is described. Described in
                 particular are functions provided in MINOS that exploit
                 the capabilities of a modern workstation equipped with
                 image and voice input-output devices to accomplish an
                 active multimedia document presentation and browsing
                 within documents. These functions are powerful enough
                 to support a variety of office applications. Also
                 described are functions provided for the extraction of
                 information from multimedia documents that exist in a
                 large repository of information (multimedia document
                 archiver) and functions that select and transform this
                 information. Facilities for information sharing among
                 objects of the archiver are described; an interactive
                 multimedia editor that is used for the extraction and
                 interactive creation of new information is outlined;
                 finally, a multimedia document formatter that is used
                 to synthesize a new multimedia document from extracted
                 and interactively generated information is presented.
                 This prototype system runs on a SUN-3 workstation
                 running UNIX(TRADE MARK). An Instavox, directly
                 addressable, analog device is used to store voice
                 segments.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliationaddress = "Univ of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ont, Can",
  classification = "461; 722; 723; 903",
  journalabr =   "Acm Trans Off Inf Syst",
  keywords =     "computer interfaces --- Human Factors; Design;
                 Evaluation; Human factors; Images; Inf. storage and
                 retrieval; Information browsing; information retrieval
                 systems; Management; multimedia document models;
                 object-oriented information systems; Object-oriented
                 systems; office automation; Office databases; Optical
                 disks; Sys. and software; Text access methods; Viewing;
                 Voice",
}

@Article{Lochovsky:1987:EIS,
  author =       "F. H. Lochovsky",
  title =        "Editorial: Introduction to the Special Issue",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "5",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "1--2",
  month =        jan,
  year =         "1987",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 16:21:56 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  note =         "Special Issue on Object-Oriented Systems.",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
}

@Article{Banerjee:1987:DMI,
  author =       "Jay Banerjee and Hong-Tai Chou and Jorge F. Garza and
                 Won Kim and Darrell Woelk and Nat Ballou and Hyoung-Joo
                 Kim",
  title =        "Data Model Issues for Object-Oriented Applications",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "5",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "3--26",
  month =        jan,
  year =         "1987",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 19:04:41 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database;
                 ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  note =         "Special Issue on Object-Oriented Systems.",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "Presented in this paper is the data model for ORION, a
                 prototype database system that adds persistence and
                 shareability to objects created and manipulated in
                 object-oriented applications. The ORION data model
                 consolidates and modifies a number of major concepts
                 found in many object-oriented systems, such as objects,
                 classes, class lattice, methods, and inheritance. These
                 concepts are reviewed and three major enhancements to
                 the conventional object-oriented data model, namely,
                 scheme evolution, composite objects, and versions, are
                 elaborated upon.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliationaddress = "MCC, Austin, TX, USA",
  classification = "723; 912",
  journalabr =   "ACM Trans Off Inf Syst",
  keywords =     "Composite object; Data models; data models; Database
                 management; database systems; Design; Human information
                 processing; human information processing; Information
                 systems applications; Logical design; management ---
                 Information Systems; Models and principles; object
                 oriented languages; Object-oriented database; Office
                 automation; office automation; Schema evolution;
                 Theory; User/machine systems; Version management",
}

@Article{Purdy:1987:IOS,
  author =       "Alan Purdy and Bruce Schuchardt and David Maier",
  title =        "Integrating an Object Server with Other Worlds",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "5",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "27--47",
  month =        jan,
  year =         "1987",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 19:04:41 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database;
                 ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  note =         "Special Issue on Object-Oriented Systems.",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "During the last three years a team at Servio designed
                 and implemented an object-oriented database server (or
                 object server) called GemStone. GemStone delivers to
                 application developers a database subsystem with a
                 Smalltalk-like object model instead of one of the more
                 traditional record-oriented models (e. g., relational,
                 hierarchical). This object model allows applications to
                 manage information (e. g., documents, pictures, sound)
                 not easily handled by more traditional database
                 systems. The design presented in this paper succeeds at
                 meeting many of the goals for a seamless integration of
                 GemStone with Smalltalk, especially if an application
                 can live with the default behavior of proxies. For
                 those designers not content with the efficiency of the
                 resulting application, this design provides a
                 reasonable factoring to allow incremental tuning by
                 creation of custom deputies. The deputy model allows
                 easy experimentation of alternative cache management
                 strategies. The authors suspect that once the major
                 classes supplied with GemStone have pretuned Smalltalk
                 deputies, this custom tuning process should not be a
                 difficult chore.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliationaddress = "Servio Logic Development Corp, Beaverton, OR,
                 USA",
  classification = "718; 721; 722; 723",
  journalabr =   "ACM Trans Off Inf Syst",
  keywords =     "Abstract data types; abstract data types; computer
                 networks --- Applications; computer programming
                 languages; computer systems; Computer-communication
                 networks; computer-communication networks; computers;
                 Data Communication Systems; Data models; Database
                 management; database systems; Design; digital; digital
                 --- Distributed; Distr. applications; Distr. systems;
                 GemStone; gemstone; General; Language constructs;
                 Languages; Logical design; Object server;
                 Object-oriented environment; Programming languages;
                 Smalltalk-80; Systems",
}

@Article{Fishman:1987:IOO,
  author =       "D. H. Fishman and D. Beech and H. P. Cate and E. C.
                 Chow and T. Connors and J. W. Davis and N. Derrett and
                 C. G. Hoch and W. Kent and P. Lyngbaek and B. Mahbod
                 and M. A. Neimat and T. A. Ryan and M. C. Shan",
  title =        "{Iris}: An Object-Oriented Database Management
                 System",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "5",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "48--69",
  month =        jan,
  year =         "1987",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 19:04:41 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database;
                 ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  note =         "Special Issue on Object-Oriented Systems.",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "The Iris database management system is a research
                 prototype of a next-generation database management
                 system (DBMS) intended to meet the needs of new and
                 emerging database applications, including office
                 information and knowledge-based systems, engineering
                 test and measurement, and hardware and software design.
                 Iris is exploring a rich set of new database
                 capabilities required by these applications, including
                 rich data-modeling constructs, direct database support
                 for inference, novel and extensive data types, for
                 example, to support graphic images, voice, text,
                 vectors, and matrices, support for long transactions
                 spanning minutes to many days, and multiple versions of
                 data. These capabilities are, in addition to the usual
                 support for permanence of data, controlled sharing,
                 backup, and recovery.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliationaddress = "Hewlett--Packard Lab, Palo Alto, CA, USA",
  classification = "723",
  journalabr =   "ACM Trans Off Inf Syst",
  keywords =     "Abstract data types; Artificial intelligence;
                 artificial intelligence --- Applications; computer
                 programming languages --- Design; Data description
                 language (DDL); data description languages (ddl); Data
                 manipulation language (DML); data manipulation
                 languages (dml); Data models; Data types and
                 structures; Database management; database systems; Iris
                 DBMS; knowledge representation; Knowledge
                 representation formalisms and methods; Language
                 constructs; Languages; LISP; Logical design;
                 object-oriented databases; Object-oriented DBMS; OSQL
                 persistent objects; Programming languages; Programming
                 languages and software; Query languages; Query
                 processing; Relation systems; Representation languages;
                 Semantic networks; SQL; Systems; Transaction
                 processing",
}

@Article{Hornick:1987:SSM,
  author =       "Mark F. Hornick and Stanley B. Zdonik",
  title =        "A Shared, Segmented Memory System for an
                 Object-Oriented Database",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "5",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "70--95",
  month =        jan,
  year =         "1987",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 19:04:41 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database;
                 ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  note =         "Special Issue on Object-Oriented Systems.",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "This paper describes the basic data model of an
                 object-oriented database and the basic architecture of
                 the system implementing it. In particular, a secondary
                 storage segmentation scheme and a
                 transaction-processing scheme are discussed. The
                 segmentation scheme allows for arbitrary clustering of
                 objects, including duplicates. The transaction scheme
                 allows for many different sharing protocols ranging
                 from those that enforce serializability to those that
                 are nonserializable and require communication with the
                 server only on demand. The interaction of these two
                 features is described such that segment-level transfer
                 and object-level locking is achieved.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliationaddress = "Brown Univ, Providence, RI, USA",
  classification = "723; 903",
  journalabr =   "ACM Trans Off Inf Syst",
  keywords =     "Abstract data types; Asynchronous communication;
                 business --- File Organization; CAD transaction
                 processing; Clustering; computer programming languages;
                 data models; Data models; data processing; Data types
                 and structures; Database management; database systems;
                 Deadlock avoidance; Design; Distributed systems;
                 Experimentation; File organization; information
                 retrieval systems --- Design; Information search and
                 retrieval; Information storage; Information storage and
                 retrieval; Language constructs; Languages; Locking;
                 Modules and packages; Object clustering; Object server;
                 Object-oriented databases; object-oriented databases;
                 Operating systems; Performance; Physical design;
                 Programming languages; Retrieval models; Segmentation;
                 segmented memory systems; Storage management; Systems;
                 Transaction processing; Virtual memory",
}

@Article{Tsichritzis:1987:KKA,
  author =       "D. Tsichritzis and E. Fiume and S. Gibbs and O.
                 Nierstrasz",
  title =        "{KNOs}: {KNowledge} Acquisition, Dissemination, and
                 Manipulation Objects",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "5",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "96--112",
  month =        jan,
  year =         "1987",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 19:04:41 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database;
                 ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  note =         "Special Issue on Object-Oriented Systems.",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "Most object-oriented systems lack two useful
                 facilities: the ability of objects to migrate to new
                 environments and the ability to acquire new operations
                 dynamically. This paper proposes Knos, an
                 object-oriented environment that supports these
                 actions. Knos's operations, data structures, and
                 communication mechanisms are discussed. Knos objects
                 `learn' by exporting and importing new or modified
                 operations. The use of such objects as intellectual
                 support tools is outlined. In particular, various
                 applications involving cooperation, negotiation, and
                 apprenticeship among objects are described.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliationaddress = "Univ de Geneve, Geneva, Switz",
  classification = "723",
  journalabr =   "ACM Trans Off Inf Syst",
  keywords =     "Artificial intelligence; artificial intelligence ---
                 Applications; computer programming languages ---
                 Design; computer systems programming; Concurrent
                 programming; concurrent programming; data processing
                 --- Data Structures; Data types and structures; Design;
                 distributed knowledge; Distributed knowledge;
                 Information systems applications; knowledge
                 acquisition; Knowledge representation formalisms and
                 methods; Language constructs; Languages; Messages;
                 Multiprocessing Programs; object-oriented systems;
                 Objects; Office and application support tools; office
                 automation; Office automation; Programming languages;
                 Programming techniques",
}

@Article{Grief:1987:EIS,
  author =       "I. Grief and C. Ellis",
  title =        "Editorial: Introduction to the Special Issue",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "5",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "113--114",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1987",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 16:21:56 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  note =         "Special Issue on Computer-Supported Cooperative
                 Work.",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
}

@Article{Malone:1987:SMS,
  author =       "Thomas W. Malone and Kenneth R. Grant and Kum-Yew Lai
                 and Ramana Rao and David Rosenblitt",
  title =        "Semistructured Messages are Surprisingly Useful for
                 Computer-Supported Coordination",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "5",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "115--131",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1987",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 19:04:41 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database;
                 ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  note =         "Special Issue on Computer-Supported Cooperative
                 Work.",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "This paper argues that using a set of semistructured
                 message templates is surprisingly helpful in designing
                 a variety of computer-based communication and
                 coordination systems. Semistructured messages can help
                 provide automatic aids for (1) composing messages to be
                 sent, (2) selecting, sorting, and prioritizing messages
                 that are received, (3) responding automatically to some
                 messages, and (4) suggesting likely responses to other
                 messages. The use of these capabilities is illustrated
                 in a range of applications including electronic mail,
                 computer conferencing, calendar management, and task
                 tracking. The applications show how ideas from
                 artificial intelligence (such as inheritance and
                 production rules) and ideas from user interface design
                 (such as interactive graphical editors) can be combined
                 in novel ways for dealing with semistructural messages.
                 The final part of the paper discusses how communities
                 can evolve a useful set of message type definitions.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliation =  "MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA",
  classification = "723; 903",
  journalabr =   "ACM Trans Off Inf Syst",
  keywords =     "Applications and expert systems; Artificial
                 intelligence; artificial intelligence; Artificial
                 intelligence; Communications applications; computer
                 conferencing; computer-supported cooperative work;
                 Computer-supported cooperative work; Content analysis
                 and indexing; Data description languages (DDL); Data
                 models; Database management; Design; Distributed
                 systems; Document preparation; Economics; electronic
                 mail; Format and notation; Frames and scripts; Human
                 factors; information lens; Information Lens;
                 information retrieval systems; information science;
                 information sharing; Information storage and retrieval;
                 Information systems applications; Knowledge
                 representation formalisms and methods; Languages;
                 Logical design; Management; Models and principles;
                 Office automation; office automation; Office
                 automation; Representations; Schema and subschema;
                 semistructured messages; Semistructured messages;
                 Systems; Systems and software; teleconferencing; Text
                 processing; User/machine systems",
}

@Article{Cook:1987:PNM,
  author =       "Peter Cook and Clarence Ellis and Mike Graf and Gail
                 Rein and Tom Smith",
  title =        "{Project Nick}: Meetings Augmentation and Analysis",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "5",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "132--146",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1987",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 19:04:41 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database;
                 ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  note =         "Special Issue on Computer-Supported Cooperative
                 Work.",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "The Software Technology Program of MCC is
                 investigating the early part of the design process,
                 before requirements are established, for large-scale
                 distributed systems. Face-to-face meetings are an
                 important activity during this phase of a project since
                 they provide a medium for direction, exploration, and
                 consensus building. Project Nick is attempting to apply
                 automated facilities to the process, conduct, and
                 semantic capture of design meetings. Primary topics
                 covered in this paper are meeting analysis, meeting
                 augmentation, and a model of meeting progression that
                 serves as the framework for our work.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliation =  "MCC Technology Corp, Austin, TX, USA",
  classification = "723; 903",
  journalabr =   "ACM Trans Off Inf Syst",
  keywords =     "computer software; Conferences design; conferences
                 design; Conversations; Decision support; decision
                 support; Design; Electronic blackboard; electronic
                 blackboard; Facilitation; General; information science;
                 Information systems applications; Management; Meeting
                 augmentation; Models and principles; Models of
                 meetings; Presentation; Semantic capture; semantic
                 capture; Software engineering; software technology
                 program; teleconferencing; Types of systems;
                 User/machine systems",
}

@Article{Stefik:1987:WRE,
  author =       "M. Stefik and D. G. Borrow and G. Foster and S.
                 Lanning and D. Tatar",
  title =        "{WYSIWIS} Revised: Early Experiences with Multiuser
                 Interfaces",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "5",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "147--167",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1987",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 19:04:41 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database;
                 ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  note =         "Special Issue on Computer-Supported Cooperative
                 Work.",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "WYSIWIS (What You See Is What I See) is a foundational
                 abstraction for multiuser interfaces that expresses may
                 of the characteristics of a chalkboard in face-to-face
                 meetings. In its strictest interpretation, it means
                 that everyone can also see the same written information
                 and also see where anyone else is pointing. In our
                 attempts to build software support for collaboration in
                 meetings, we have discovered that WYSIWIS is crucial,
                 yet too inflexible when strictly enforced. This paper
                 is about the design issues and choices that arose in
                 our first generation of meeting tools based on
                 WYSIWIS.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliation =  "Xerox Palo Alto Research Cent, Palo Alto, CA, USA",
  classification = "723; 903",
  journalabr =   "ACM Trans Off Inf Syst",
  keywords =     "Collaborative systems; computer-supported
                 collaboration; Computer-supported collaboration;
                 Computer-supported group work; computer-supported
                 meetings; Computer-supported meetings; computers;
                 Design; Human factors; Human information processing;
                 information retrieval systems; Information systems
                 applications; meeting room; Miscellaneous; Models and
                 principles; multiuser interfaces; Multiuser interfaces;
                 office automation; personal; Software engineering;
                 systems science and cybernetics --- Man Machine
                 Systems; Tools and techniques; Types of systems; User
                 interfaces; User/machine systems; wysiwis; WYSIWIS",
}

@Article{Delisle:1987:CPC,
  author =       "Norman M. Delisle and Mayer D. Schwartz",
  title =        "Contexts --- {A} Partitioning Concept for Hypertext",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "5",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "168--186",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1987",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 19:04:41 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database;
                 ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  note =         "Special Issue on Computer-Supported Cooperative
                 Work.",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "Hypertext systems provide good information management
                 support for a wide variety of documentation efforts.
                 These efforts range from developing software to writing
                 a book. However, existing hypertext systems provide
                 poor support for collaboration among teams of authors.
                 This paper starts by briefly describing properties a
                 several existing hypertext systems. Then several models
                 for forming partitions in a hypertext database are
                 examined and contexts, a partitioning scheme that
                 supports multiperson cooperative efforts, are
                 introduced. The semantic issues involved in defining
                 contexts are explored in detail.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliation =  "Tektronix Inc, Beaverton, OR, USA",
  classification = "723; 903",
  journalabr =   "ACM Trans Off Inf Syst",
  keywords =     "Cooperative work; database systems; Design; document
                 preparation; Document preparation; hypertext systems;
                 Hypertext systems; Inf. storage and retrieval; Inf.
                 systems applications; information retrieval systems;
                 Management; Office automation; office automation; Sys.
                 and software; Text processing; text processing; Version
                 control",
}

@Article{Greif:1987:DSG,
  author =       "Irene Greif and Sunil Sarin",
  title =        "Data Sharing in Group Work",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "5",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "187--211",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1987",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 19:04:41 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database;
                 ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  note =         "Special Issue on Computer-Supported Cooperative
                 Work.",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "Data sharing is fundamental to computer-supported
                 cooperative work: People share information through
                 explicit communication channels and through their
                 coordinated use of shared databases. This paper
                 examines the data management requirements of group work
                 applications on the basis of experience with three
                 prototype systems and on observations from the
                 literature. Database and object management technologies
                 that support these requirements are briefly surveyed,
                 and unresolved issues in the particular areas of access
                 control and concurrency control are identified for
                 future research.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliation =  "MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA",
  classification = "723; 903",
  journalabr =   "ACM Trans Off Inf Syst",
  keywords =     "computer-supported cooperative work;
                 Computer-supported cooperative work (CSCW); data
                 abstraction; data sharing in group work; Database
                 applications; Database management; database management;
                 Database management; database systems; Design;
                 information retrieval systems; information science;
                 Languages; Logical design; office automation; real-time
                 conferencing; Sys.; teleconferencing",
}

@Article{Chang:1987:KBM,
  author =       "Shi-Kuo Chang and L. Leung",
  title =        "A Knowledge-Based Message Management System",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "5",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "213--236",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1987",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 19:04:41 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database;
                 ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "The design approach of a knowledge-based message
                 management system is described. A linguistic message
                 filter is used to filter out junk messages. Relevant
                 messages are then processed by an expert system, driven
                 by user-defined alerter rules. An alerter rule base for
                 a secretarial office is illustrated. Further research
                 topics in knowledge-base design, evaluation, and
                 learning are also discussed.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliationaddress = "Univ of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA",
  classification = "718; 721; 722; 723; 912",
  journalabr =   "ACM Trans Off Inf Syst",
  keywords =     "Applications and expert systems; Artificial
                 intelligence; artificial intelligence --- Expert
                 Systems; computer networks --- Applications;
                 Computer-communication networks; computers; Data
                 Communication Systems; Database alerting technique;
                 Design; digital; Distr. databases; Distr. systems;
                 Expert system; Information systems applications;
                 knowledge-based system; Knowledge-based system;
                 management --- Information Systems; Message filter;
                 Office automation; office automation; office
                 information system; Office information system",
}

@Article{Faloutsos:1987:DPA,
  author =       "Christos Faloutsos and Stavros Christodoulakis",
  title =        "Description and Performance Analysis of Signature File
                 Methods for Office Filing",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "5",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "237--257",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1987",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 19:04:41 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database;
                 ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "Signature files have attracted a lot of interest as an
                 access method for text and specifically for messages in
                 the office environment. Messages are stored
                 sequentially in the message file, whereas their
                 hash-coded abstractions (signatures) are stored
                 sequentially in the signature file. To answer a query,
                 the signature file is examined first, and many
                 nonqualifying messages are immediately rejected. In
                 this paper we examine the problem of designing
                 signature extraction methods and studying their
                 performance. We describe two old methods, generalize
                 another one, and propose a new method and its
                 variation. We provide exact and approximate formulas
                 for the dependency between the false drop probability
                 and the signature size for all the methods, and we show
                 that the proposed method (VBC) achieves approximately
                 ten times smaller false drop probability than the old
                 methods, whereas it is well suited for collections of
                 documents with variable document sizes.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliationaddress = "Univ of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA",
  classification = "723; 903",
  journalabr =   "ACM Trans Off Inf Syst",
  keywords =     "Access methods; Applications; Database management;
                 database systems; Design; Document retrieval;
                 electronic message filing; General; Inf. storage and
                 retrieval; Information retrieval; information retrieval
                 systems --- Online Searching; Information systems
                 applications; libraries --- Automation; Library
                 automation; office automation; Office automation;
                 Performance; Physical design; Signature files;
                 Superimposed coding; Text processing; Text retrieval;
                 TOOIS TOIS Database management",
}

@Article{Brown:1987:ESP,
  author =       "Polly S. Brown and John D. Gould",
  title =        "An Experimental Study of People Creating
                 Spreadsheets",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "5",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "258--272",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1987",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 19:04:41 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database;
                 ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "Nine experienced users of electronic spreadsheets each
                 created three spreadsheets. Although participants were
                 quite confident that their spreadsheets were accurate,
                 44 percent of the spreadsheets contained user-generated
                 programming errors. With regard to the spreadsheet
                 creation process, we found that experienced spreadsheet
                 users spend a large percentage of their time using the
                 cursor keys, primarily for the purpose of moving the
                 cursor around the spreadsheet. Users did not spend a
                 lot of time planning before launching into spreadsheet
                 creation, nor did they spend much time in a separate,
                 systematic debugging stage. Participants spent 21
                 percent of their time pausing, presumably reading
                 and\slash or thinking, prior to the initial keystrokes
                 of spreadsheet creation episodes.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliationaddress = "IBM, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA",
  classification = "461; 722; 723",
  journalabr =   "ACM Trans Off Inf Syst",
  keywords =     "Applicative languages; applicative programming
                 languages; computer interfaces --- Human Factors;
                 computer programming; Human factors; Language
                 classifications; Performance; Programming errors;
                 Programming languages; Spreadsheet; Spreadsheets",
}

@Article{Sassone:1987:CBM,
  author =       "Peter G. Sassone",
  title =        "Cost-Benefit Methodology for Office Systems",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "5",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "273--289",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1987",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 19:04:41 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database;
                 ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "The time savings times salary (TSTS) approach is a
                 widely used methodology for the financial justification
                 of office information systems, yet its theoretical
                 basis is largely unexplored. In this paper, we identify
                 its underlying economic model, including five critical
                 assumptions. We find that the model, though somewhat
                 restrictive, is not unreasonable. However, we find that
                 the time-saving-times-salary calculation, per se, is
                 implicitly based on a very particular assumption about
                 how saved time will be used. This assumption has
                 neither a behavioral nor normative basis, and we
                 conclude that the TSTS calculation is not meaningful in
                 most cases. An alternate approach, the hedonic wage
                 model, is proposed. This model overcomes most of the
                 deficiencies of the TSTS approach, although it has
                 somewhat greater data requirements and computational
                 complexity. A case study illustrating the use of the
                 hedonic wage model is presented.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliationaddress = "Georgia Inst of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA",
  classification = "723; 912",
  journalabr =   "ACM Trans Off Inf Syst",
  keywords =     "Computers and society; Cost benefit; cost-benefit
                 analysis; Economics; Effectiveness; Efficiency;
                 engineering --- Project Management; Equipment;
                 Financial analysis; General; Hedonic wage model;
                 Information Systems; Information systems applications;
                 Management; management; Management of computing and
                 information systems; Measurement; Models and
                 principles; office automation; Office automation;
                 Organizational impacts; Performance; Productivity;
                 Project and people management; Resource allocation;
                 Sys. and information theory; Systems analysis and
                 design; Theory; Time savings; value of information;
                 Value of information; Work profile matrix",
}

@Article{Kaye:1987:CKB,
  author =       "A. Roger Kaye and Gerald M. Karam",
  title =        "Cooperating Knowledge-Based Assistants for the
                 Office",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "5",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "297--326",
  month =        oct,
  year =         "1987",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 19:04:41 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database;
                 ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "This paper presents an approach to high-level support
                 of office workers by embedding office knowledge in a
                 network of distributed cooperating knowledge-based or
                 expert `assistants' and servers. These knowledge-based
                 systems incorporate both factual and procedural
                 knowledge and are capable of making use of existing
                 conventional office technology. They constitute a form
                 of computer-supported cooperative work. We describe a
                 common architecture for our assistants and servers that
                 incorporates several key features. The various
                 assistants and servers, which may reside on different
                 machines, cooperate in solving problems or completing
                 tasks by passing messages. We propose a taxonomy of the
                 general office knowledge normally used by office
                 workers, together with a frame and rule-based knowledge
                 representation scheme. We also describe an experimental
                 systems, written in PROLOG, that incorporates the above
                 design principles.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliationaddress = "Carleton Univ, Ottawa, Ont, Can",
  classification = "722; 723",
  journalabr =   "ACM Trans Off Inf Syst",
  keywords =     "Applications and expert systems; Artificial
                 intelligence; artificial intelligence --- Expert
                 Systems; collaborative systems; Collaborative systems;
                 Computer-communication networks; Computer-supported
                 cooperative work; cooperating expert systems; Design;
                 Distr. applications; Distr. systems; Distributed
                 systems; Experimentation; Expert systems; Information
                 systems applications; knowledge-based systems;
                 Knowledge-based systems; Office automation; office
                 automation; Office automation; Theory",
}

@Article{Greif:1987:ISS,
  author =       "I. Greif",
  title =        "Introduction to the Special Section",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "5",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "327--327",
  month =        oct,
  year =         "1987",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 16:21:56 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  note =         "Special Section: Selected Papers from CHI+GI '87.",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
}

@Article{Clement:1987:EOI,
  author =       "Andrew Clement and C. C. Gotlieb",
  title =        "Evolution of an Organizational Interface: the New
                 Business Department at a Large Insurance Firm",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "5",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "328--339",
  month =        oct,
  year =         "1987",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 19:04:41 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database;
                 ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  note =         "Special Section: Selected Papers from CHI+GI '87.",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "This paper describes how the work organization and
                 computer system of the New Business Department at a
                 large life insurance firm have interacted and evolved
                 over time. The dynamics of interaction are explained
                 largely in terms of the economic incentive to reduce
                 the length of transaction-processing chains and the
                 more political goal of extending managerial control. It
                 is argued that examining the interaction of
                 organizations and computer systems can contribute to a
                 better theoretical understanding of the development of
                 large computer systems and offer guidance to designers
                 of user-computer interfaces. A graphical technique for
                 depicting organizational interfaces is presented.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliationaddress = "York Univ, North York, Ont, Can",
  classification = "722; 723; 912",
  journalabr =   "ACM Trans Off Inf Syst",
  keywords =     "Business case study; computer systems; Computers and
                 society; Design; digital --- On Line Operation; Human
                 factors; industrial insurance; insurance firm;
                 Management; management --- Information Systems;
                 Management of computing and information systems;
                 Managerial control; office automation; On-line computer
                 system; Organizational impacts; organizational
                 interface; Organizational interface; Organizational
                 study; Project and people management; Systems
                 development",
}

@Article{Ehrlich:1987:SES,
  author =       "Susan F. Ehrlich",
  title =        "Strategies for Encouraging Successful Adoption of
                 Office Communication Systems",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "5",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "340--357",
  month =        oct,
  year =         "1987",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 19:04:41 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database;
                 ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  note =         "Special Section: Selected Papers from CHI+GI '87.",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "The adoption of new computer communication systems
                 into organizations requires behavioral change. Planning
                 for successful adoption requires knowledge of
                 individual organizational communication patterns and
                 the relationship between those patterns and particular
                 communication system solutions. This paper documents a
                 sequence of studies of organizational communication.
                 Needs for office communication systems were identified,
                 as were social and psychological factors temporarily
                 inhibiting their use. Strategies for assuring smooth
                 adoption of such systems are highlighted.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliationaddress = "Wang Lab, Lowell, MA, USA",
  classification = "722; 723; 912",
  journalabr =   "ACM Trans Off Inf Syst",
  keywords =     "Adoption; Communication; Communications applications;
                 Computer applications; computers; Computers and
                 society; Data Communication Systems; electronic mail;
                 Electronic mail; Human factors; Inf. systems
                 applications; Installation management; management ---
                 Information Systems; Management of computing and
                 information systems; office automation; Office
                 automation; Office systems; organizational
                 communication; Organizational impacts; Performance and
                 usage measurement; Psychology; Social and behavioral
                 sciences; Sociology; voice mail; Voice mail",
  wwwtitle =     "Strategies of Encouraging Successful Adoption of
                 Office Communication Systems.",
}

@Article{Gould:1987:BEH,
  author =       "John D. Gould and Josiane Salaun",
  title =        "Behavioral Experiments on Handmarkings",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "5",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "358--377",
  month =        oct,
  year =         "1987",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 19:04:41 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database;
                 ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  note =         "Special Section: Selected Papers from CHI+GI '87.",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "Handmarkings or handwritten editing marks can be used
                 as direct editing commands to an interactive computer
                 systems. Five exploratory experiments studied the
                 potential value of handmarkings for editing text and
                 pictures, as well as for some specific results. Circles
                 are the most frequently used scoping mark, and arrows
                 are the most frequently used operator and target
                 indicators. Experimental comparisons showed that
                 handmarkings have the potential to be faster than
                 keyboards and mice for editing tasks. Their ultimate
                 value will, however, depend on the style and details of
                 their user-interface implementation.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliationaddress = "IBM, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA",
  classification = "461; 723; 903",
  journalabr =   "ACM Trans Off Inf Syst",
  keywords =     "computer-human interaction; Computer-human
                 interaction; Direct manipulation; editing commands;
                 engineering psychology; Engineering psychology;
                 Experimentation; Gestures; handmarkings; Handmarkings;
                 human engineering; Human factors; information science;
                 Man Machine Systems; Miscellaneous; Models and
                 principles; Software; Software psychology; systems
                 science and cybernetics; Terminal design; user
                 interface; User interface; User/machine systems",
}

@Article{Rada:1987:ATI,
  author =       "Roy Rada and Brian K. Martin",
  title =        "Augmenting Thesauri for Information Systems",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "5",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "378--392",
  month =        oct,
  year =         "1987",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 19:04:41 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database;
                 ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "A thesaurus can be a critical component of an office
                 information system. Access to various sets of documents
                 can be facilitated by thesauri and by the connections
                 that are made among thesauri. In the projects described
                 in this paper, the thesauri are stored and manipulated
                 through a relational database management system. The
                 system detects inheritance properties in a thesaurus
                 and uses them to guide a human expert in decisions
                 about how to augment the thesaurus. New strategies will
                 extend our ability to augment existing thesauri.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliationaddress = "Natl Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA",
  classification = "723; 903; 912",
  journalabr =   "ACM Trans Off Inf Syst",
  keywords =     "Applications and expert systems; Artificial
                 intelligence; artificial intelligence --- Expert
                 Systems; Content analysis and indexing; database
                 systems --- Relational; Design; Inf. storage and
                 retrieval; information science --- Vocabulary Control;
                 Information Systems; knowledge representation;
                 Knowledge representation formalisms and methods;
                 management; Office automation; Relation systems;
                 Relational database management systems; thesauri;
                 Thesauri",
}

@Article{Whang:1987:OEI,
  author =       "Kyu-Young Whang and Art Ammann and Anthony Bolmarcich
                 and Maria Hanrahan and Guy Hochgesang and Kuan-Tsae
                 Huang and Al Khorasani and Ravi Krishnamurthy and Gary
                 Sockut and Paula Sweeney and Vance Waddle and Moshe
                 Zloof",
  title =        "{Office-by-Example}: An Integrated Office System and
                 Database Manager",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "5",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "393--427",
  month =        oct,
  year =         "1987",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 19:04:41 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database;
                 ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "Office-by-Example (OBE) is an integrated office
                 information system that has been under development at
                 IBM Research. OBE, an extension of Query-by-Example,
                 supports various office features such as database
                 tables, word processing, electronic, mail, graphics,
                 images, and so forth. These seemingly heterogeneous
                 features are integrated through a language feature
                 called example elements. Applications involving example
                 elements are processed by the database manager, an
                 integrated part of the OBE system. In this paper, we
                 describe the facilities and architecture of the OBE
                 system and discuss the techniques for integrating
                 heterogeneous objects.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliationaddress = "IBM, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA",
  classification = "723",
  journalabr =   "ACM Trans Off Inf Syst",
  keywords =     "Access methods; Algorithms; Communications
                 applications; Computer graphics; Concurrency; Data
                 storage representations; Database management; database
                 systems --- Query Languages; Document preparation;
                 Electronic mail; General; Human factors; Image
                 processing; Image processing software; Information
                 systems applications; integrated office system;
                 Integration; Integrity; Interaction techniques;
                 Languages; Logical design; Management; management ---
                 Information Systems; Memory-resident database;
                 Methodology and techniques; Models and principles;
                 Office automation; office automation;
                 office-by-example; Operating systems; Parsing;
                 Performance; Physical design; Process management;
                 Processors; Programming languages; Protection; Query
                 languages; Query optimization; Query processing;
                 Recovery and restart; Screen management; Security;
                 Systems; Text processing; Two-dimensional parsing;
                 two-dimensional parsing; User/machine systems; Word
                 processing",
}

@Article{Bertino:1988:QPM,
  author =       "Elisa Bertino and Fausto Rabitti and Simon Gibbs",
  title =        "Query Processing in a Multimedia Document System",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "6",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "1--41",
  month =        jan,
  year =         "1988",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 19:04:41 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database;
                 ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "Query processing in a multimedia document system is
                 described. Multimedia documents are information objects
                 containing formatted data, text, image, graphics and
                 voice. The query language is based on a conceptual
                 document model that allows the users to formulate
                 queries on both document content and structure. The
                 architecture of the system is outlined, with focus on
                 the storage organization in which both optical and
                 magnetic devices can coexist. Query processing and the
                 different strategies evaluated by our optimization
                 algorithm are discussed.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliationaddress = "Istituto di Elaborazione della Informazione,
                 Pisa, Italy",
  classification = "723; 903; 912",
  journalabr =   "ACM Trans Off Inf Syst",
  keywords =     "Algorithms; Data models; Database management; database
                 systems; Design; information retrieval systems ---
                 Online Searching; Information storage and retrieval;
                 Information systems applications; Languages; Logical
                 design; management --- Information Systems; multimedia
                 information technology; office automation; Office
                 automation; office document retrieval system; Office
                 document retrieval systems; Query languages; Query
                 Languages; query optimization; Query optimization;
                 Query processing; Systems; Systems and software",
  wwwauthor =    "E. Bertino, S. Gibbs, and F. Rabitti",
}

@Article{Croft:1988:IRS,
  author =       "W. Bruce Croft and Pasquale Savino",
  title =        "Implementing Ranking Strategies Using Text
                 Signatures",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "6",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "42--62",
  month =        jan,
  year =         "1988",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 19:04:41 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database;
                 ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "Signature files provide an efficient access method for
                 text in documents, but retrieval is usually limited to
                 finding documents that contain a specified Boolean
                 pattern of word. Effective retrieval requires that
                 documents with similar meanings be found through a
                 process of plausible inference. The simplest way of
                 implementing this retrieval process is to rank
                 documents in order of their probability of relevance.
                 In this paper techniques are described for implementing
                 probabilistic ranking strategies with sequential and
                 bit-sliced signature files and the limitations of these
                 implementations with regard to their effectiveness are
                 pointed out. A detail comparison is made between
                 signature based ranking techniques and ranking using
                 term-based document representatives and inverted files.
                 The comparison shows that term-based representations
                 are at least competitive (in terms of efficiency) with
                 signature files and, in some situations, superior.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliationaddress = "Univ of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA",
  classification = "723; 731; 903; 912",
  journalabr =   "ACM Trans Off Inf Syst",
  keywords =     "Access methods; Database management; database systems;
                 Design; Document retrieval; Effectiveness; Inf. storage
                 and retrieval; Information retrieval; information
                 retrieval systems --- Online Searching; Information
                 systems applications; libraries --- Automation; Library
                 automation; management --- Information Systems; office
                 automation; Office automation; Performance; Physical
                 design; probabilistic retrieval; Probabilistic
                 retrieval; ranking strategy; Ranking strategy;
                 Signature file; Text retrieval",
  wwwtitle =     "Improving the Effectiveness of Signature-Based
                 Retrieval",
}

@Article{Postel:1988:EMM,
  author =       "Jonathan B. Postel and Gregory G. Finn and Alan R.
                 Katz and Joyce K. Reynolds",
  title =        "An Experimental Multimedia Mail System",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "6",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "63--81",
  month =        jan,
  year =         "1988",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 19:04:41 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database;
                 ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "With multimedia computer-based mail, a user may create
                 messages containing text, image, and voice data and
                 send such messages to other users within a computer
                 network. In this paper a computer-based experimental
                 multimedia mail system that allows the user to read,
                 create, edit, send, and receive messages containing
                 text, images and voice is discussed.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliationaddress = "Univ of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA,
                 USA",
  classification = "721; 722; 723",
  journalabr =   "ACM Trans Off Inf Syst",
  keywords =     "arpanet; ARPANET; Bitmap; Communications applications;
                 Computer communication networks; computer networks ---
                 Local Networks; computer software --- Software
                 Engineering; computers; Data Communication Systems;
                 Design; digital; Distr. applications; Distr. systems;
                 Document preparation; electronic mail; Electronic mail;
                 Facsimile; Format and notation; Image; Information
                 systems applications; Internet; Mail protocol;
                 management --- Information Systems; Message system;
                 Multimedia mail; Packet voice; Performance; Software
                 engineering; Text processing; Tools and techniques;
                 User interfaces",
}

@Article{Winograd:1988:GEI,
  author =       "T. Winograd",
  title =        "{Guest Editor}'s Introduction to the Special Issue",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "6",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "83--86",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1988",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 16:21:56 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  note =         "Special Issue on the Language\slash Action
                 Perspective.",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
}

@Article{Lee:1988:BDS,
  author =       "Ronald M. Lee",
  title =        "Bureaucracies as Deontic Systems",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "6",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "87--108",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1988",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 19:04:41 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database;
                 ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  note =         "Special Issue on the Language\slash Action
                 Perspective.",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "Bureaucratic offices are not only for clerical work,
                 but more importantly, they are for officiating in the
                 sense of issuing directives, granting permissions,
                 enforcing prohibitions, waiving obligations, and so
                 forth. Bureaucracies are thus deontic systems for
                 organizational and social control. Conventional
                 information processing approaches are inadequate for
                 capturing these aspects of bureaucratic modeling. A
                 logic-based representation that emphasizes deontic and
                 performative aspects is proposed.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliation =  "Univ of Texas",
  affiliationaddress = "Austin, TX, USA",
  classification = "723; 912",
  journalabr =   "ACM Trans Off Inf Syst",
  keywords =     "Administrative data processing; Artificial
                 intelligence; Artificial Intelligence; Bureaucracy;
                 Computer applications; Data Processing--Data
                 Description; Decision support (MIS); Deontic logic;
                 Deontic Systems; Design; Inf. systems applications;
                 Information Systems; Knowledge Representation;
                 Knowledge representation formalisms and methods;
                 Languages; Management; Management of computing and
                 information systems; Petri Nets; Petri nets; Predicate
                 logic; Representations (procedural and rule-based);
                 System management; Types of systems",
}

@Article{Holt:1988:DNL,
  author =       "Anatol W. Holt",
  title =        "{Diplans}: {A} New Language for the Study and
                 Implementation of Coordination",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "6",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "109--125",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1988",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 19:04:41 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database;
                 ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  note =         "Special Issue on the Language\slash Action
                 Perspective.",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "In this paper the reader is introduced to coordination
                 in the workplace as an object of scientific study and
                 computer automation. Diplans are the expressions of a
                 new graphical language used to describe plans of
                 operation in human organizations. With diplans, systems
                 of constraint, which may or may not take the form of
                 procedure definitions, can be specified. Among the
                 special strengths of diplans is their ability to render
                 explicit the interactive aspects of complex work
                 distributed over many people and places --- in other
                 words, coordination. Diplans are central to
                 coordination technology, a new approach to developing
                 support for cooperative work on heterogeneous computer
                 networks.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliation =  "Coordination Technology Inc",
  affiliationaddress = "Trumbull, CT, USA",
  classification = "718; 722; 723",
  journalabr =   "ACM Trans Off Inf Syst",
  keywords =     "Communications applications; Computer Networks;
                 Computer Programming Languages--Applications; Computer
                 Systems; Computer-communication networks;
                 Computer-Communication Networks; Computers and society;
                 Design; Digital--Distributed; Diplans; Distr. systems;
                 Inf. systems applications; Information Systems
                 applications; Office Automation; Office automation;
                 Organizational impacts; Theory",
}

@Article{Auramaki:1988:SAB,
  author =       "Esa Auramaki and Erkki Lehtinen and Kalle Lyytinen",
  title =        "A Speech-Act-Based Office Modeling Approach",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "6",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "126--152",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1988",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 19:04:41 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database;
                 ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  note =         "Special Issue on the Language\slash Action
                 Perspective.",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "In this paper methods and principles that help to
                 analyze offices as systems of communicative action are
                 explored. In communicative action, office agents create
                 commitments through symbolic means. A SAMPO
                 (Speech-Act-based office Modeling aPprOach), which
                 studies office activities as a series of speech acts
                 creating, maintaining, modifying, reporting, and
                 terminating commitments, is presented. The main steps
                 and methods in the office system specification are
                 outlined and their application illustrated through a
                 simple example. In the final section advantages and
                 disadvantages in the SAMPO are noted and some research
                 directions for the future are suggested.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliation =  "Univ of Jyvaskyla",
  affiliationaddress = "Jyvaskyla, Finl",
  classification = "723; 912",
  journalabr =   "ACM Trans Off Inf Syst",
  keywords =     "Applications and expert systems; Artificial
                 intelligence; Artificial Intelligence--Expert Systems;
                 Communications applications; Computer
                 Software--Software Engineering; Design; Discourse
                 analysis; Human factors; Inf. systems applications;
                 Information Systems; Information systems applications;
                 Management; Natural language processing; Natural
                 Language Processing; Office automation; Office
                 Automation; Office information system;
                 Requirements/specifications; Software engineering;
                 Specification and analysis; Speech act models",
}

@Article{Flores:1988:CSD,
  author =       "Fernando Flores and Michael Graves and Brad Hartfield
                 and Terry Winograd",
  title =        "Computer Systems and the Design of Organizational
                 Interaction",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "6",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "153--172",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1988",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 19:04:41 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database;
                 ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  note =         "Special Issue on the Language\slash Action
                 Perspective.",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "The goal of this paper is to relate theory to
                 invention and application in the design of systems for
                 organizational communication and management. We propose
                 and illustrate a theory of design, technology, and
                 action that we believe has been missing in the
                 mainstream of work on office systems. At the center of
                 our thinking is a theory of language as social action,
                 which differs from the generally taken-for-granted
                 understandings of what goes on in an organization. This
                 approach has been presented elsewhere, and our aim here
                 is to examine its practical implications and assess its
                 effectiveness in the design of The Coordinator, a
                 workgroup productivity system that is in widespread
                 commercial use on personal computers.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliation =  "Action Technologies",
  affiliationaddress = "Emeryville, CA, USA",
  classification = "723; 912",
  journalabr =   "ACM Trans Off Inf Syst",
  keywords =     "Communications applications; Conversation;
                 Coordination; Design; Electronic mail; Electronic
                 Mail--Applications; Human factors; Inf. systems
                 application; Inf. systems applications;
                 Language/action; Management; Management--Information
                 Systems; Office automation; Office Automation;
                 Ontology; Organizational Communication; Speech act; The
                 Coordinator",
}

@Article{Suchman:1988:DUB,
  author =       "L. Suchman",
  title =        "Designing with the User (book review)",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "6",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "173--183",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1988",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 16:21:56 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  note =         "Special Issue on the Language\slash Action
                 Perspective. Review of {\em Computers and Democracy: A
                 Scandinavian Challenge}, G. Bjerknes, P. Ehn, and M.
                 Kyng, Eds. Gower Press, Brookfield, VT, 1987.",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
}

@Article{Motro:1988:VUI,
  author =       "Amihai Motro",
  title =        "{VAGUE}: {A} User Interface to Relational Databases
                 that Permits Vague Queries",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "6",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "187--214",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1988",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 19:04:41 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database;
                 ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "A specific query establishes a rigid qualification and
                 is concerned only with data that match it precisely. A
                 vague query establishes a target qualification and is
                 concerned also with data that are close to this target.
                 This article describes a system called VAGUE that can
                 handle vague queries directly. The principal concept
                 behind VAGUE is its extension to the relational data
                 model with data metrics, which are definitions of
                 distances between values of the same domain. A problem
                 with implementing data distances is that different
                 users may have different interpretations for the notion
                 of distance. VAGUE incorporates several features that
                 enable it to adapt itself to the individual views and
                 priorities of its users.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliation =  "Univ of Southern California",
  affiliationaddress = "Los Angeles, CA, USA",
  classification = "723; 903",
  journalabr =   "ACM Trans Off Inf Syst",
  keywords =     "Approximate Match Retrieval; Approximate match
                 retrieval; Business--Database Systems; Data Metric;
                 Data metric; Data models; Data Processing; Data
                 Processing--Database Systems; Database; Database
                 management; Database Management; Database management;
                 Database Systems; Design; Human factors; Information
                 Retrieval Systems; Information search and retrieval;
                 Information storage and retrieval; Languages; Logical
                 design; Neighborhood query; Query languages; Query
                 processing; Relational; Relational Database; Relational
                 database; Retrieval models; Systems; User Interface;
                 User interface; Vague Query; Vague query",
}

@Article{Neches:1988:KBT,
  author =       "Robert Neches",
  title =        "Knowledge-Based Tools to Promote Shared Goals and
                 Terminology Between Interface Designers",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "6",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "215--231",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1988",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 19:04:41 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database;
                 ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "Two tools that support cooperation are described: one
                 for the construction of consistent and principled
                 human-computer interfaces and the other for the
                 construction of AI knowledge bases. The AI knowledge
                 representation technology upon which the tools are
                 founded is first described. A knowledge-based approach
                 to interface construction is discussed, and how that
                 approach applies to detecting design conflicts and
                 inconsistencies stemming from two different kinds of
                 team communication failure is illustrated. Next, a
                 knowledge acquisition aid that is utilized within the
                 interface construction paradigm and that also
                 illustrates the same approach to supporting cooperative
                 work is described. Finally, four sources of difficulty
                 in team design efforts, which this approach seeks to
                 address, are reviewed.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliation =  "Univ of Southern California",
  affiliationaddress = "Los Angeles, CA, USA",
  classification = "722; 723",
  journalabr =   "ACM Trans Off Inf Syst",
  keywords =     "ai Knowledge Bases; Artificial Intelligence;
                 Artificial intelligence; Computer Interfaces; Computer
                 Software--Software Engineering; Cooperative work;
                 Design; Design tools; Human-Computer Interfaces;
                 Intelligent Support Tools; Interface Designers;
                 Knowledge bases; Man Machine Systems; Office
                 automation; Programming teams; Software engineering;
                 Systems Science and Cybernetics; User Interfaces; User
                 interfaces",
}

@Article{Pollock:1988:RBM,
  author =       "Stephen Pollock",
  title =        "A Rule-Based Message Filtering System",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "6",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "232--254",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1988",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 19:04:41 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database;
                 ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "Much computerized support for knowledge workers has
                 consisted of tools to handle low-level functions such
                 as distribution, storage, and retrieval of information.
                 However, the higher level processes of making decisions
                 and taking actions with respect to this information
                 have not been supported to the same degree. This paper
                 describes the ISCREEN prototype system for screening
                 text messages. ISCREEN includes a high-level interface
                 for users to define rules, a component that screens
                 text messages, and a conflict detection component that
                 examines rules for inconsistencies. An explanation
                 component uses text generation to answer user queries
                 about past or potential system actions based on Grice's
                 conversational maxims.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliation =  "Bell-Northern Research",
  affiliationaddress = "Toronto, Ont, Can",
  classification = "723",
  journalabr =   "ACM Trans Off Inf Syst",
  keywords =     "Applications and expert systems; Artificial
                 intelligence; Artificial Intelligence; Artificial
                 intelligence; Communications applications; Computer
                 Operating Systems--Report Generators; Computer
                 Programming Languages; Cooperative tools; Electronic
                 Mail; Electronic mail; Explanation systems; Human
                 factors; Human factors Inf. systems applications; Inf.
                 systems; Intelligent Interfaces; Intelligent
                 interfaces; Language generation; Man Machine Systems;
                 Message Filtering System; Natural language processing;
                 Natural Language Processing; Office automation; Office
                 Automation; Systems Science and Cybernetics; Text
                 Generation; Text generation; User/machine systems",
}

@Article{Rice:1988:AUO,
  author =       "Ronald E. Rice and Donald E. Shook",
  title =        "Access to, Usage of, and Outcomes from an Electronic
                 Messaging System",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "6",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "255--276",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1988",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 19:04:41 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database;
                 ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "This study examines relationships among perceived
                 accessibility to an electronic messaging system (EMS),
                 computer-monitored and reported usage of the system by
                 approximately 100 employees of one division of an
                 aerospace firm, user's job type, perceived
                 appropriateness of the EMS, and reported outcomes such
                 as changes in effectiveness and use of paper-based
                 media. The article ends by discussing implications for
                 implementation and evaluation of computer-based
                 communication systems, theories of media
                 characteristics and information value, and
                 methodological issues in using computer-monitored usage
                 data.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliation =  "Univ of Southern California",
  affiliationaddress = "Los Angeles, CA, USA",
  classification = "723; 903",
  journalabr =   "ACM Trans Off Inf Syst",
  keywords =     "Accessibility; Business; Communication Augmentation;
                 Communication augmentation; Communications
                 applications; Computer Monitored Data; Computer system
                 implementation; Computer-monitored data; Computers and
                 society; Data Processing; Electronic Mail; Electronic
                 mail; Electronic Messaging System; Inf. systems
                 applications; Information Retrieval Systems;
                 Installation management; Life cycle; Management;
                 Management of computing and information systems;
                 Measurement; Media Substitutability; Media
                 substitutability; Miscellaneous; Organizational
                 impacts; Performance; Performance and usage
                 measurement; Project and people management",
}

@Article{Pahlavan:1988:WIN,
  author =       "K. Pahlavan",
  title =        "Wireless Intraoffice Networks",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "6",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "277--302",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1988",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 19:04:41 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database;
                 ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "An overview of the existing and growing demands for
                 wireless office information networks is provided, and
                 the existing research activities are assessed in some
                 detail. The radio frequency (RF) and infrared (IR)
                 communication technologies are examined as candidates
                 for wireless intraoffice communications. The available
                 bandwidths, according to federal regulations and
                 characteristics of the channel for RF communications,
                 are given. Digital narrow-band and wideband
                 spread-spectrum RF communications are assessed in terms
                 of supportable data rate or number of simultaneous
                 users in one cell of a cellular architecture in an
                 office environment. Various limitations of IR
                 communications are discussed and existing systems and
                 architectures are reviewed.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliation =  "Worcester Polytechnic Inst",
  classification = "716; 723; 741",
  journalabr =   "ACM Trans Off Inf Syst",
  keywords =     "Analysis; Business; Cellular networks; Computer
                 Communication Networks; Computer Networks;
                 Computer-communication networks; Data Processing;
                 Design; Equipment; General literature; General
                 Literature; General systems theory; Information systems
                 applications; Infrared networks; Infrared Networks;
                 Introductory and survey; Local networks; Models and
                 principles; Network architecture and design; Office
                 automation; Office Automation; Optical Data Processing;
                 Optical networks; Packet networks; Performance; Radio
                 Communication; Radio networks; Radio Networks; Spread
                 spectrum; Systems and information theory; Theory;
                 Wireless Intraoffice Networks; Wireless networks",
}

@Article{Greif:1988:EIS,
  author =       "I. Greif",
  title =        "Editorial Introduction to the Special Issue",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "6",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "301--302",
  month =        oct,
  year =         "1988",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 16:21:56 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  note =         "Selected Papers from the Conference on
                 Computer-Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW '88).",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
}

@Article{Conklin:1988:GHT,
  author =       "Jeff Conklin and Michael L. Begeman",
  title =        "{gIBIS}: {A} Hypertext Tool for Exploratory Policy
                 Discussion",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "6",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "303--331",
  month =        oct,
  year =         "1988",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 19:04:41 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database;
                 ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  note =         "Selected Papers from the Conference on
                 Computer-Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW '88).",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "This paper describes an application-specific hypertext
                 system designed to facilitate the capture of early
                 design deliberations. It implements a specific method,
                 called Issue Based Information Systems (IBIS), which
                 has been developed for use on large, complex design
                 problems. The hypertext system described here, gIBIS
                 (for graphical IBIS), makes use of color and a
                 high-speed relational database server to facilitate
                 building and browsing typed IBIS networks. Further,
                 gIBIS is designed to support the collaborative
                 construction of these networks by any number of
                 cooperating team members spread across a local area
                 network. Early experiments suggest that the IBIS method
                 is still incomplete, but there is a good match between
                 the tool and method even in this experimental
                 version.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliation =  "MCC Software Technology Program",
  affiliationaddress = "Austin, TX, USA",
  classification = "723",
  conference =   "Selected Papers from the Conference on
                 Computer-Supported Cooperative Work",
  journalabr =   "ACM Trans Off Inf Syst",
  keywords =     "Administrative data processing; Communications
                 applications; Computer Aided Design; Computer
                 Graphics--Color; Computer Supported Cooperative Work;
                 Database Systems--Relational; Decision support (e.g.;
                 Design; Documentation; Exploratory Policy Discussion;
                 General; gibis; Graphical ibis; Hypertext; Information
                 systems applications; Issue Based Information Systems;
                 Issue-based information systems; Management;
                 Methodologies; MIS); Models and principles; Office
                 Automation; Planning; Requirements/specifications;
                 Software engineering; Tools; Tools and techniques; Type
                 of systems; User/machine systems",
  meetingaddress = "Portland, OR, USA",
  meetingdate =  "Sep 26--28 1988",
  meetingdate2 = "09/26--28/88",
  sponsor =      "ACM, SIGOIS; ACM, SIGCHI; Lotus Development Corp;
                 Xerox Corp",
}

@Article{Lai:1988:OLS,
  author =       "Kum-Yew Lai and Thomas W. Malone and Keh-Chiang Yu",
  title =        "{Object Lens}: {A} `Spreadsheet' for Cooperative
                 Work",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "6",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "332--353",
  month =        oct,
  year =         "1988",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 19:04:41 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database;
                 ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  note =         "Selected Papers from the Conference on
                 Computer-Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW '88).",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "Object Lens allows unsophisticated computer users to
                 create their own cooperative work applications using a
                 set of simple, but powerful, building blocks. By
                 defining and modifying templates for various
                 semistructured objects, users can represent information
                 about people, tasks, products, messages, and many other
                 kinds of information in a form that can be processed
                 intelligently by both people and their computers. By
                 collecting these objects in customizable folders, users
                 can create their own displays which summarize selected
                 information from the objects in table or tree formats.
                 Finally, by creating semiautonomous agents, users can
                 specify rules for automatically processing this
                 information in different ways at different times. The
                 combination of these primitives provides a single
                 consistent interface that integrates facilities for
                 object-oriented databases, hypertext, electronic
                 messaging, and rule-based intelligent agents. To
                 illustrate the power of this combined approach, we
                 describe several simple examples of applications (such
                 as task tracking, intelligent message routing, and
                 database retrieval) that we have developed in this
                 framework.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliation =  "MIT",
  affiliationaddress = "Cambridge, MA, USA",
  classification = "722; 723",
  conference =   "Selected Papers from the Conference on
                 Computer-Supported Cooperative Work",
  journalabr =   "ACM Trans Off Inf Syst",
  keywords =     "Applications and expert systems; Artificial
                 intelligence; Artificial Intelligence--Expert Systems;
                 Communications applications; Computer Interfaces;
                 Computer Programming--Spreadsheet; Computer Supported
                 Cooperative Work; Computer-supported cooperative work;
                 Content analysis and indexing; Data description
                 languages (DDL); Data models; Database management;
                 Database Systems; Design; Distributed systems; Document
                 preparation; Economics; Electronic Messaging; Format
                 and notation; Frames and scripts; Human factors;
                 Hypertext; Information Lens; Information storage and
                 retrieval; Information systems applications;
                 Intelligent agents; Knowledge representation formalisms
                 and methods; Languages; Logical design; Management;
                 Models and principles; Object Lens; Object-oriented
                 databases; Office automation; Office Automation; Office
                 automation; Representations; Schema and subschema;
                 Semiformal systems; Systems; Systems and software; Text
                 processing; User/machine systems",
  meetingaddress = "Portland, OR, USA",
  meetingdate =  "Sep 26--28 1988",
  meetingdate2 = "09/26--28/88",
  sponsor =      "ACM, SIGOIS; ACM, SIGCHI; Lotus Development Corp;
                 Xerox Corp",
}

@Article{Eveland:1988:WGS,
  author =       "J. D. Eveland and T. K. Bikson",
  title =        "Work Group Structures and Computer Support: {A} Field
                 Experiment",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "6",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "354--379",
  month =        oct,
  year =         "1988",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 19:04:41 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database;
                 ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  note =         "Selected Papers from the Conference on
                 Computer-Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW '88).",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "This field experiment created two task forces, each
                 composed equally of recently retired employees and
                 employees still at work but eligible to retire. They
                 were given the identical tasks of preparing reports for
                 their company on retirement planning issues, but they
                 were randomly assigned to different technology
                 conditions. One group had full conventional office
                 support; the other had, in addition, networked
                 microcomputers with electronic mail and routine office
                 software. Although both groups produced effective
                 reports, the two differed significantly in the kind of
                 work they produced, the group structures that emerged,
                 and evaluations of their own performance. We conclude
                 that use of computer support for cooperative work
                 results in both quantitative and qualitative changes
                 but that effective participation in such electronically
                 supported groups requires significant investments of
                 time and energy on the part of its members to master
                 the technology and a relatively high level of
                 assistance during the learning process.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliation =  "Rand Corp",
  affiliationaddress = "Santa Monica, CA, USA",
  classification = "722; 723; 922",
  conference =   "Selected Papers from the Conference on
                 Computer-Supported Cooperative Work",
  journalabr =   "ACM Trans Off Inf Syst",
  keywords =     "anova; Communication; Communications applications;
                 Computer Networks; Computer Supported Cooperative Work;
                 Computer Systems; Computer-supported cooperative work
                 (CSCW); Computers and society; Digital; Electronic
                 Mail; Electronic mail; Employment; Experimentation;
                 Group processes; Human factors; Inf. systems
                 applications; Management; Office Automation;
                 Organizational impacts; Social issues; Social
                 structures; Statistical Methods; Work Group
                 Structures",
  meetingaddress = "Portland, OR, USA",
  meetingdate =  "Sep 26--28 1988",
  meetingdate2 = "09/26--28/88",
  sponsor =      "ACM, SIGOIS; ACM, SIGCHI; Lotus Development Corp;
                 Xerox Corp",
}

@Article{Mackay:1988:DUE,
  author =       "Wendy E. Mackay",
  title =        "Diversity in the Use of Electronic Mail: {A}
                 Preliminary Inquiry",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "6",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "380--397",
  month =        oct,
  year =         "1988",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 19:04:41 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database;
                 ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  note =         "Selected Papers from the Conference on
                 Computer-Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW '88).",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "This paper describes a series of interviews that
                 examine the ways that professional office workers use
                 electronic mail to manage their daily work. The purpose
                 is to generate hypotheses for future research. A number
                 of implications for the design of flexible mail systems
                 are discussed. Two principal claims are made. First,
                 the use of electronic mail is strikingly diverse,
                 although not infinitely so. Individuals vary both in
                 objective measure of mail use and in preferred
                 strategies for managing work electronically. Feelings
                 of control are similarly diverse. This diversity
                 implies that one's own experiences with electronic mail
                 are unlikely to provide sufficient understanding of
                 other's uses of mail. The second claim is that
                 electronic mail is more than just a communication
                 system. Users archive messages for subject retrieval,
                 prioritize messages to sequence work activities, and
                 delegate tasks via mail. A taxonomy of work management
                 is proposed in which mail is used for information
                 management, time management, and task management
                 activities.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliation =  "MIT",
  affiliationaddress = "Cambridge, MA, USA",
  classification = "461; 723",
  conference =   "Selected Papers from the Conference on
                 Computer-Supported Cooperative Work",
  journalabr =   "ACM Trans Off Inf Syst",
  keywords =     "Computer Supported Cooperative Work;
                 Computer-supported cooperative work; Electronic mail;
                 Electronic Mail; Human factors; Human Factors; Inf.
                 systems applications; Information filtering;
                 Information Lens; Management; Office Automation; Task
                 management; Task Management; Time management; Time
                 Management",
  meetingaddress = "Portland, OR, USA",
  meetingdate =  "Sep 26--28 1988",
  meetingdate2 = "09/26--28/88",
  sponsor =      "ACM, SIGOIS; ACM, SIGCHI; Lotus Development Corp;
                 Xerox Corp",
}

@Article{Trigg:1988:GTT,
  author =       "Randall H. Trigg",
  title =        "Guided Tours and Tabletops: Tools for Communicating in
                 a Hypertext Environment",
  journal =      j-TOOIS,
  volume =       "6",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "398--414",
  month =        oct,
  year =         "1988",
  CODEN =        "ATOSDO",
  ISSN =         "0734-2047",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 19:04:41 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database;
                 ftp://ftp.ira.uka.de/pub/bibliography/Database/Graefe.bib;
                 http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Database/Graefe.html;
                 http://www.acm.org/pubs/tois/toc.html;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  note =         "Selected Papers from the Conference on
                 Computer-Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW '88).",
  URL =          "http://www.acm.org:80",
  abstract =     "The author of a complex hypertext document is often
                 faced with the problem of conveying the document's
                 meaning to future readers through a shared computer
                 environment. Two tools implemented in the NoteCards
                 hypertext environment, guided tours and tabletops,
                 allow authors to employ annotation, graphic layout, and
                 ordered presentation when communicating to readers.
                 This paper describes these tools and gives examples of
                 their use. Issues of remote pointing arising from an
                 application in legal argumentation are discussed as
                 well as early work on the use of these tools to support
                 sharing of hypertext strategies among NoteCards
                 users.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  affiliation =  "Xerox Palo Alto Research Cent",
  affiliationaddress = "Palo Alto, CA, USA",
  classification = "722; 723; 903",
  conference =   "Selected Papers from the Conference on
                 Computer-Supported Cooperative Work",
  journalabr =   "ACM Trans Off Inf Syst",
  keywords =     "Collaborative work; Computer Based Cooperative Work;
                 Computer Graphics; Computer Interfaces; Design;
                 Experimentation; Human factors; Hypermedia; Hypertext;
                 Inf. systems applications; Information Retrieval;
                 Information Science; Miscellaneous; Models and
                 principles; NoteCards; Remote Pointing; Text
                 processing; Types of systems; User/machine systems",
  meetingaddress = "Portland, OR, USA",
  meetingdate =  "Sep 26--28 1988",
  meetingdate2 = "09/26--28/88",
  sponsor =      "ACM, SIGOIS; ACM, SIGCHI; Lotus Development Corp;
                 Xerox Corp",
}

%%% ====================================================================
%%% Cross-referenced entries must come last:
@Proceedings{Hewitt:1986:COI,
  editor =       "Carl Hewitt and Stanley B. Zdonik",
  booktitle =    "1986 Conference on Office Information Systems",
  title =        "1986 Conference on Office Information Systems",
  volume =       "4(3)",
  publisher =    pub-ACM,
  address =      pub-ACM:adr,
  pages =        "185--287",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1986",
  CODEN =        "ATISET",
  ISSN =         "1046-8188",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 19:04:41 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  series =       j-TOOIS,
  abstract =     "This issue contains 5 conference papers. These papers
                 contribute to both laying theoretical foundations and
                 applying fundamental principles to existing office
                 information systems. The main theme of these papers is
                 using artificial intelligence (AI) to support and model
                 office information systems. The main subjects are
                 office information systems as open system, integration
                 of computing and routine work, office problem solving,
                 and visual interfaces for database systems. All papers
                 are separately indexed and abstracted.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  classification = "718; 721; 722; 723; 912",
  conference =   "1986 Conference on Office Information Systems.",
  editoraffiliation = "MIT, Artificial Intelligence Lab, Cambridge, MA,
                 USA",
  journalabr =   "ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems",
  keywords =     "Applications; computer networks; computer systems
                 programming --- Multiprocessing Programs; computers;
                 concurrent programming; digital --- Data Communication
                 Systems; electronic mail; knowledge representation;
                 management --- Information Systems; office automation;
                 semantic data model; user/machine systems",
  meetingaddress = "Providence, RI, USA",
}

@Proceedings{Greif:1988:SPC,
  editor =       "Irene Greif",
  booktitle =    "Selected Papers from the Conferences on
                 Computer-Supported Cooperative Work",
  title =        "Selected Papers from the Conferences on
                 Computer-Supported Cooperative Work",
  volume =       "6(4)",
  publisher =    pub-ACM,
  address =      pub-ACM:adr,
  pages =        "303--314",
  month =        oct,
  year =         "1988",
  CODEN =        "ATISET",
  ISSN =         "1046-8188",
  bibdate =      "Sat Jan 16 19:04:41 MST 1999",
  bibsource =    "Compendex database;
                 http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toois.bib",
  series =       j-TOOIS,
  abstract =     "This issue contains 5 conference papers dealing with
                 two system implementations, a field study, and two
                 systems in use. The specific topics include: IBIS, a
                 hypertext tool for exploratory policy discussion;
                 object lens, an object-oriented extension of the
                 earlier information lens system; the ways that
                 electronic information media can affect work group
                 structures and experiences of group members; the ways
                 that individual workers use their electronic mail
                 systems; and two tools; `guided tours' and `tabletop',
                 that facilitate communication between hypertext authors
                 and readers. All papers are separately indexed and
                 abstracted.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  classification = "722; 723",
  conference =   "Selected Papers from the Conference on
                 Computer-Supported Cooperative Work",
  conferenceyear = "1988",
  editoraddress = "Cambridge, MA, USA",
  editoraffiliation = "Lotus Development Corp",
  journalabr =   "ACM Trans Inf Syst",
  keywords =     "Computer Graphics; Computer Interfaces; Computer
                 Supported Cooperative Work; Computer Systems; Database
                 Systems; Digital; Electronic Mail; gIBIS; Hypertext;
                 Object Lens; Office Automation; Work Group Structures",
  meetingaddress = "Portland, OR, USA",
  meetingdate =  "Sep 26--28 1988",
  meetingdate2 = "09/26--28/88",
  sponsor =      "ACM, SIGOIS; ACM, SIGCHI; Lotus Development Corp;
                 Xerox Corp",
}