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% apacite.tex : citation according to APA manual - documentation
%
% author: Erik Meijer (Meijer@rulfsw.LeidenUniv.nl)
%
% simply LaTeX this document to obtain documentation of the
% apacite.sty/apacite.bst citation styles
% see also readme.apa
%
% If you change anything to this file, you must rename it. 
%

\documentclass[12pt,a4paper]{article}
\usepackage{doc}

\title{Citation and Reference List According to APA Manual}
\author{Erik Meijer\\
        Department of Psychometrics and Research Methodology\\
        Leiden University\\
        PO Box 9555\\
        2300 RB Leiden\\
        The Netherlands\\
        E-Mail: Meijer@rulfsw.LeidenUniv.nl
}
\newcommand{\LC}{\mbox{${}^{\dag}$}}
\renewcommand{\date}{December 22, 1994}
\begin{document}
\pretolerance=5000
\tolerance=5000
\hyphenpenalty=10000
\exhyphenpenalty=10000
\MakeShortVerb\|
\maketitle

\section{Introduction}

The American Psychological Association (APA) is very strict in the style
submitted articles to its journals must obey. An important part of
this style is the way citations should be typed. All requirements
of the APA can be found in the \emph{Publication Manual of the 
American Psychological Association} (3rd ed., 1983; revisions, 1984),
Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, in the sequel
just called the \emph{APA manual}.

    Several authors have written \TeX{} and \LaTeX{} packages (|.sty|)
and \textsc{Bib}\TeX{} style files (|.bst|) with suggestive names as
|apa|, |apalike|, |apalike2|, |newapa|, |theapa| to try to capture
some of the requirements of the APA manual. A severe problem with
the APA citations is that, if the number of authors is between 
three and five, inclusive, the first citation must include all
authors, whereas subsequent citations should refer to the first author
``et al.''. This problem was solved by Young U. Ryu in his
|theapa| package and bibstyle.

    A lot of APA peculiarities, however, were not covered by these
citation styles. Examples are:
\begin{itemize}
    \item In the reference list, authors should be formatted with
          their initials after their surnames. Editors, however,
          should be formatted with their initials before their
          surnames if they are not in the author position. 
    \item If the work referred to is a non-English-language source, 
          the English translation of the title should be given in
          brackets after the title.
    \item Volume and edition of a book and the pages of an article 
          in a book should be together between parentheses.
    \item The publisher of a book and its address should be given as
          ``address: publisher'', and not as ``publisher, address''.
    \item When the work used is a reprint or translation of an 
          earlier work, this should be mentioned in the reference
          list and in text, the year must be given in the form
          ``1923/1961''.
    \item There are several ``tricky'' things with brackets and
          parentheses, for example, with the type of an article
          (e.g., ``Letter to the editor'', ``Review of [some book]'',
          ``Summary'', ``Special issue''); magazines and newspapers
          are treated differently than journal articles; papers
          presented at meetings must be treated differently;
          translators of articles and books and chairs of symposia must be
          introduced; an article can have editors instead of authors
          (e.g., with a special issue); a PhD thesis can be abstracted
          in \emph{Dissertation Abstracts International}; a (technical)
          report of some institution can be an (edited) collection of
          articles.
\end{itemize}
The |apacite| package and bibstyle are devised to get closer to the APA rules
than the abovementioned other packages and styles.

    The |apacite.sty| package consists for a large part of the
citation part of |theapa.sty|. The main difference is that
in |apacite.sty|, ``no-parentheses'' citation commands are
provided. These can be used in tricky citations as
``Merckens (1991; Bekker, Merckens, \&{} Wansbeek, 1994) showed ....'',
which can be typed as
``|\citeauthor{Merc91}| |(\citeyearNP{Merc91};| |\citeNP{BMW94}) showed ....|''.
Although this is not ideal, every (?) kind of in-text citation should
now be possible.  

    By the way, it seems desirable that citation package writers
use the same citation commands for the same purposes, and support
them all. Because of the peculiarities of author-year type citations,
a lot of extra commands have been introduced. If one would switch
to one of the more standard type citation styles, sensible
definitions of all these citation commands should be available.
Concerning the different author-year citation styles, they should
leave similar results with the same citation commands. For example,
|\citeA| should always lead to citations of the form
``author (year)'', and |\cite| should always lead to citations of
the form ``(author, year)'' or vice versa.

    Although the |apacite.bst| started out as a slightly adapted version
of |theapa.bst|, the number of changes became so large and things
became so unmanageable that I decided to write a completely new
bibstyle, although using some small parts of the original. The
|apacite.bst| file can therefore not anymore be seen as an adaptation of 
|theapa.bst|. This is the reason why the name is not |theapa2.bst|
or similarly. Due to the inconsistent and complex rules of the 
APA manual, it has become a large file. In the process of writing, the error 
|You've exceeded BibTeX's wizard-defined function space| was very hard
to overcome, but at last, it appears to be working. But, beware
if you make changes (which are usually extensions)! You might run into
the same problem again. (The solution is, of course, to recompile
\textsc{Bib}\TeX{} with a larger function space, but this makes the 
style less portable.)

    The final result, however, is not entirely capable of formatting
every possible reference correctly, although the instances of
wrong cases will be very rare. Many problems can be solved by
``tricking'' the style (e.g., by defining the |number| field as
``|2, Serial No. 186|'' if the issue number and serial number of
a journal are both important), but this makes the |.bib| file
less compatible with other styles. More problems, omissions, and
things-to-be-done can be found in section~\ref{sec-problems}.

    In section~\ref{sec-cite}, the in-text citation commands are
described. Section~\ref{sec-bib} describes the format of the
|.bib| file. Section~\ref{sec-punc} will discuss customization 
of the package.


\section{Citations with \texttt{apacite.sty}\label{sec-cite}}

If the |apacite| package is loaded, the following citation
commands can be used.
\begin{description}
    \item[\texttt{$\backslash$cite<prefix>[postfix]\{keys\}}]
    \item[\texttt{$\backslash$fullcite<prefix>[postfix]\{keys\}}]
    \item[\texttt{$\backslash$shortcite<prefix>[postfix]\{keys\}}]
         These three commands write \\ |\citation{keys}| on the |.aux|
         file, and produce a citation of the following form:
         ``(prefix Authors1, Year1; Authors2, Year2; ..., postfix)'',
         where the opening and closing parentheses and the commas and
         semicolons between author and year and between citations
         and between citations and postfix can be changed by the appropriate
         punctuation commands (see section~\ref{sec-punc}). The
         command |\fullcite| uses the ``full'' author list, and
         the |\shortcite| command uses the abbreviated author list.
         The |\cite| command uses the ``full'' list the first time
         a work is referenced and the ``short'' list the second and
         subsequent times. The ``full'' and ``short'' lists are
         defined by the |.bst| file, and, in accordance with the 
         APA manual, the ``full'' list consists of all authors if their
         number is five or less, and the first author suffixed
         with ``et al.'' (or whatever is defined by the command
         |\BOthers|) if their number is six or more. Similarly,
         the ``short'' list consists of all authors if their number 
         is two or less and the first author with ``et al.'' if their
         number is three or more. 

             The prefix and postfix are optional. The ``and'' before
         the last author of a citation is defined by the command
         |\BBAA|.
    \item[\texttt{$\backslash$citeA[postfix]\{keys\}}]
    \item[\texttt{$\backslash$fullciteA[postfix]\{keys\}}]
    \item[\texttt{$\backslash$shortciteA[postfix]\{keys\}}]
         These commands are similar to the \\ commands without the ``A''
         suffix. They produce citations of the form
         ``Authors1 (Year1), ..., AuthorsN (YearN, postfix)''.
         The parentheses are defined by the same commands as above, 
         and the ``and'' before the last author of a citation is 
         given by the command |\BBAB|.
    \item[\texttt{$\backslash$citeauthor\{keys\}}]
    \item[\texttt{$\backslash$fullciteauthor\{keys\}}]
    \item[\texttt{$\backslash$shortciteauthor\{keys\}}]
        These commands are similar to their |*A| \\ 
        counterparts, except that
        they produce citations of the form
        ``Authors1, ..., AuthorsN'' (the year is left out).
        The ``and'' before the last author is given by the |\BBAB|
        command. 
    \item[\texttt{$\backslash$citeyear[postfix]\{keys\}}]
        Produces citations of the form
        ``(Year1, ..., YearN, postfix)''. 
    \item[\texttt{$\backslash$citeyearNP[postfix]\{keys\}}]
        A ``no parentheses'' version of |\citeyear|.
        Produces citations of the form
        ``Year1, ..., YearN, postfix''.
    \item[\texttt{$\backslash$citeNP<prefix>[postfix]\{keys\}}]
    \item[\texttt{$\backslash$fullciteNP<prefix>[postfix]\{keys\}}]
    \item[\texttt{$\backslash$shortciteNP<prefix>[postfix]\{keys\}}]
        ``No parentheses'' versions of |\cite|, |\fullcite|, and
        |\shortcite|. They produce citations of the form
        ``prefix Authors1, Year1; Authors2, Year2; ..., postfix''.
    \item[\texttt{$\backslash$nocite\{keys\}}]
        The entries are included in the bibliography without
        being cited in text. This is standard \LaTeX.
\end{description}




\section{Making a \texttt{.bib} file for use with \texttt{apacite.bst}%
    \label{sec-bib}}

To be able to obey the rules (and lots of exceptions) of the APA manual,
lots of new entries (fields) and reference types had to be introduced. In
section~\ref{subsec-entries}, the entries will be described, and in
section~\ref{subsec-types}, the reference types will be described.

\subsection{Entries\label{subsec-entries}}

The following entries can be used to describe a reference in the 
|.bib| file.%
\begin{itemize}
    \item[address\LC{}\footnotemark{}] %
       \footnotetext{The symbol \LC{} means that the 
       item is also described in the \LaTeX book by Leslie
       Lamport and/or the \LaTeX{} Companion by Goossens,
       Mittelbach, and Samarin, although the specific meaning
       of the item may be (a little) different.} 
       The address (usually only the city) of the
       publisher, or school, or institution, or whatever
       published the item.
    \item[{annote\LC}] This is used in some annotated bibliography
       styles. It is not used by |apacite|, but no warning
       is given either. It is thus simply ignored.
    \item[author\LC] The author(s) of the work.
    \item[booktitle\LC] The title of the book or report in which an 
       article was published.
    \item[chair] The chair(s) of a symposium or meeting. Used for lectures.
       It is formatted the same way as editors. 
    \item[chapter\LC] Not used. Although the APA manual defines an
       abbreviation for chapter, it is never used in the examples.
    \item[day] The day of the month the referenced item was published
       (or whatever). Mainly used for magazine or newspaper articles or
       lectures.
    \item[edition\LC] The edition of the book or report. This must be
       of the form 1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc. Future work may provide routines
       to handle numbers only (1, 2, 3, etc.), so that 
       language-specific texts are avoided.
    \item[editor\LC] The editor(s) of a book (or whatever).
    \item[englishtitle] The English translation of an item with a non-English
       title. 
    \item[firstkey] The |firstkey| field, if not empty, is used as
       author for the first citation to an item (subsequent citations
       use the |key| field). This can be used if there is no author 
       or editor field that can be used for citations, or in certain cases
       with corporate authors, where the citation in the text uses
       an abbreviation of the author's name for second and subsequent
       citation, where the abbreviation is introduced in the first citation.
    \item[howpublished\LC] A description of how something was published,
       for example, ``Unpublished manuscript'' or ``Paper presented
       at the Fourth International Conference on \TeX{} Addiction''.
    \item[institution\LC] The institution or university (or whatever) 
       that published a technical report.
    \item[journal\LC] The journal, magazine, newspaper, etc.{} in which an 
       article or abstract of a thesis was published.
    \item[key\LC] See |firstkey|. The |key| field, if not empty,
       is used for for second and subsequent citations, or all citations 
       if |firstkey| is missing. If |author| is empty and |editor| is empty
       or can not be used as author (e.g., in |incollection|), the
       |key| field is necessary to obtain a useful citation. This is
       so, because the APA manual requires an abbreviation of the
       title as in-text citation, and the abbreviation must be
       sensible. Therefore, in these cases, the user must provide
       one (note the quotes the APA manual requires).
    \item[month\LC] The month something was published. Mainly used for
       magazine or newspaper articles and lectures. Use the month
       macros |jan|, |feb|, etc.
    \item[note\LC] A note. This can be used for anything you like. See the
       APA manual for examples. Do not use it to denote the original
       publication of a reprint or translation, because the 
       |originalyear| field must be used in those cases to obtain
       the correct citation (e.g., Freud, 1923/1961).
    \item[number\LC] The number of journal issue or report. This can be
       complex, for example, ``|PRM 92-01|'', or 
       ``|5, Pt. 2|'', or ``|10, Serial No. 134|''. Note that
       these latter examples imply that the generality (language and
       style independence) of the |.bib| file is somewhat lost.
    \item[organization\LC] Used for |unpublished| to denote 
       the organization in which the unpublished work was produced.
         %
         % for reprints, translations, etc.
         %
    \item[originaladdress] 
    \item[originalbooktitle]
    \item[originaledition]  
    \item[originaleditor]   
    \item[originaljournal]
    \item[originalnumber]   
    \item[originalpages]     
    \item[originalpublisher] 
    \item[originalvolume]    
    \item[originalyear] These (|original*-|) fields have the same 
        meaning as their
        counterparts without the ``original'' prefix, except that they
        refer to the book or journal in which the work was originally
        published. This can be used in referring to translations
        or reprints of articles in journals or books. If the original 
        work is a book or other ``standalone'' work (except theses), only 
        the |originalyear| field should be used. If the original work
        is a (PhD) thesis, which is also abstracted in \emph{Dissertation
        Abstracts Internation}, or comparable, the |originalyear| 
        field should be used to denote the year of the dissertation
        and the |year| field to denote the year of publication of
        the abstract.
         %
         % back to normal
         %
    \item[pages\LC] The (inclusive) page numbers of the journal or book
        the article that is referred to was published in. Note that
        if a range of pages is given (which is usually the case), an
        en-dash should be used: ``|29--43|''.
    \item[publisher\LC] The publisher of a book.
    \item[school\LC] The school or university for which a PhD thesis or
        master's thesis was written.
    \item[series\LC] Not used.
    \item[symposium] The name of the symposium or meeting at which a
        lecture was given.
    \item[text] Used for items of type |literal|. This field contains
        the literal text to be used in the bibliography.
    \item[title\LC] The title of the work.
    \item[translator] The translator of a book or article. This should
        be formatted in the same way as |author| and |editor|.
        If the |translator| and |editor| fields are identical, they are
        formatted as if there was only an editor, except that the
        editor receives the suffix ``(Ed. and Trans.)'' instead of
        just ``(Ed.)'', or similarly if there is more than 1 editor,
        or if the commands |\BED|, |\BTRANS|, |\BEDS|, |\BTRANSS|, and
        |\BAnd| are redefined.
    \item[type\LC] The type of |phdthesis| (e.g., 
        |Doctoral dissertation|) or type of |article| (e.g., 
        |Letter to the editor|) or  type of |misc| (e.g.,
        |Cassette recording|), and similar types.
    \item[volume\LC] The volume or volumes of the book(s) referenced or
        the book in which the article was published, or the volume
        of the journal in which the article was published.
    \item[year\LC] The year in which the referenced item was published, or
        if it was not published, the year in which it was written.
        For accepted manuscripts or books that have not yet been 
        published, ``in press'' can be used. The best way to do this
        is to use the ``|\BIP|'' command, which can be redefined
        by the user if the language or editorial style requires
        something else than ``in press''.
\end{itemize}


\subsection{Types of References\label{subsec-types}}

The work referenced to must be any of the following categories.
In each category (or entry type) it is indicated which fields are
relevant and which use they have. The |firstkey| and |key| fields 
can be used by each kind of entry, and the |note| field by each kind
of entry except |literal|.
\begin{itemize}
    \item[article\LC] A journal article or comparable. Obvious fields are
        |author|, |year|, |title|, |journal|, |volume|, |pages|. If
        the ``article'' referenced to is a special issue of a journal
        or something else that has editors instead of authors, the
        |author| field should be empty and the |editor| field should
        be used for the editors. If it is a non-English article, the
        English translation of the title should be given in the
        |englishtitle| field. If the journal paginates by issue instead
        of by volume, the issue number should be given in the
        |number| field. The |type| field can be used to denote
        the type of article, for example, ``Letter to the editor'',
        or ``Review of [some book or so]''. The |translator| field and
        |original*| fields can be used where appropriate.
    \item[magazine] A magazine article. The fields that can be used are
        the same as with |article|, except that the |month| and |day|
        fields can also be used. The pages are formatted a little 
        different (with ``|pp. 23--49|'' instead of just ``|23--49|'').
    \item[newspaper] This is equivalent to |magazine|.
    \item[book\LC] An entire book. Obvious fields are |author| or |editor|,
        |year|, |title|, |volume|, |edition|, |address|,
        |publisher|. The |englishtitle|, |translator|, and |original*|
        fields can be used in the same way as with |article|.
    \item[incollection\LC] An article in a (usually edited) book. Obvious
        fields are |author|, |year|, |title|, |editor|, |booktitle|,
        |volume|, |edition|, |pages|, |address|, |publisher|.
        The |englishtitle|, |translator|, and |original*|
        fields can be used in the same way as with |article|.
    \item[techreport\LC] A report of some institution. Obvious fields are
        |author|, |year|, |title|, |englishtitle|, |type| 
        (which is the type of report,
        e.g., ``Technical report'', or ``Cardiac arrest report''),
        |number| (the report number, e.g., ``CA-94-005''), |institution|,
        |address|. The |volume| and |edition| fields can also be used.
        If the report is an edited collection of articles, the
        |editor| field can be used instead of the |author| field.
    \item[intechreport] An article in a (usually edited) report. 
        Obvious fields are |author|, |year|, |title|, |editor|,
        |booktitle| (which is in this case the title of the entire
        report), |pages|, |type| (the type of report), |number|, 
        |institution|, |address|. The |englishtitle|, |translator|, 
        and |original*| fields can also be used.
    \item[lecture] A paper presented at some meeting. Obvious fields
        are |author|, |year|, |month|, |day| (although APA manual
        mentions only month), |title|. The |symposium| field can be
        used for the name of the symposium and the |chair| field
        for the chair of the meeting. The |howpublished| field
        should be used to indicate the occasion at which the 
        paper was presented if the |symposium| field is empty (e.g.,
        |Paper presented at the First International Conference|
        |on Bubblegum Marketing|). It can also be used to give 
        additional information about the symposium if the 
        |symposium| field is not empty.
    \item[phdthesis\LC] A doctoral dissertation. For unpublished
        theses, the obvious fields are |author|, |year|, |title|,
        |englishtitle|, |school|, |address|. The |type| field can
        be used for the thesis type (e.g., ``PhD thesis''). If it
        is empty, the default type (the command |\BUPhD|, which
        has the default value ``Unpublished doctoral dissertation'')
        is used.

            If the thesis is abstracted in \emph{Dissertation
        Abstracts International} or similar, then the |journal|,
        |volume|, |number|, and |pages| fields can be used as
        with journal articles. The |year| field should denote the
        year of the `journal'. The |originalyear| field can be used
        to denote the year of the original thesis, if it is different
        from the year of the abstract. According to the APA manual,
        this should only be mentioned if the original thesis is used,
        and not the abstract. In this case, the |school| and
        |type| fields can be used as in the `unpublished thesis' case,
        except that the |type| default is given by |\BPhD|, which has
        a default value of ``Doctoral dissertation''.
    \item[mastersthesis\LC] This is equivalent to the ``|phdthesis|''
        type, except that the default `unpublished' and `published'
        |type|s are |\BUMTh| and |\BMTh|, with default values
        ``Unpublished master's thesis'' and ``Master's thesis''.
    \item[unpublished\LC] For unpublished manuscripts and similarly
        `obscure' material. Fields that can be used are |author| or
        |editor|, |year|, |month|, |day|, |title|, |englishtitle|,
        |type| and |number|. The |howpublished| field can be used
        to indicate what kind of thing is referred to (e.g.,
        ``Unpublished manuscript''), and |organization| and
        |address| can be used to denote the organization (e.g.,
        ``Leiden University'') in which the document was
        produced and the address of the organization. These
        are formatted as ``Leiden University, Leiden''.
    \item[misc\LC] For ``things'' that don't fit the other
        categories, such as films, cassette recordings, and the like.
        Fields that can be used are |author| or |editor|, |title|,
        |year|, |month|, |day|, |type|, |number|, |howpublished|,
        |address|, and |publisher|. The address and publisher part
        is formatted as with books. The |unpublished| and |misc|
        types are very similar. The main difference is that
        |unpublished| uses the |organization| field and |misc|
        uses the |publisher| field, and they are formatted
        differently. Further, the |unpublished| type requires
        |author|, |editor|, |title|, or |type|, whereas with
        |misc|, |howpublished| takes the first position if these
        fields are all empty.
    \item[literal] If the other categories do not format the item
        correctly, this category can be used. The |text| field
        is copied literally to the bibliography. The |firstkey|,
        |key|, |year| (and possibly |originalyear|) fields are
        necessary to get the correct in-text citations.
    \item[booklet\LC]
    \item[inbook\LC]
    \item[inproceedings\LC]
    \item[manual\LC]
    \item[proceedings\LC] These categories are defined by all standard
        citation styles. They are, however, not needed for the examples
        in the APA manual. For compatibility, however, they are
        included and defined as follows: |booklet| = |manual| =
        |proceedings| = |misc|; |inbook| = |inproceedings| =
        |incollection|.
\end{itemize}


\section{Cite Punctuation and Labels\label{sec-punc}}

\subsection{Punctuation}

The following punctuation commands are provided and used for citations
and reference list. They can be redefined by the user by 
|\renewcommand|.
\begin{description}
  \item[\texttt{$\backslash$BBOP}] Open parenthesis, used for parentheses opening
      a citation, as in |(Rao, 1973)| or |Rao (1973)|, and 
      year field in reference list, as in |Rao, C. R. (1973).|
      Default is ``|(|''. 
  \item[\texttt{$\backslash$BBAA}] Last ``and'' between authors in parentheses 
      and reference section, as in |(Mooijaart| |\&{}| |Bentler, 1986)|
      or |Mooijaart, A.,| |\&{}| |Bentler, P. M. (1986).|
      Default is ``|\&|''.
  \item[\texttt{$\backslash$BBAB}] Last ``and'' between authors in text, as in
      |Mooijaart| |and| |Bentler| |(1986)|. Default is ``|and|''. 
  \item[\texttt{$\backslash$BBAY}] Punctuation between author(s) and year in citation
      in parentheses, as in |(Rao, 1973)|. Default is ``|, |''. 
  \item[\texttt{$\backslash$BBC}] Punctuation between multiple cites, as in
      |(Rao,| |1973;| |Mooijaart| |\&{}| |Bentler, 1986)|.
      Default is ``|; |''.    
  \item[\texttt{$\backslash$BBN}] Punctuation before note after citation, as in
      |(Rao,| |1973,| |chapter 2)|. Default is ``|, |''. 
  \item[\texttt{$\backslash$BBCP}] Closing parenthesis, used for parentheses closing
      a citation, as in |(Rao, 1973)| or |Rao (1973)|, and 
      year field in reference list, as in |Rao, C. R. (1973).|
      Default is ``|)|''. 
  \item[\texttt{$\backslash$BBOQ}] Opening quote for article title in 
      reference list,
      as in |``Random| |polynomial| |factor| |analysis.''| Default is
      the empty string: no quotes used.
  \item[\texttt{$\backslash$BBCQ}] Closing quote for article title in reference list.
      Default is the empty string. (Note that |theapa.sty| required
      the closing period to be part of the closing quote. This has been
      changed, because the period must be left out if title comments,
      such as type, English translation of non-English title, or
      translator follow the title.)
  \item[\texttt{$\backslash$BCBT}] Comma between authors in reference section when 
      number of authors is two, as in 
      ``|Mooijaart, A., \&{} Bentler, P. M. (1986).|'' The comma
      after the ``|A.|'' is this one. Default is ``|,|''.
  \item[\texttt{$\backslash$BCBL}] Comma before last author in citation and 
      reference section, as in ``|(Gill,| |Murray,| |\&{}| |Wright,| |1981)|''
      or ``|Gill, P. E.,| |Murray, W.,| |\&{}| |Wright, M. H.| |(1981).|''
      Default is ``|,|''. 
\end{description}

    If there are multiple citations with the same author and year, a letter
should be added to the year to distinguish the references. For example, one
may refer to two or more articles by J. Smith published in 1982. They should
be referred to as ``|Smith, 1982a|'', ``|Smith, 1982b|'', and so forth.
To accomplish this, the counter |BibCnt| is defined in |apacite.sty|, and
the commands |\BCnt| and |\BCntIP| are defined, which convert the counter
number to a letter. The command |\BCntIP| is used for multiple ``in press''
references with the same author (the ``in press'' should be defined by
``|\BIP|'', see below), and the command |\BCnt| is used for other
references. \textsc{Bib}\TeX{} calls these commands by
|\BCnt{|\emph{number}|}| or |\BCntIP{|\emph{number}|}|, where
\emph{number} is simply 1, 2, \ldots{} . Their definitions are
\begin{verbatim}
  \newcommand{\BCnt}[1]%
    {\setcounter{BibCnt}{#1}\alph{BibCnt}}
\end{verbatim}
and
\begin{verbatim}
  \newcommand{\BCntIP}[1]%
    {\setcounter{BibCnt}{#1}{}-\alph{BibCnt}},
\end{verbatim}
respectively. These commands can also be redefined by |\renewcommand| if
desirable. For example,
\begin{verbatim}
  \renewcommand{\BCnt}[1]%
    {\setcounter{BibCnt}{#1}\emph{\alph{BibCnt}}}
  \renewcommand{\BCntIP}[1]%
    {\setcounter{BibCnt}{#1}{}-\emph{\alph{BibCnt}}}
\end{verbatim}
would emphasize (italicize) the ``|a|'', ``|b|'', and so forth.


\subsection{Labels}

The following label commands are used in the reference section. They
can be changed by the user by |\renewcommand|. These are (at least)
language-specific, and therefore they are used in |apacite.bst|
as commands, so as to improve the generality.
\begin{description}
    \item[\texttt{$\backslash$BOthers}] Used for ``others'' if number of authors
        is too large, as in ``|(Gill et~al., 1981)|''. 
        Default is ``|et~al.|''. 
    \item[\texttt{$\backslash$BIP}] ``In press'', the string to be used as year for
        in-press-references. In the |.bib| file, the 
        |year| field should be ``|\BIP|''. 
        Default is ``|in press|''.
    \item[\texttt{$\backslash$BAnd}] Used as ``and'' for ``editor and translator'', as in
        ``|In| |P. Watzlawick| |(Ed. and Trans.)|''.
        Default is ``|and|''. 
    \item[\texttt{$\backslash$BED}] Editor in reference list, as in 
        ``|In P. R. Krishnaiah (Ed.)|''. Default is
        ``|Ed.|''.
    \item[\texttt{$\backslash$BEDS}] Editors (more than one editor) in reference list,
        as in ``|In| |C. R. Rao| |\&{}| |J. K. Ghosh| |(Eds.)|''.
        Default is ``|Eds.|''. 
    \item[\texttt{$\backslash$BTRANS}] Translator. Default is ``|Trans.|''.
    \item[\texttt{$\backslash$BTRANSS}] Translators. Default is ``|Trans.|''.
    \item[\texttt{$\backslash$BCHAIR}] Chair of a symposium, etc. 
        Default is ``|Chair|''.
    \item[\texttt{$\backslash$BCHAIRS}] Chairs. Default is ``|Chairs|''.
    \item[\texttt{$\backslash$BVOL}] Volume, as in ``|Vol. 1|''.
        Default is ``|Vol.|''.
    \item[\texttt{$\backslash$BVOLS}] Volumes, as in ``|Vols. 1--4|''.
        Default is ``|Vols.|''.
    \item[\texttt{$\backslash$BNUM}] Number, as in ``|Tech. Rep. No. 12|''.
        Default is ``|No.|''.
    \item[\texttt{$\backslash$BNUMS}] Numbers, as in ``|Nos. 3--5|''.
        Default is ``|Nos.|''.
    \item[\texttt{$\backslash$BEd}] Edition, as in ``|2nd ed.|''.
        Default is ``|ed.|''.
    \item[\texttt{$\backslash$BPG}] Page, default is ``|p.|''.
    \item[\texttt{$\backslash$BPGS}] Pages, default is ``|pp.|''.
    \item[\texttt{$\backslash$BTR}] The (default) technical report type name, which can be
        overridden by the |type| entry. Default is
        ``|Tech.\ Rep.|'' 
    \item[\texttt{$\backslash$BPhD}] The (default) PhD thesis type name, which can be
        overridden by the |type| entry. Default is
        ``|Doctoral dissertation|''.
    \item[\texttt{$\backslash$BUPhD}] The (default) Unpublished PhD thesis type name, 
        which can be overridden by the |type| entry. Default is
        ``|Unpublished| |doctoral| |dissertation|''. 
    \item[\texttt{$\backslash$BMTh}] The (default) master's thesis type name, which can be
        overridden by the |type| entry. Default is
        ``|Master's thesis|''.
    \item[\texttt{$\backslash$BUMTh}] The (default) unpublished master's thesis type name, 
        which can be overridden by the |type| entry. Default is
        ``|Unpublished| |master's| |thesis|''. 
    \item[\texttt{$\backslash$BOWP}] ``Original work published'', default is
        ``|Original work published |''.
    \item[\texttt{$\backslash$BREPR}] ``Reprinted from'', default is
        ``|Reprinted from |''.
\end{description}

The name of the bibliography itself (i.e., the heading) is defined
by the commands |\refname| for articles and |\bibname|
for books and reports. More specifically, |\refname| is used
if |\chapter| is undefined, and |\bibname| is used
otherwise. The commands |\refname| and |\bibname| can also
be redefined by a |\renewcommand|. Default for both is
``References''.


\section{Problems, Things to be Done, etc.\label{sec-problems}}

The main problem is that the bibstyle needs to be ``tricked'' in
many cases, which leads to correctly formatted references in
APA style, but less compatibility of the |.bib| file with other
styles (in case APA journals reject your article...). In the
examples in the APA manual, frequently ``double'' references
are required, for example, if a thesis is also abstracted in
\emph{Dissertation Abstracts International}, this should be
reflected in the reference, and if it is obtained from
microfilm or electronic document service, or whatever, this
should also be mentioned.

    Similar problems are encountered with reprints, translations,
and works in languages other than English. With reprints and
translations, the original work should also be mentioned (at least
the year), with translations, the translator should be mentioned,
and with non-English works, the English translation of the title
should also be mentioned. Maybe the original-work problems can
partially be solved by |crossref|-field-like cross reference,
but cross referencing is absent from the current version.

    Another class of problems is the numbering of journals and
parts in journals. The usual way to refer to journal articles
is to give the journal name, the volume, and the page number(s)
of the article. If, however, a journal is paginated by issue,
instead of by volume, the issue number must be given between
parentheses directly following the volume. The issue number
must be given in the |number| field. Sometimes, however,
journals number their issues sequentially over volumes. In such
cases, serial numbers can be given after the issue number
per volume between the same parentheses:
``\emph{Journal}, \emph{12}(2, Serial No. 46)'', where 12 is
the volume number, 2 the issue number, and 46 the serial number.
In this case the |number| field should be ``|2, Serial No. 46|'',
which is a kind of ``tricking''. A similar problem is encountered
when the article referred to is a monograph that forms a whole
part of an issue. In such a case the |number| field should be,
for example, ``|4, Pt. 2|''. Maybe a |part| field, a |serialno|
field, and so on solve some of these problems, but the amount
of new fields necessary would cause the function space of
\textsc{Bib}\TeX{} to overflow.

    Many more of these problems exist, for example, with
the `director' and `producer' of a film, or a `speaker'
of a cassette recording, or a `publisher' and `distributor'
of all sorts of things. I haven't even looked at legal cases
(because I never refer to them and they don't appear in the
examples of the APA manual), but they will surely provide more
problems.

    Other known problems are:
\begin{description}
    \item[entry size] \textsc{Bib}\TeX{} predefines a global
        integer variable |entry.max$| that sets the maximum
        length of an entry. In the implementation I have, this variable
        is set to 100. It is easy to imagine titles that are longer
        than 100 characters. Works with many authors or authors with
        long names may easily lead to an excessive |author| field.
        Moreover, I had to split the |label| field into |full.label|,
        |label|, and |year.label| to be able to process the examples
        of the APA manual correctly (i.e., to keep below the
        maximum entry length). The most severe is this problem,
        however, with the |sort.key$| field. Sorting can only
        be done on this field, and the complete author-year-title
        list can easily exceed 100 characters. Therefore, some
        tricks were implemented, one of which is that the entry
        list is sorted three times, where |sort.key$| is, of course,
        defined differently in these cases.
    \item[authors with same last name] References to J. Smith and
        P. Smith in the same article or book. The in-text citation
        should be (J. Smith, 1980; P. Smith, 1978), instead of
        (Smith, 1978, 1980). It is unclear to me if
        ``A. Jones \&{} J. Smith'' and ``H. Miller \&{} P. Smith''
        should be referred to as ``(Jones \&{} J. Smith, 1980;
        Miller \&{} P. Smith, 1978)'', or if simply ``Jones \&{}
        Smith'' and ``Miller \&{} Smith'' are allowed in this case.
\end{description}

I guess lots of other problems will come up when using this
package/bibstyle combination, but at least I got it working
on the APA manual examples. These examples and how they are
processed by |apacite| can be found in
the accompanying files |testapa.tex| and |testapa.bib|.


\end{document}
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% EOF apacite.tex
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