package Win32::API; # See the bottom of this file for the POD documentation. Search for the # string '=head'. ####################################################################### # # Win32::API - Perl Win32 API Import Facility # # Version: 0.47 # Date: 12 Nov 2007 # Author: Aldo Calpini # Maintainer: Cosimo Streppone # # Changes for gcc/cygwin: Daniel Risacher # ported from 0.41 based on Daniel's patch by Reini Urban # # $Id: API.pm,v 1.0 2001/10/30 13:57:31 dada Exp $ # ####################################################################### require Exporter; # to export the constants to the main:: space require DynaLoader; # to dynuhlode the module. @ISA = qw( Exporter DynaLoader ); use vars qw( $DEBUG ); $DEBUG = 0; sub DEBUG { if ($Win32::API::DEBUG) { printf @_ if @_ or return 1; } else { return 0; } } use Win32::API::Type; use Win32::API::Struct; use File::Basename (); ####################################################################### # STATIC OBJECT PROPERTIES # $VERSION = '0.47'; #### some package-global hash to #### keep track of the imported #### libraries and procedures my %Libraries = (); my %Procedures = (); ####################################################################### # dynamically load in the API extension module. # bootstrap Win32::API; ####################################################################### # PUBLIC METHODS # sub new { my($class, $dll, $proc, $in, $out) = @_; my $hdll; my $self = {}; if ($^O eq 'cygwin' and $dll ne File::Basename::basename($dll)) { # need to convert $dll to win32 path # isn't there an API for this? my $newdll = `cygpath -w "$dll"`; chomp $newdll; DEBUG "(PM)new: converted '$dll' to\n '$newdll'\n"; $dll = $newdll; } #### avoid loading a library more than once if(exists($Libraries{$dll})) { DEBUG "Win32::API::new: Library '$dll' already loaded, handle=$Libraries{$dll}\n"; $hdll = $Libraries{$dll}; } else { DEBUG "Win32::API::new: Loading library '$dll'\n"; $hdll = Win32::API::LoadLibrary($dll); # $Libraries{$dll} = $hdll; } #### if the dll can't be loaded, set $! to Win32's GetLastError() if(!$hdll) { $! = Win32::GetLastError(); DEBUG "FAILED Loading library '$dll': $!\n"; delete $Libraries{$dll}; return undef; } #### determine if we have a prototype or not if( (not defined $in) and (not defined $out) ) { ($proc, $self->{in}, $self->{intypes}, $self->{out}) = parse_prototype( $proc ); return undef unless $proc; $self->{proto} = 1; } else { $self->{in} = []; if(ref($in) eq 'ARRAY') { foreach (@$in) { push(@{ $self->{in} }, type_to_num($_)); } } else { my @in = split '', $in; foreach (@in) { push(@{ $self->{in} }, type_to_num($_)); } } $self->{out} = type_to_num($out); } #### first try to import the function of given name... my $hproc = Win32::API::GetProcAddress($hdll, $proc); #### ...then try appending either A or W (for ASCII or Unicode) if(!$hproc) { my $tproc = $proc; $tproc .= (IsUnicode() ? "W" : "A"); # print "Win32::API::new: procedure not found, trying '$tproc'...\n"; $hproc = Win32::API::GetProcAddress($hdll, $tproc); } #### ...if all that fails, set $! accordingly if(!$hproc) { $! = Win32::GetLastError(); DEBUG "FAILED GetProcAddress for Proc '$proc': $!\n"; return undef; } DEBUG "GetProcAddress('$proc') = '$hproc'\n"; #### ok, let's stuff the object $self->{procname} = $proc; $self->{dll} = $hdll; $self->{dllname} = $dll; $self->{proc} = $hproc; #### keep track of the imported function $Libraries{$dll} = $hdll; $Procedures{$dll}++; DEBUG "Object blessed!\n"; #### cast the spell bless($self, $class); return $self; } sub Import { my($class, $dll, $proc, $in, $out) = @_; $Imported{"$dll:$proc"} = Win32::API->new($dll, $proc, $in, $out) or return 0; my $P = (caller)[0]; eval qq( sub ${P}::$Imported{"$dll:$proc"}->{procname} { \$Win32::API::Imported{"$dll:$proc"}->Call(\@_); } ); return $@ ? 0 : 1; } ####################################################################### # PRIVATE METHODS # sub DESTROY { my($self) = @_; #### decrease this library's procedures reference count $Procedures{$self->{dllname}}--; #### once it reaches 0, free it if($Procedures{$self->{dllname}} == 0) { DEBUG "Win32::API::DESTROY: Freeing library '$self->{dllname}'\n"; Win32::API::FreeLibrary($Libraries{$self->{dllname}}); delete($Libraries{$self->{dllname}}); } } sub type_to_num { my $type = shift; my $out = shift; my $num; if( $type eq 'N' or $type eq 'n' or $type eq 'l' or $type eq 'L' ) { $num = 1; } elsif($type eq 'P' or $type eq 'p' ) { $num = 2; } elsif($type eq 'I' or $type eq 'i' ) { $num = 3; } elsif($type eq 'f' or $type eq 'F' ) { $num = 4; } elsif($type eq 'D' or $type eq 'd' ) { $num = 5; } elsif($type eq 'c' or $type eq 'C' ) { $num = 6; } else { $num = 0; } unless(defined $out) { if( $type eq 's' or $type eq 'S' ) { $num = 51; } elsif($type eq 'b' or $type eq 'B' ) { $num = 22; } elsif($type eq 'k' or $type eq 'K' ) { $num = 101; } } return $num; } sub parse_prototype { my($proto) = @_; my @in_params = (); my @in_types = (); if($proto =~ /^\s*(\S+)\s+(\S+)\s*\(([^\)]*)\)/) { my $ret = $1; my $proc = $2; my $params = $3; $params =~ s/^\s+//; $params =~ s/\s+$//; DEBUG "(PM)parse_prototype: got PROC '%s'\n", $proc; DEBUG "(PM)parse_prototype: got PARAMS '%s'\n", $params; foreach my $param (split(/\s*,\s*/, $params)) { my($type, $name); if($param =~ /(\S+)\s+(\S+)/) { ($type, $name) = ($1, $2); } if(Win32::API::Type::is_known($type)) { if(Win32::API::Type::is_pointer($type)) { DEBUG "(PM)parse_prototype: IN='%s' PACKING='%s' API_TYPE=%d\n", $type, Win32::API::Type->packing( $type ), type_to_num('P'); push(@in_params, type_to_num('P')); } else { DEBUG "(PM)parse_prototype: IN='%s' PACKING='%s' API_TYPE=%d\n", $type, Win32::API::Type->packing( $type ), type_to_num( Win32::API::Type->packing( $type ) ); push(@in_params, type_to_num( Win32::API::Type->packing( $type ) )); } } elsif( Win32::API::Struct::is_known( $type ) ) { DEBUG "(PM)parse_prototype: IN='%s' PACKING='%s' API_TYPE=%d\n", $type, 'S', type_to_num('S'); push(@in_params, type_to_num('S')); } else { warn "Win32::API::parse_prototype: WARNING unknown parameter type '$type'"; push(@in_params, type_to_num('I')); } push(@in_types, $type); } DEBUG "parse_prototype: IN=[ @in_params ]\n"; if(Win32::API::Type::is_known($ret)) { if(Win32::API::Type::is_pointer($ret)) { DEBUG "parse_prototype: OUT='%s' PACKING='%s' API_TYPE=%d\n", $ret, Win32::API::Type->packing( $ret ), type_to_num('P'); return ( $proc, \@in_params, \@in_types, type_to_num('P') ); } else { DEBUG "parse_prototype: OUT='%s' PACKING='%s' API_TYPE=%d\n", $ret, Win32::API::Type->packing( $ret ), type_to_num( Win32::API::Type->packing( $ret ) ); return ( $proc, \@in_params, \@in_types, type_to_num(Win32::API::Type->packing($ret)) ); } } else { warn "Win32::API::parse_prototype: WARNING unknown output parameter type '$ret'"; return ( $proc, \@in_params, \@in_types, type_to_num('I') ); } } else { warn "Win32::API::parse_prototype: bad prototype '$proto'"; return undef; } } 1; __END__ ####################################################################### # DOCUMENTATION # =head1 NAME Win32::API - Perl Win32 API Import Facility =head1 SYNOPSIS #### Method 1: with prototype use Win32::API; $function = Win32::API->new( 'mydll, 'int sum_integers(int a, int b)', ); $return = $function->Call(3, 2); #### Method 2: with parameter list use Win32::API; $function = Win32::API->new( 'mydll', 'sum_integers', 'II', 'I', ); $return = $function->Call(3, 2); #### Method 3: with Import use Win32::API; Win32::API->Import( 'mydll', 'int sum_integers(int a, int b)', ); $return = sum_integers(3, 2); =for LATER-UNIMPLEMENTED #### or use Win32::API mydll => 'int sum_integers(int a, int b)'; $return = sum_integers(3, 2); =head1 ABSTRACT With this module you can import and call arbitrary functions from Win32's Dynamic Link Libraries (DLL), without having to write an XS extension. Note, however, that this module can't do anything (parameters input and output is limited to simpler cases), and anyway a regular XS extension is always safer and faster. The current version of Win32::API is available at my website: http://dada.perl.it/ It's also available on your nearest CPAN mirror (but allow a few days for worldwide spreading of the latest version) reachable at: http://www.perl.com/CPAN/authors/Aldo_Calpini/ A short example of how you can use this module (it just gets the PID of the current process, eg. same as Perl's internal C<$$>): use Win32::API; Win32::API->Import("kernel32", "int GetCurrentProcessId()"); $PID = GetCurrentProcessId(); The possibilities are nearly infinite (but not all are good :-). Enjoy it. =head1 CREDITS All the credits go to Andrea Frosini for the neat assembler trick that makes this thing work. I've also used some work by Dave Roth for the prototyping stuff. A big thank you also to Gurusamy Sarathy for his unvaluable help in XS development, and to all the Perl community for being what it is. =head1 DESCRIPTION To use this module put the following line at the beginning of your script: use Win32::API; You can now use the C function of the Win32::API module to create a new Win32::API object (see L) and then invoke the C method on this object to perform a call to the imported API (see L). Starting from version 0.40, you can also avoid creating a Win32::API object and instead automatically define a Perl sub with the same name of the API function you're importing. The details of the API definitions are the same, just the call is different: my $GetCurrentProcessId = Win32::API->new( "kernel32", "int GetCurrentProcessId()" ); my $PID = $GetCurrentProcessId->Call(); #### vs. Win32::API->Import("kernel32", "int GetCurrentProcessId()"); $PID = GetCurrentProcessId(); Note that C returns 1 on success and 0 on failure (in which case you can check the content of C<$^E>). =head2 IMPORTING A FUNCTION You can import a function from a 32 bit Dynamic Link Library (DLL) file with the C function. This will create a Perl object that contains the reference to that function, which you can later C. What you need to know is the prototype of the function you're going to import (eg. the definition of the function expressed in C syntax). Starting from version 0.40, there are 2 different approaches for this step: (the preferred) one uses the prototype directly, while the other (now deprecated) one uses Win32::API's internal representation for parameters. =head2 IMPORTING A FUNCTION BY PROTOTYPE You need to pass 2 parameters: =over 4 =item 1. The name of the library from which you want to import the function. =item 2. The C prototype of the function. =back See L for a list of the known parameter types and L for information on how to define a structure. =head2 IMPORTING A FUNCTION WITH A PARAMETER LIST You need to pass 4 parameters: =over 4 =item 1. The name of the library from which you want to import the function. =item 2. The name of the function (as exported by the library). =item 3. The number and types of the arguments the function expects as input. =item 4. The type of the value returned by the function. =back To better explain their meaning, let's suppose that we want to import and call the Win32 API C. This function is defined in C as: DWORD WINAPI GetTempPathA( DWORD nBufferLength, LPSTR lpBuffer ); This is documented in the B; you can look for it on the Microsoft's WWW site, or in your C compiler's documentation, if you own one. =over 4 =item B<1.> The first parameter is the name of the library file that exports this function; our function resides in the F system file. When specifying this name as parameter, the F<.DLL> extension is implicit, and if no path is given, the file is searched through a couple of directories, including: =over 4 =item 1. The directory from which the application loaded. =item 2. The current directory. =item 3. The Windows system directory (eg. c:\windows\system or system32). =item 4. The Windows directory (eg. c:\windows). =item 5. The directories that are listed in the PATH environment variable. =back So, you don't have to write F; only F is enough: $GetTempPath = new Win32::API('kernel32', ... =item B<2.> Now for the second parameter: the name of the function. It must be written exactly as it is exported by the library (case is significant here). If you are using Windows 95 or NT 4.0, you can use the B command on the DLL file to see the function it exports. Remember that you can only import functions from 32 bit DLLs: in Quick View, the file's characteristics should report somewhere "32 bit word machine"; as a rule of thumb, when you see that all the exported functions are in upper case, the DLL is a 16 bit one and you can't use it. If their capitalization looks correct, then it's probably a 32 bit DLL. Also note that many Win32 APIs are exported twice, with the addition of a final B or B to their name, for - respectively - the ASCII and the Unicode version. When a function name is not found, Win32::API will actually append an B to the name and try again; if the extension is built on a Unicode system, then it will try with the B instead. So our function name will be: $GetTempPath = new Win32::API('kernel32', 'GetTempPath', ... In our case C is really loaded as C. =item B<3.> The third parameter, the input parameter list, specifies how many arguments the function wants, and their types. It can be passed as a single string, in which each character represents one parameter, or as a list reference. The following forms are valid: "abcd" [a, b, c, d] \@LIST But those are not: (a, b, c, d) @LIST The number of characters, or elements in the list, specifies the number of parameters, and each character or element specifies the type of an argument; allowed types are: =over 4 =item C: value is an integer (int) =item C: value is a number (long) =item C: value is a floating point number (float) =item C: value is a double precision number (double) =item C: value is a char (char) =item C

: value is a pointer (to a string, structure, etc...) =item C: value is a Win32::API::Struct object (see below) =item C: value is a Win32::API::Callback object (see L) =back Our function needs two parameters: a number (C) and a pointer to a string (C): $GetTempPath = new Win32::API('kernel32', 'GetTempPath', 'NP', ... =item B<4.> The fourth and final parameter is the type of the value returned by the function. It can be one of the types seen above, plus another type named B (for C), used for functions that do not return a value. In our example the value returned by GetTempPath() is a C, so our return type will be B: $GetTempPath = new Win32::API('kernel32', 'GetTempPath', 'NP', 'N'); Now the line is complete, and the GetTempPath() API is ready to be used in Perl. Before calling it, you should test that $GetTempPath is C, otherwise either the function or the library could not be loaded; in this case, C<$!> will be set to the error message reported by Windows. Our definition, with error checking added, should then look like this: $GetTempPath = new Win32::API('kernel32', 'GetTempPath', 'NP', 'N'); if(not defined $GetTempPath) { die "Can't import API GetTempPath: $!\n"; } =back =head2 CALLING AN IMPORTED FUNCTION To effectively make a call to an imported function you must use the Call() method on the Win32::API object you created. Continuing with the example from the previous paragraph, the GetTempPath() API can be called using the method: $GetTempPath->Call(... Of course, parameters have to be passed as defined in the import phase. In particular, if the number of parameters does not match (in the example, if GetTempPath() is called with more or less than two parameters), Perl will C an error message and C. The two parameters needed here are the length of the buffer that will hold the returned temporary path, and a pointer to the buffer itself. For numerical parameters, you can use either a constant expression or a variable, while B (no Perl references, just a plain variable name). Also note that B, just like in C. For example, to pass a buffer of 80 characters to GetTempPath(), it must be initialized before with: $lpBuffer = " " x 80; This allocates a string of 80 characters. If you don't do so, you'll probably get C errors, and generally nothing will work. The call should therefore include: $lpBuffer = " " x 80; $GetTempPath->Call(80, $lpBuffer); And the result will be stored in the $lpBuffer variable. Note that you don't need to pass a reference to the variable (eg. you B C<\$lpBuffer>), even if its value will be set by the function. A little problem here is that Perl does not trim the variable, so $lpBuffer will still contain 80 characters in return; the exceeding characters will be spaces, because we said C<" " x 80>. In this case we're lucky enough, because the value returned by the GetTempPath() function is the length of the string, so to get the actual temporary path we can write: $lpBuffer = " " x 80; $return = $GetTempPath->Call(80, $lpBuffer); $TempPath = substr($lpBuffer, 0, $return); If you don't know the length of the string, you can usually cut it at the C<\0> (ASCII zero) character, which is the string delimiter in C: $TempPath = ((split(/\0/, $lpBuffer))[0]; # or $lpBuffer =~ s/\0.*$//; =head2 USING STRUCTURES Starting from version 0.40, Win32::API comes with a support package named Win32::API::Struct. The package is loaded automatically with Win32::API, so you don't need to use it explicitly. With this module you can conveniently define structures and use them as parameters to Win32::API functions. A short example follows: # the 'POINT' structure is defined in C as: # typedef struct { # LONG x; # LONG y; # } POINT; #### define the structure Win32::API::Struct->typedef( POINT => qw{ LONG x; LONG y; }); #### import an API that uses this structure Win32::API->Import('user32', 'BOOL GetCursorPos(LPPOINT lpPoint)'); #### create a 'POINT' object my $pt = Win32::API::Struct->new('POINT'); #### call the function passing our structure object GetCursorPos($pt); #### and now, access its members print "The cursor is at: $pt->{x}, $pt->{y}\n"; Note that this works only when the function wants a B: as you can see, our structure is named 'POINT', but the API used 'LPPOINT'. 'LP' is automatically added at the beginning of the structure name when feeding it to a Win32::API call. For more information, see also L. If you don't want (or can't) use the Win32::API::Struct facility, you can still use the low-level approach to use structures: =over 4 =item 1. you have to pack() the required elements in a variable: $lpPoint = pack('LL', 0, 0); # store two LONGs =item 2. to access the values stored in a structure, unpack() it as required: ($x, $y) = unpack('LL', $lpPoint); # get the actual values =back The rest is left as an exercise to the reader... =head1 AUTHOR Aldo Calpini ( I ). =head1 MAINTAINER Cosimo Streppone ( I ) =cut