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Aaron Finerman Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3--3
Bernard A. Galler About This Issue . . . . . . . . . . . . 4--5
Jean E. Sammet General AFIPS History of Computing
Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6--8
Nancy Stern The BINAC: a Case Study in the History
of Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9--20
John Backus The History of FORTRAN I, II, and III 21--37
I. J. Good Early Work on Computers at Bletchley . . 38--48
F. J. Gruenberger The History of the JOHNNIAC . . . . . . 49--60
John Williams The History of the JOHNNIAC: Appendix A 60--64
Virginia C. Walker Washington Computer Reminiscences . . . 65--67
Nancy Stern and
James J. Horning HOPL: History of Programming Languages
Conference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68--71
Herb Bright FORTRAN Comes to Westinghouse-Bettis,
1957 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72--74
Anthony Hyman and
N. T. Gridgeman Reviews: D. L. Moore: Ada, Countess of
Lovelace; J. M. Dubbey: The Mathematical
Work of Charles Babbage . . . . . . . . 75--76
Anonymous News and Notices: 1949 Conference
Proceedings Reprinted; EDSAC Film
Available; Contemporary Scientific
Archives Centre . . . . . . . . . . . . 77--78
Anonymous Comments, Queries and Debate: Early
Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78--78
Anonymous Contributions to the Annals of the
History of Computing . . . . . . . . . . 79--80
Bernard A. Galler About This Issue . . . . . . . . . . . . 82--82
Erwin Tomash and
Arnold A. Cohen The Birth of an ERA: Engineering
Associates, Inc. 1946--1955 . . . . . . 83--97
Sandy Douglas Anecdotes: Some Memories of EDSAC I:
1950--1952 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98--99, 208
Richard W. Hamming Reviews: Z. W. Pylyshyn: Perspectives on
the Computer Revolution; Capsule Reviews 100, 208
Brian Randell An Annotated Bibliography on the Origins
of Digital Computers . . . . . . . . . . 101--207
Anonymous News and Notices: Recordings by Pioneers
of Computing; Historic Film on MANIAC I 208--208
Bernard A. Galler About This Issue . . . . . . . . . . . . 3--3
Nancy Stern Preserving Computer-Related Source
Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4--6
Martin Campbell-Kelly Programming the EDSAC: Early Programming
Activity at the University of Cambridge 7--36
R. W. Marczy\'nski The First Seven Years of Polish Digital
Computers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37--48
N. Metropolis and
J. Worlton A Trilogy on Errors in the History of
Computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49--59
Samuel S. Snyder Computer Advances Pioneered by
Cryptologic Organizations . . . . . . . 60--70
Pamela Gullard The Charles Babbage Institute for the
History of Information Processing . . . 71--74
Jean E. Sammet Activities of AFIPS History of Computing
Committee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75--76
Jane M. Raines and
Raymond W. Smilor News and Notices: History of Computing
at the Science Museum, London; CBI
Awards Fellowship for 1979--1980; CBI
Fellowship 1980--1981; Analysis of a
U.S.-U.S.S.R. Exchange Program . . . . . 76--78
Virginia C. Walker Meetings in Retrospect: COBOL---A
Monument to Cooperation: 1979 NCC
Pioneer Day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79--82
Florence R. Anderson and
Jerry Mendelson and
Erwin Tomash and
Arnold A. Cohen Comments, Queries, and Debate: BNAC at
Northrop; More Thoughts on BKVAC;
Addendum on ERA . . . . . . . . . . . . 83--88
Werner Buchholz Reviews: M. Graef: 350 Years of
Computing Machines; Capsule Reviews . . 88--94
Anonymous Contributions to the Annals of the
History of Computing . . . . . . . . . . 95--96
Bernard A. Galler About This Issue . . . . . . . . . . . . 99--99
Nancy Stern John William Mauchly, 1907--1980 . . . . 100--103
John Todd John Hamilton Curtiss, 1909--1977 . . . 104--110
Harry D. Huskey The National Bureau of Standards Western
Automatic Computer (SWAC) . . . . . . . 111--121
Paul Armer SHARE --- a Eulogy to Cooperative Effort 122--129
Martin Campbell-Kelly Programming the Mark I: Early
Programming Activity at the University
of Manchester . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130--168
Alfred W. Van Sinderen The Printed Papers of Charles Babbage 169--185
Harry Nagler Anecdotes: Napier and Babbage . . . . . 186--187
Konrad Zuse Comments, Queries, and Debate: Comments
on Randell's Bibliography . . . . . . . 186--187
Werner Buchholz Reviews: K. H. Czawderna: Konrad Zuse;
Capsule Reviews . . . . . . . . . . . . 187--190
Anonymous Guidelines for Authors . . . . . . . . . 191--191
Bernard A. Galler About This Issue . . . . . . . . . . . . 195--195
Albert B. Tonik Eulogy: Herman Lukoff, 1923--1979 . . . 196--197
George C. Chase History of Mechanical Computing
Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198--226
Jack Minker and
Rita G. Minker Optimization of Boolean Expressions ---
Historical Developments . . . . . . . . 227--238
Konrad Zuse Installation of the German Computer Z4
in Zurich in 1950 . . . . . . . . . . . 239--241
A. P. Speiser The Relay Calculator Z4 . . . . . . . . 242--245
Fred J. Gruenberger A Short History of Digital Computing in
Southern California . . . . . . . . . . 246--250
Fred J. Gruenberger History of Eighteen Symposia . . . . . . 251--252
Byron E. Phelps Early electronic computer developments
at IBM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253--267
Dick Sprague Comments, Queries, and Debate: Response
to Comments on BINAC . . . . . . . . . . 268--271
David W. Thompson Anecdotes: How Not to Conserve Memory
(or What Elegance Is Not) . . . . . . . 272--273
Paul Ceruzzi News and Notices: Opening of Digital
Computer Museum; Strachey Collection
Completed; Anniversary of Hamming Codes;
CBI Chooses Permanent Site; Honorary
Degree Awarded to Konrad Zuse . . . . . 273--274
Anonymous Corrections: Reviews: M. Graef: 350
Years of Computing Machines, 2(1) 90,
93; The First Seven Years of Polish
Digital Computers, 2(1) 41; Programming
the Mark I: Early Programming Activity
at the University of Manchester, 2(2),
155 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274--280
David A. Klarner and
H. S. Tropp Reviews: P. McCorduck: Machines Who
Think; A. P. Ershov: The British
Lectures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274--280
Bernard A. Galler About This Issue . . . . . . . . . . . . 283--283
Jan G. Oblonsky Eloge: Antonin Svoboda, 1907--1980 . . . 284--298
N. M. Blachman Czechoslovak Automatic Digital Computer,
SAP0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
J. G. Oblonsky The Development of the Research
Institute of Mathematical Machines in
Prague . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
Velma R. Huskey and
Harry D. Huskey Lady Lovelace and Charles Babbage . . . 299--329
Hidetosi Takahasi Some Important Computers of Japanese
Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330--337
James E. Thornton The CDC 6600 Project . . . . . . . . . . 338--348
Nancy Stern John von Neumann's Influence on
Electronic Digital Computing, 1944--1946 349--362
Bobbi Mapstone and
Morton I. Bernstein Meetings in Retrospect: The Founding of
SHARE, NCC'80 Pioneer Day . . . . . . . 363--372
Anonymous News: Galler Receives ACM Award . . . . 372--372
Gary C. Kessler Anecdotes: Recollections of the Early
Days of Machine Tabulating . . . . . . . 373--374
Nancy Stern and
Maurice V. Wilkes Comments, Queries, and Debate: Who
``Invented'' the First Electronic
Digital Computer?; Mauchly's Position on
von Neumann's Role in Drafting the EDVAC
Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375--377
Anonymous Referees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377--377
Anonymous Corrections: Early electronic computer
developments at IBM, 2(3) 256;
Corrections, 2(3) 274, 279 . . . . . . . 377--377
Anonymous Referees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377--377
Ryota Suekane and
K. W. Smillie Reviews: H. Takahasi: The Birth of
Electronic Computers in Japan; M. Beika:
History of Office Mechanization in
Japan; A. D. Falkoff and K. E. Iverson:
The Evolution of APL; Capsule Reviews 378--384
Bernard A. Galler About This Issue . . . . . . . . . . . . 3--3
Gordon S. Brown Eloge: Harold Locke Hazen, 1901--1980 4--12
Ronald V. Book Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13--13
S. A. Greibach Formal Languages: Origins and Directions 14--41
Juris Hartmanis Observations about the development of
theoretical computer science . . . . . . 42--51
Stephen Cole Kleene Origins of Recursive Function Theory . . 52--67
William F. Luebbert and
Deirdre La Porte Meetings in Retrospect: Commemoration of
7940 Remote Computing Demonstration by
Stibitz; Science and Technology Studies:
Toronto 1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68--71
W. Buchholz Anecdotes: Origin of the Word Byte . . . 72--72
Anonymous News and Notices: History and Philosophy
of Logic Award to Erwin Tomash; CBI
Moves to Minneapolis . . . . . . . . . . 72--72
Eugene Usdin and
Alfred W. Van Sinderen Comments, Queries, and Debate: More on
the CPC Configuration; The Trinity House 73--73
Herman H. Goldstine and
John A. N. Lee Reviews: K. C. Redmond and T. M. Smith:
Project Whirlwind; S. H. Lavington:
Early British Computers; Capsule Reviews 74--75, 77, 79--80
Anonymous Guidelines for Authors . . . . . . . . . 81--82
Anonymous Contributions to the Annals of the
History of Computing . . . . . . . . . . 83--84
Anonymous Author Index to Volumes 1 and 2, Annals
of the History of Computing . . . . . . 85--85
Anonymous Contents of Volumes 1 and 2, Annals of
the History of Computing . . . . . . . . 86--86
Anonymous Indexes to Volumes 1 and 2, Annals of
the History of Computing . . . . . . . . 87--109
Bernard A. Galler About This Issue . . . . . . . . . . . . 115--115
M. V. Wilkes The Design of a Control Unit ---
Reflections on Reading Babbage's
Notebooks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116--120
H. R. Schwarz The Early Years of Computing in
Switzerland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121--132
Martin Campbell-Kelly Programming the Pilot ACE: Early
Programming Activity at the National
Physical Laboratory . . . . . . . . . . 133--162
Cuthbert C. Hurd Early IBM Computers: Edited Testimony 163--182
Virginia C. Walker and
James L. Rogers Meetings in Retrospect: To Honor Our
Beginnings --- ACM'80; Atanasoff Speaks
at Digital Computer Museum . . . . . . . 183--186
Geoffrey D. Austrian Anecdotes: The Machine that Carried IBM
into the Electronics Business . . . . . 186--188
John M. Bennett and
Jack Minker and
Kenneth H. Cowan Comments, Queries, and Debate: Comments
on Programming the Manchester Mark I;
``Old-Timers'' in 1967; More on
``Inventing'' the First Electronic
Digital Computer . . . . . . . . . . . . 189--192
Anonymous News and Notices: Survey of Sources in
the History of Information Processing;
History of Computing at the University
of Warwick; Zuse at Digital Museum . . . 192--193
J. A. N. Lee and
Hal Berghel Reviews: N. Metropolis, et al.: A
History of Computing in The Twentieth
Century; Capsule Reviews . . . . . . . . 193--208
Bernard A. Galler About This Issue . . . . . . . . . . . . 211--211
Anonymous An Editorial Statement . . . . . . . . . 212--212
Marian Rejewski How Polish Mathematicians Deciphered the
Enigma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213--234
M. R. Williams The Scientific Library of Charles
Babbage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235--240
Paul E. Ceruzzi The Early Computers of Konrad Zuse, 1935
to 1945 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241--262
John von Neumann The Principles of Large-Scale Computing
Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263--273
John von Neumann The NORC and Problems in High-Speed
Computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274--279
Henry S. Tropp and
William Aspray Meetings in Retrospect: NCC History
Session; Wilkinson Lecture on Pilot ACE 280--282
C. L. Baker and
Grace Murray Hopper Anecdotes: Stories from the HOPL
Banquet: Dear John; Meeting JOSS; The
First Bug; SOAP Assembler; Debugging . . 283--286
Anonymous News and Notices: New CBI Director; CBI
Fellowship Award; Digital Computer
Museum; Pioneers of Computing; HOPL
Tapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286--287
Anonymous Comments, Queries, and Debate: Query on
Babbage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288--288
Herbert E. Salzer and
Eric A. Weiss and
Henry S. Tropp and
Jane Smith and
Robert W. Rector Reviews: H. H. Goldstine: A History of
Numerical Analysis; Electronics: An Age
of Innovation; J. A. N. Lee: Banquet
Anecdotes and Conference Excerpts; R. L.
Wexelblat: History of Programming
Languages: Capsule Reviews . . . . . . . 289--302
Bernard A. Galler About This Issue . . . . . . . . . . . . 307--307
Norman A. Phillips Eloge: Jule G. Charney, 1917--1981 . . . 308--309
Arthur W. Burks and
Alice R. Burks The ENIAC: First General-Purpose
Electronic Computer . . . . . . . . . . 310--389
John V. Atanasoff and
John Grist Brainerd and
J. Presper Eckert and
Kathleen R. Mauchly and
Brian Randell and
Konrad Zuse Commentary (With Replies by the Authors) 389--399
B. Randell Comment on ``The ENIAC: The First
General-Purpose Electronic Computer, by
A. W. Burks and A. R. Burks'' . . . . . 396--397
Virginia C. Walker Meetings in Retrospect: Blueprint for
Success --- Pioneer Day 1981 . . . . . . 400--407
Anonymous Corrections: How Polish Mathematicians
Deciphered the Enigma, 3(3) 232,
Reviews: H. H. Goldstine: A History of
Numerical Analysis, 3(3) 293 . . . . . . 407--407
James L. Rogers and
J. A. N. Lee Comments, Queries, and Debate: The
Sumador Chino; History of FORTRAN . . . 408--410
Hank Burchard News and Notices: Finerman and Lee
Receive ACM Awards; Summer Positions at
Digital Computer Museum; CBI Fellowship
1982--1983; GMD Activities in the
History of Computing; Request for
Articles; Edwards Speaks at Digital
Computer Museum; Exhibit of Cipher
Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410--413
C. Strachey and
Velma R. Huskey and
Harry D. Huskey Anecdotes: An Impossible Program;
Charles Babbage and Lady Lovelace . . . 414--415
Anonymous Referees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
George Ledin, Jr. and
Henry S. Tropp and
Paul Ceruzzi and
Martin Campbell-Kelly and
K. W. Smillie Reviews: J. G. Santesmases: Obra e
Inventos de Torres Quevedo; C. Evans:
Pioneers of Computing; N. Metropolis, et
al.: A History of Computing in the
Twentieth Century; Capsule Reviews . . . 416--430
Bernard A. Galler About This Issue . . . . . . . . . . . . 3--3
Deirdre La Porte and
George R. Stibitz Eloge: E. G. Andrews, 1898--1980 . . . . 4--5
E. G. Andrews and
H. W. Bode Use of the Relay Digital Computer . . . 5--13
E. G. Andrews Telephone Switching and the Early Bell
Laboratories Computers . . . . . . . . . 13--19
D. L. Slotnick The Conception and Development of
Parallel Processors: a Personal Memoir 20--30
Jose Garcia Santesmases Early Computer Developments in Madrid 31--34
Shirley L. Marks JOSS: Conversational Computing for the
Nonprogrammer . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35--52
Maurice V. Wilkes and
I. J. Good Meetings in Retrospect: J. G. Brainerd
on the ENIAC; A Report on T. H.
Flowers's Lecture on Colossus . . . . . 53--59
C. L. Baker and
Richard P. Feynman and
Bernice Brode Anecdotes: The Adventures of a Blunder
9; Reminiscences of Los Alamos . . . . . 60--64
Eric A. Weiss Biographies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65--65
John McCarthy and
William B. Kehl and
Brian Randell Comments, Queries, and Debate:
Corrections on Early IBM Computers; The
Case of the Missing Memoranda . . . . . 66--67
B. Randell The Case of the Missing Memoranda . . . 67--68
Anonymous News and Notices: Research Projects in
the History of Computing; New Publisher
for History and Philosophy of Logic;
Pioneer Day at 1982 NCC; Digital
Computer Museum Opens to Public; History
of Solid-State Physics . . . . . . . . . 68--68
K. W. Smillie and
Saul Rosen Reviews: N. Metropolis, et al.: A
History of Computing in the Twentieth
Century; R. L. Wexelblat: History of
Programming Languages; T. Forester: The
Microelectronics Revolution; Capsule
Reviews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69--78
Anonymous Instructions for Authors . . . . . . . . 79--79
Anonymous Suggestions for Authors . . . . . . . . 80--80
Anonymous Index to Volume 3 . . . . . . . . . . . 81--96
Bernard A. Galler About This Issue . . . . . . . . . . . . 99--99
Heinz Zemanek Eloge: Victor Mikhaylovich Glushkov,
1923--1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100--101
Mina Rees The Computing Program of the Office of
Naval Research, 1946--1953 . . . . . . . 102--120
Martin Campbell-Kelly The Development of Computer Programming
in Britain (1945 to 1955) . . . . . . . 121--139
George R. Stibitz Automatic Computing Machinery . . . . . 140--142
Per A. Holst George A. Philbrick and Polyphemus: The
First Electronic Training Simulator . . 143--156
S. Ulam Biographies: John von Neumann,
1903--1957 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157--181
James L. Rogers and
Nancy Stern Meetings in Retrospect: Clark on the
LINC; Burks on the Stored-Program
Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182--183
Anonymous News and Notices: Pioneer Award
Established by Computer Society;
Undergraduate Paper Competition in
Cryptology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184--184
Robert F. Rosin and
C. J. Bashe and
Konrad Zuse Comments, Queries, and Debate: Comments
on Early Computers and IBM; A Note on
the SSEC; Comments . . . . . . . . . . . 185--187
Philip H. Dorn Reviews: T. Kidder: The Soul of a New
Machine; Capsule Reviews . . . . . . . . 188--192
Bernard A. Galler About This Issue . . . . . . . . . . . . 195--195
Allan G. Bromley Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine,
1838 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196--217
Anonymous Defense Research at Bell Laboratories 218--218
W. H. C. Higgins and
B. D. Holbrook and
J. W. Emling Electrical Computers for Fire Control 218--236
C. A. Warren and
B. McMillan and
B. D. Holbrook Military Systems Engineering and
Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236--244
Anonymous Mauchly: Unpublished Remarks: Letter to
Henry Tropp, September 28, 1978; Letter
to H. Helm Clayton, November 15, 1940;
Fireside Chat, November 13, 1973
(Introduction by Carl Hammer); Afterword
by Arthur W. Burks and Alice R. Burks 245--256
Donald J. Albers and
Lynn Arthur Steen Biographies: a Conversation with Don
Knuth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257--274
M. R. Williams Meetings in Retrospect: CIPS '82 ---
History Session . . . . . . . . . . . . 274--274
W. L. van der Poel and
Maurice V. Wilkes and
C. L. Baker Anecdotes: Notes from the Mathematical
Centre; First SHARE 709 Committee
Meeting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275--283
Byron E. Phelps Comments, Queries, and Debate: Comment
on ENIAC Article . . . . . . . . . . . . 284--285
Arthur W. Burks and
Alice R. Burks Comment on ENIAC Article: Author's Reply 285--287
Martin Campbell-Kelly News and Notices: Hammer Chairs AFIPS
History Committee; ACM Symposium to
Honor Church and Rosser; CBI Reprint
Series; CBI Fellowship, 1983--1984;
Museum Lecture Series; Annals using New
CR Categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287--288
Henry S. Tropp Reviews: J. W. de Bakker, et al.: MC-25
Informatics Symposium; Capsule Reviews 289--291
Bernard A. Galler About This Issue . . . . . . . . . . . . 295--295
Charles J. Bashe The SSEC in Historical Perspective . . . 296--312
John C. McPherson and
Frank E. Hamilton and
Robert R. Seeber, Jr. A Large-Scale, general-Purpose
Electronic Digital calculator: The SSEC 313--326
Brian Randell From Analytical Engine to Electronic
Digital Computer: The Contributions of
Ludgate, Torres and Bush . . . . . . . . 327--341
Peter Drucker Work and Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342--347
N. Metropolis and
E. C. Nelson Early Computing at Los Alamos . . . . . 348--357
William F. Aspray and
Virginia C. Walker Meetings in Retrospect: Pioneer Day, NCC
'82: History of the Stored-Program
Concept; The 25th Anniversary of FORTRAN 358--367
Byron E. Phelps and
Isaac L. Auerbach and
Martin Davis Comments, Queries, and Debate: Computer
Circuit Design in the 1940s; Victor M.
Glushkov; Lectures at ``Atlanta State'' 368--370
Garry J. Tee and
Henry S. Tropp and
Bernard A. Galler Anecdotes: Alexander Craig Aitken;
Leslie John Comrie; MAD Compiler . . . . 371--372
Anonymous News and Notices: Pioneer Day to
Celebrate Harvard at 1983 NCC; Meeting
on Charles Babbage . . . . . . . . . . . 373--373
Anonymous Referees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373--373
Henry S. Tropp Reviews: J. W. de Bakker and J. C. van
Wet: Algorithmic Languages; Capsule
Reviews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374--384
Bernard A. Galler About This Issue . . . . . . . . . . . . 3--3
Bob O. Evans Introduction to the SPREAD Report . . . 4--5
John W. Haanstra and
Bob O. Evans and
Joes D. Aron and
Frederick P. Brooks, Jr. and
John W. Fairclough and
William P. Heising and
Herbert Hellerman and
Walter H. Johnson and
Martin J. Kelly and
Douglas V. Newton and
Bruce G. Oldfield and
Seymour A. Rosen and
Jerome Svigals Processor Products --- Final Report of
the SPREAD Task Group, December 28, 1961 6--26
Joel D. Aron and
Frederick P. Brooks, Jr. and
Bob O. Evans and
John W. Fairclough and
Aaron Finerman and
Bernard A. Galler and
William P. Heising and
Walter H. Johnson and
Nancy Stern Discussion of the SPREAD Report, June
23, 1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27--44
Garry J. Tee The Heritage of Charles Babbage in
Australasia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45--59
Brian Randell A Mysterious Advertisement . . . . . . . 60--63
Christopher Evans Conversation: J. M. M. Pinkerton . . . . 64--72
Heinz Zemanek Anecdotes: Algorithmic Perfection . . . 73--73
C. J. Bashe Comments, Queries, and Debate: The IBM
7080 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74--74
Anonymous News and Notices: AFIPS Award
Nominations Invited; CBI Appoints
Associate Director; Journal of Robotics
Announced; CBI Begins Development of
Historical Database . . . . . . . . . . 75--75
Alfred W. Van Sinderen and
Allan G. Bromley and
Bernard Cohen and
Paul Ceruzzi Reviews: A. Hyman: Charles Babbage; N.
Stern: from ENIAC to UNIVAC I; C. Baum:
The System Builders; Capsule Reviews . . 76--85
Anonymous Instructions for Authors . . . . . . . . 87--87
Anonymous Suggestions for Authors . . . . . . . . 88--89
Anonymous Index, Volume 4, Annals of the History
of Computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89--102
Cuthbert C. Hurd About This Issue: Special Issue on the
IBM 701 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107--107
Anonymous Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107--109
Cuthbert C. Hurd Prologue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110--111
Anonymous Editor's Note: Planning . . . . . . . . 112--112
James W. Birkenstock Preliminary Planning for the 701 . . . . 112--114
Anonymous Letter from L. H. LaMotte, May 21, 1952 114--114
Anonymous Editor's Note: Architecture . . . . . . 115--115
Nathaniel Rochester The 701 Project as Seen by Its Chief
Architect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115--117
William F. McClelland Remarks on Assemblers . . . . . . . . . 117--117
Anonymous Editor's Note: Engineering . . . . . . . 118--118
Jerrier A. Haddad 701 Recollections . . . . . . . . . . . 118--124
Bob O. Evans Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124--124
Anonymous Editor's Note: Programming . . . . . . . 125--125
William F. McClelland Activities of the Applied Science
Mathematical Committee on the 701 . . . 125--127
William F. McClelland A Tracing Program Subordinate to the
Given Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127--131
William F. McClelland Further Developments in Assembly
Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132--132
N. Rochester Computer Programs Produced by the
Planning Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133--133
Floyd E. Johnston The One-Card Binary Loader for the IBM
701 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133--135
Anonymous IBM Speedcoding System (from IBM Manual) 135--139
Anonymous Los Angeles Cooperative Compiler Project
Policy Committee Minutes . . . . . . . . 139--141
Anonymous Editor's Note: Application Testing . . . 142--142
D. W. Ladd and
J. W. Sheldon The Numerical Solution of a Partial
Differential Equation on the IBM Type
701 Electronic Data Processing Machine 142--145
Anonymous Editor's Note: Installation . . . . . . 146--146
D. E. Rosenheim Installation of the First Production 701 146--147
Anonymous Editor's Note: Technical Computing
Bureau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148--149
John Greenstadt Recollections of the Technical Computing
Bureau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149--152
J. Greenstadt and
John W. Carr III and
D. W. Ladd Three Letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152--153
William F. McClelland Report of 10/18/51 Conference on
Checking with von Neumann . . . . . . . 153--154
Anonymous Editor's Note: Announcement and
Dedication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155--155
Anonymous Front Page of the April 1953 IBM Record 156--156
J. Robert Oppenheimer and
Thomas J. Watson, Jr. Speeches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157--160
Anonymous Editor's Note: Sales and Customer
Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161--161
Anonymous Customer Education Classes . . . . . . . 162--163
Anonymous Principles of Operation: Type 701 and
Associated Equipment (from IBM manual) 164--166
W. F. McClelland and
D. W. Pendery 701 Installation in the West . . . . . . 167--170
R. Blair Smith The IBM 701 --- Marketing and Customer
Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170--172
George W. Petrie III The 701 in the Washington Federal
District . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172--173
John W. Luke Recollections . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173--173
G. Truman Hunter Recollections . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173--174
Anonymous Editor's Note: Customer Experiences . . 175--175
Daniel R. Mason 1. The 701 in the IBM Technical
Computing Bureau . . . . . . . . . . . . 176--177
Edward A. Voorhees 2 & 13. Computing at Los Alamos
Scientific Laboratory with the 701 . . . 177--178
Dura A. Sweeney Los Alamos Coding System and Assembly
Program for the IBM 701 . . . . . . . . 178--180
Edward A. Voorhees Los Alamos Debugging Programs and
Techniques as Used on the IBM 701 . . . 180--182
Anonymous Dual Coding System (Los Alamos Manual) 182--184
Leland H. Amaya 3 & 18. The 701 Installation at Lockheed
Aircraft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184--185
Thomas E. McCool 4. NSA's Defense Calculator, 1952--1953 186--187
C. L. Baker 5. The 701 at Douglas, Santa Monica . . 187--193
Anonymous Computing Engineering Manual (Douglas
Aircraft Company) . . . . . . . . . . . 193--194
H. R. J. Grosch 6. The 701 at General Electric . . . . . 195--197
Anonymous 7. The 701 at Convair, Fort Worth,
Editor's Note . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197--198
Harley E. Tillett 8. The 701 at the U.S. Navy China Lake
Installation, Inyokern, California . . . 198--200
Anonymous 9. The 701 at United Aircraft, Editor's
Note . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201--201
Jack A. Strong 10. The 701 at North American Aviation 201--201
Paul Armer 11. The Defense Calculator at the Rand
Corporation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202--202
Randall E. Porter 12. First Encounter with the 701 (for
Boeing Aircraft) . . . . . . . . . . . . 202--204
Walter C. Schlieser 14. The 701 at Douglas, El Segundo . . . 204--205
Anonymous 15. U.S. Naval Aviation Supply, Editor's
Note . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206--206
Tad Kishi 16. The 701 at Lawrence Livermore
Laboratory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206--210
George F. Ryckman 17. The IBM 701 Computer at the General
Motors Research Laboratories . . . . . . 210--212
Anonymous 19. The 701 at the U.S. Weather Bureau,
Editor's Note . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212--212
Anonymous Editor's Note: The Type 701A (704) . . . 213--213
Gene M. Amdahl Recollections of the 701A . . . . . . . 213--215
Cuthbert C. Hurd IBM Letter #4571 [May 7, 1954]; IBM
Letter #4666 [October 1, 1954] . . . . . 215--217
Cuthbert C. Hurd Epilogue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218--219
Werner Buchholz News and Notices: Program Announced for
Pioneer Day at 1983 NCC: [Obituaries]
Kurt O. Friedrichs, Frederick E. Terman,
and Albert L. Williams . . . . . . . . . 220--220
Bernard A. Galler About This Issue . . . . . . . . . . . . 223--223
Kent K. Curtis and
N. C. Metropolis and
William G. Rosen and
Yoshio Shimamoto and
James N. Snyder John R. Pasta, 1918--1981 --- An Unusual
Path Toward Computer Science . . . . . . 224--238
Thomas H. Flowers The Design of Colossus . . . . . . . . . 239--253
Allen W. M. Coombs The Making of Colossus . . . . . . . . . 253--259
W. W. Chandler The Installation and Maintenance of
Colossus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260--262
Alfred W. Van Sinderen Babbage's Letter to Quetelet, May 1835 263--267
Marcia Ascher The Logical-Numerical System of Inca
Quipus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268--278
M. R. Williams From Napier to Lucas: The Use of
Napier's Bones in Calculating
Instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279--296
Christopher Evans Conversation: Jay W. Forrester . . . . . 297--301
Anonymous Self-Study Questions & Answers . . . . . 302--303, 308--309
Allan G. Bromley and
Richard E. Smith and
Clark A. Elliott and
Eric A. Weiss Comments, Questions, and Debate: What
Defines a ``General-Purpose'' Computer?;
Early ONR Publications About Computers;
History of Science Centers; Information
Sought on the Bell ``2-B Regrettor'' . . 303--306
Anonymous News and Notices: Mina Rees Awarded NAS
Public Welfare Medal; Historical
Dictionary on Data Processing . . . . . 307--307
Anonymous Answers to Self-Study Questions . . . . 308--309
Martin Campbell-Kelly and
K. W. Smillie and
M. R. Williams Reviews: R. Hull: The Unfortunate
Murderer; B. J. Bleackley and J.
LaPrairie: Entering the Computer Age; H.
Zemanek: Al-Khorezmi; Capsule Reviews 310--316
Anonymous Announcement of Rate Increase . . . . . 316--316
Robert R. Everett About This Issue . . . . . . . . . . . . 319--320
Anonymous Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320--322
John F. Jacobs SAGE Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323--329
Robert R. Everett and
Charles A. Zraket and
Herbert D. Benington SAGE --- a Data Processing System for
Air Defense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330--339
Morton M. Astrahan and
John F. Jacobs History of the Design of the SAGE
Computer --- The AN/FSQ-7 . . . . . . . 340--349
Herbert D. Benington Production of Large Computer Programs 350--361
C. Robert Wieser The Cape Cod System . . . . . . . . . . 362--369
John V. Harrington Radar Data Transmission . . . . . . . . 370--374
Henry S. Tropp and
Herbert D. Benington and
Robert Bright and
Robert P. Crago and
Robert R. Everett and
Jay W. Forrester and
John V. Harrington and
John F. Jacobs and
Albert R. Shiely and
Norman H. Taylor and
C. Robert Wieser A Perspective on SAGE: Discussion . . . 375--398
Jay W. Forrester Reliability of Components . . . . . . . 399--401
Henry S. Tropp SAGE at North Bay . . . . . . . . . . . 401--403
Robert R. Everett Epilogue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403--403
Robert F. Rosin and
Bernard A. Galler and
J. G. Brainerd Comments, Queries, and Debate: Query on
TSS; First Paper on Computer Business
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404--405
Anonymous Correction: Programming the Pilot ACE:
Early Programming Activity at the
National Physical Laboratory, 3(2) 162 405--405
Anonymous Index Information . . . . . . . . . . . 405--405
Henry S. Tropp Anecdotes: L. J. Comrie . . . . . . . . 406--406
Anonymous Self-Study Questions & Answers . . . . . 407, 409--411
Anonymous News and Notices: Associate Director for
CBI; Computer Museum Moving to Boston;
AFIPS Presents Awards to Andahl, Kemeny,
and Tanaka; Abacus to Begin Publication 407--408
Anonymous Answers to Self-Study Questions . . . . 409--410
Anonymous Announcement of Rate Increase . . . . . 411--411
Allan G. Bromley and
Martin Campbell-Kelly and
K. W. Smillie and
Eric A. Weiss and
Saul Rosen and
Cipher A. Deavours Reviews: O. I. Franksen: Mr. Babbage,
the Difference Engine, and the Problem
of Notation: An Account of the Origin of
Recursiveness and Conditionals in
Computer Programming; H. Lukoff: from
Dits to Bits; I. Asimov: Asimov's
Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and
Technology; J. Futrelle: Thinking
Machine; R. M. Hord: The Illiac IV; C.
H. Meyer and S. M. Matyas: Cryptography;
T. J. Peters and R. H. Waterman: In
Search of Excellence; J. W. Stokes: 70
Years of Radio Tubes and Valves; G.
Welchman: The Hut Six Story; Capsule
Reviews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411--427
J. A. N. Lee and
Henry S. Tropp About This Issue . . . . . . . . . . . . 3--4
Anonymous Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4--6
J. A. N. Lee Pioneer Day, 1982 . . . . . . . . . . . 7--14
John Backus Early Days of FORTRAN . . . . . . . . . 15--15
John C. McPherson Early Computers and Computing
Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15--16
Robert W. Bemer Computing Prior to FORTRAN . . . . . . . 16--18
Richard Goldberg Register Allocation in FORTRAN I . . . . 19--20
Roy Nutt Compiler Techniques Available in 1954 20--22
Frances E. Allen A Technological Review of the Early
FORTRAN Compilers . . . . . . . . . . . 22--25
John Backus Afterword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26--27
Jeanne Adams Institutionalization of FORTRAN . . . . 28--28
Herbert S. Bright Early FORTRAN User Experience . . . . . 28--30
Robert A. Hughes Early FORTRAN at Livermore . . . . . . . 30--30
William P. Heising The Emergence of FORTRAN IV from FORTRAN
II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31--32
Martin N. Greenfield The Impact of FORTRAN Standardization 33--33
Daniel D. McCracken The Early History of FORTRAN
Publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33--34
Charles Davidson The Emergence of Load-and-Go Systems for
FORTRAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35--37
James M. Sakoda A Dynamic Storage Allocation Language
--- DYSTAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37--38
Bruce Rosenblatt The Successors to FORTRAN---Why Does
FORTRAN Survive? . . . . . . . . . . . . 39--40
Daniel N. Leeson IBM FORTRAN Exhibit and Film . . . . . . 41--48
J. A. N. Lee An Annotated Bibliography of FORTRAN . . 49--58
Henry S. Tropp FORTRAN Anecdotes . . . . . . . . . . . 59--64
Elliott C. Nohr Meetings in Retrospect; FORTRAN
Celebration at IBM Santa Teresa
Laboratory; FORTRAN Activities at SHARE
59 Meeting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65--69
Anonymous Self-Study Questions & Answers . . . . . 69, 72--73
Anonymous News and Notices . . . . . . . . . . . . 70--71
K. W. Smillie Reviews: FORTRAN Papers from NCC `82
Proceedings; Capsule Reviews . . . . . . 74--80
Anonymous Instructions for Authors . . . . . . . . 81--81
Anonymous Suggestions for Authors . . . . . . . . 82--82
Anonymous Index to Volume 5, Annals of the History
of Computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83--96
Anonymous About This Issue . . . . . . . . . . . . 99--99
Joseph Blum and
Robert L. Kirby and
Jack Minker Eloge: Walter W. Jacobs, 1914--1982 . . 100--105
M. Beard and
T. Pearcey The Genesis of an Early Stored-Program
Computer: CSIRAC . . . . . . . . . . . . 106--115
Kathleen R. Mauchly John Mauchly's Early Years . . . . . . . 116--138
F. L. Morris and
C. B. Jones An Early Program Proof by Alan Turing 139--143
Herbert Hellerman and
Robert W. O'Neill and
Gene M. Amdahl and
Jerome Svigals The SPREAD Discussion Continued . . . . 144--151
Henry S. Tropp and
John Grist Brainerd Anecdotes: Origin of the Term \em Bit;
The Soviets and the ENIAC . . . . . . . 152--156
Anonymous Self-Study Questions & Answers . . . . . 156, 164--165
M. R. Williams and
Cuthbert C. Hurd Meeting in Retrospect: Howard Aiken and
the Harvard Computation Laboratory;
Aiken Observed . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157--162
Allan G. Bromley and
Fred R. Shapiro Comments, Queries, and Debate: Origins
of Antiaircraft Analog Computers; ``The
First Bug'' Examined . . . . . . . . . . 163--164
Anonymous News and Notices . . . . . . . . . . . . 166--167
Henry S. Tropp and
Philip H. Dorn and
Martin Campbell-Kelly and
Eric A. Weiss Reviews: P. E. Ceruzzi, Reckoners: The
Prehistory of the Digital Computer from
Relays to the Stored Program Concept,
1935--1945; E. A. Feigenbaum and P.
McCorduck, The Fifth Generation; A.
Hodges, Alan Turing: The Enigma; S. S.
Husson, 25th Anniversary Issue, IBM
Journal of Research and Development; M.
Ledger, The Case of the ENIAC and The
ENIAC's Muddled History; Capsule Reviews 167--187
Martin Campbell-Kelly Review of ``Alan Turing: The Enigma'',
by Andrew Hodges . . . . . . . . . . . . 176--178
Anonymous Cumulative Index to Volumes 1--5, Annals
of the History of Computing . . . . . . 189--224
Anonymous About This Issue . . . . . . . . . . . . 227--228
Aaron Finerman A Note on Our Fifth Anniversary . . . . 228--228
John Vincent Atanasoff Advent of Electronic Digital Computing 229--282
Robert Dorfman The Discovery of Linear Programming . . 283--295
William Orchard-Hays History of Mathematical Programming
Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296--312
Robert M. Stewart and
Heinz Zemanek Meetings in Retrospect: John Vincent
Atanasoff Celebration; Al-Khorezmi
Anniversary in Turkestan . . . . . . . . 313--315
Anonymous Self-Study Questions & Answers . . . . . 316, 318
Anonymous News and Notices . . . . . . . . . . . . 316--316
Robert M. Steward Anecdotes: The End of the ABC . . . . . 317--317
Paul E. Ceruzzi and
Eric A. Weiss Reviews: F. M. Fisher, J. W. McKie, R.
B. Mancke. IBM and the U.S. Data
Processing Industry; IBM Corporation,
Computer Technology Exhibit; Capsule
Reviews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319--325
Anonymous About This Issue . . . . . . . . . . . . 331--331
Isaac L. Auerbach Eloge: Niels Ivar Bech, 1920--1975 . . . 332--334
J. W. Addison Eloge: Alfred Tarski, 1901--1983 . . . . 335--336
J. Barkley Rosser Highlights of the History of the
Lambda-Calculus . . . . . . . . . . . . 337--349
Harry D. Huskey From ACE to the G-15 . . . . . . . . . . 350--371
Gordon S. Brown and
Norbert Wiener Automation, 1955: a Retrospective . . . 372--383
B. A. Trakhtenbrot A Survey of Russian Approaches to
Perebor (Brute-force Search) Algorithms 384--400
Anonymous Self-Study Questions & Answers . . . . . 401, 405--407
Donald E. Knuth and
Erwin Tomash and
M. R. Williams Comments, Queries, and Debate: FORTRAN
implementations; The Madrid promptuary;
Edouard Lucas Vindicated; Photo Essays 402--405
Donald E. Knuth FORTRAN implementations (letter) . . . . 402--403
Anonymous News and Notices . . . . . . . . . . . . 408--408
Anonymous Anecdotes: Whence the ``Bug''? . . . . . 409--409
Gordon Bell and
K. W. Smillie and
Nancy Stern Reviews: R. Moreau, The Computer Comes
of Age; A. Ralston and E. D. Reilly,
Jr., Encyclopedia of Computer Science
and Engineering; Joel Shurkin, Engines
of the Mind; Capsule Reviews . . . . . . 410--424
Anonymous About This Issue . . . . . . . . . . . . 3--3
Isaac L. Auerbach Eloge: Dov Chevion, 1917--1983 . . . . . 4--6
James E. Tomayko NASA's Manned Spacecraft Computers . . . 7--18
Martin Campbell-Kelly Christopher Strachey 1916--1975: a
biographical note . . . . . . . . . . . 19--42
R. L. Graham and
Pavol Hell On the History of the Minimum Spanning
Tree Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43--57
Velma R. Huskey Anecdotes: Who Was the Mysterious
Countess? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58--59
Harlow Freitag and
Eric A. Weiss Comments, Queries, and Debate: Comment
on the Review of IBM Journal and a
Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60--62
M. R. Williams Meetings in Retrospect: History of
Computers in Canada . . . . . . . . . . 63--65
Anonymous Self-Study Questions & Answers . . . . . 65, 68--69
Anonymous News and Notices . . . . . . . . . . . . 66--67
John Todd and
Jean E. Sammet Comment on Previous Self-Study Answer
and Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65, 68--69
Mina Rees and
Eric A. Weiss and
K. W. Smillie and
M. R. Williams Reviews: N. Reingold, Refugee
Mathematicians in the United States of
America 1933--1947; R. Rosenberg, The
Origins of EE Education; A. Bullock and
R. B. Woodings, The Fontana Biographical
Companion to Modern Thought; D. de Solla
Price, A History of Calculating
Machines; Capsule Reviews . . . . . . . 70--79
Anonymous Instructions for Authors . . . . . . . . 81--81
Anonymous Suggestions for Authors . . . . . . . . 82--82 (??)
Anonymous Index to Volume 6, Annals of the History
of Computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83--95
Anonymous About This Issue . . . . . . . . . . . . 99--99
Nancy Stern Minutes of 1947 Patent Conference, Moore
School of Electrical Engineering,
University of Pennsylvania . . . . . . . 100--116
William F. Aspray The Scientific Conceptualization of
Information: a Survey . . . . . . . . . 117--140
Cuthbert C. Hurd A Note on Early Monte Carlo Computations
and Scientific Meetings . . . . . . . . 141--155
Arthur W. Burks and
Alston S. Householder and
N. Metropolis and
S. M. Ulam Comments on Early Monte Carlo
Computations and Scientific Meetings . . 147--148
R. D. Richtmyer and
J. von Neumann Statistical Methods in Neutron Diffusion 148--155
Mina Rees The Federal Computing Machine Program 156--163
Eric A. Weiss Jonathan Swift's Computing Invention . . 164--165
Anonymous Self-Study Questions & Answers . . . . . 166, 177--178
Eric A. Weiss Comments, Queries, and Debate: The
Number 2-B Regrettor . . . . . . . . . . 167--176
Paul E. Ceruzzi and
Jean E. Sammet Answers to Self-Study Questions: Comment
on Previous Self-Study Answer and
Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177--178
M. R. Williams and
Rosamond W. Dana Meetings in Retrospect: Pioneer Day
7984: Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory; Twentieth Anniversary of
DODCI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179--183
Anonymous News and Notices . . . . . . . . . . . . 184--184
K. W. Smillie and
F. L. Bauer and
Ralph Erskine and
Henry S. Tropp Reviews: O. I. Franksen, Mr. Babbage's
Secret; F. H. Hinsley, British
Intelligence in the Second World War; T.
M. Thompson, From Error-Correcting Codes
Through Sphere Packings to Simple
Groups; Capsule Reviews . . . . . . . . 185--191
Anonymous About This Issue . . . . . . . . . . . . 195--195
George E. Valley, Jr. How the SAGE Development Began . . . . . 196--226
James E. Tomayko Helmut Hoelzer's Fully Electronic Analog
Computer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227--240
M. R. Williams A Course in the History of Computation 241--244
Margaret Milligan Biographies: Data Processing Digest:
Thirty Years Before the Masthead . . . . 245--250
John E. Griffith and
Herbert R. J. Grosch and
Werner Buchholz Comments, Queries and Debate: More
Comment on Review of IBM Journal; Still
More About IBM; Editor's Note . . . . . 251--252
Anonymous News and Notices . . . . . . . . . . . . 253--255
Anonymous Self-Study Questions & Answers . . . . . 255, 257--258
Bernard A. Galler and
P. M. Murphy Anecdotes: I/O in the IBM 799 Computer;
A 1940 Word Processor; . . . . . . . . . 256--256
Eric A. Weiss and
Henry S. Tropp and
Ralph Erskine and
John A. N. Lee and
Gwen Bell and
M. R. Williams Reviews: The Computer Museum and J.
Bernstein, Three Degrees Above Zero:
Bell Labs in the Information Age and D.
R. Hartree, Calculating Machines: Recent
and Prospective Developments and Their
Impact on Mathematical Physics, and,
Calculating Instruments and Machines and
W. Kozaczuk, Enigma: How the German
Machine Cipher Was Broken and How It Was
Read by the Allies in World War Two and
S. Levy, Hackers and A. Osborne and J.
Dvorak, Hypergrowth: The Rise and Fall
of Osborne Computer Corporation and E.
W. Pugh, Memories that Shaped an
Industry and Capsule Reviews . . . . . . 258--277
Anonymous About This Issue . . . . . . . . . . . . 283--283
Anonymous Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284--285
J. A. N. Lee Special issue, COBOL: 25th Anniversary:
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286--287
Jean E. Sammet Brief Summary of the Early History of
COBOL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288--303
Charles A. Phillips and
Joseph F. Cunningham and
John L. Jones Recollections on the Early Days of COBOL
and CODASYL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304--310
Joseph F. Cunningham Reminiscences (Plus a Few Facts) . . . . 304--309
Joseph F. Cunningham COBOL and CODASYL Revisited . . . . . . 310--313
John L. Jones Viewpoint and Reminiscences of the
Chairman of CODASYL . . . . . . . . . . 313--315
Anonymous Early Meetings of the Conference on Data
Systems Languages: Languages: Summary of
Meeting, May 28--29, 1959; Minutes of
Meeting, July 7, 1959; Minutes of
Meeting, January 7--8, 1960; Minutes of
Meeting, February 12, 1960 . . . . . . . 316--325
Jack A. Strong and
Richard F. Clippinger Recollections on the Intermediate-Range
Committee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326--328
Jack A. Strong The Tale of the Near Demise of COBOL at
Birth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326--327
Richard F. Clippinger Comments on Meeting of October 14, 1959 327--328
Anonymous Meetings of the Intermediate-Range
Committee: Minutes of Meeting October
8--9, 1959; Minutes of Meeting October
14, 1959 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329--341
Jean E. Sammet and
Jerome Garfunkel Summary of Changes in COBOL, 1960--1985 342--347
Ben Schneiderman The Relationship Between COBOL and
Computer Science . . . . . . . . . . . . 348--352
Hans-Joachim Albinus and
Isaac L. Auerbach Anecdotes: Islamic Calendar; Howard
Aiken . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353--355
Anonymous Self-Study Questions & Answers . . . . . 355, 361
Henry S. Tropp Meetings in Retrospect: Heinz Zemanek
Honored in Vienna . . . . . . . . . . . 356--360
Anonymous Notices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362--363
Saul Rosen and
J. G. Brainerd Comments, Questions, and Debate: Alfred
Tarski in 1940; Comments on Minutes of
Patent Conference at Moore School . . . 364--365
H. R. J. Grosch and
John C. McPherson and
Henry S. Tropp Reviews: W. J. Eckert, Punched Card
Methods in Scientific Computation;
Comment on Review; Reprint of
Mathematical Operations with Punched
Cards; D. J. Albers and G. L.
Alexanderson, Mathematical People;
Capsule Reviews . . . . . . . . . . . . 365--374, 376
Cuthbert C. Hurd About This Issue: Special Issue: IBM 650
---IBM Expands the Computing World . . . 3--3
Anonymous Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3--6
Cuthbert C. Hurd Prologue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6--7
Anonymous Announcement: Editor's Note . . . . . . 8--8
T. V. Learson and
C. C. Hurd IBM Letter #4396 . . . . . . . . . . . . 8--9
Anonymous Engineering: Editor's Note . . . . . . . 10--11
Ernest S. Hughes The SSEC and Its Carry-Over Effects on
the IBM Type 650 . . . . . . . . . . . . 12--13
F. E. Hamilton and
E. C. Kubie The IBM Magnetic Drum Calculator Type
650 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14--19
George R. Trimble The IBM 650 Magnetic Drum Calculator . . 20--29
E. L. Glaser The IBM 650 and the Woodenwheel . . . . 30--31
Anonymous ``Optimum Programming'' from IBM 650
Manual of Operation . . . . . . . . . . 32--34
Anonymous Editor's Note . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35--35
Bernard A. Galler The IBM 650 and the Universities . . . . 36--38
G. L. Bach A Computer for Carnegie . . . . . . . . 39--41
Alan J. Perlis Two Thousand Words and Two Thousand
Ideas --- The 650 at Carnegie . . . . . 42--46
Herbert A. Simon and
Allen Newell Information Processing Language V on the
IBM 650 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47--49
Donald E. Knuth The IBM 650: An Appreciation from the
Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50--55
Bruce Arden GAT: An Early Compiler and Operating
System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56--58
John G. Herriot Educational Experience with the IBM 650 59--61
Anonymous Programming Aids and Applications:
Editor's Note . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62--62
Anonymous Editor's Note . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62--62
Anonymous Computation Seminar, August 1955 . . . . 62--65
R. W. Bemer Nearly 650 Memories of the 650 . . . . . 66--69
David Hemmes FORTRANSIT Recollections . . . . . . . . 70--73
Anonymous Wolontis-Bell Interpreter . . . . . . . 74--76
Barry Gordon The IBM MDDPM --- Some Recollections of
a Great Machine . . . . . . . . . . . . 77--83
R. R. Haefner The IBM 650 at Savannah River . . . . . 84--85
George Truman Hunter The Solution of Simultaneous Equations 86--87
Cuthbert C. Hurd Epilogue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88--88
Anonymous Self-Study Questions & Answers . . . . . 89, 92--93
Anonymous Notices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89--90
R. Moreau Comments, Queries, and Debate: Author's
Comment on Review . . . . . . . . . . . 91--92
Gary C. Kessler Comment on Previous Self-Study Answer 93--93
M. V. Wilkes and
K. W. Smillie Reviews: K. L. Wildes and N. Lindgren, A
Century of Electrical Engineering and
Computer Science at MIT; J. G. Kemeny
and T. E. Kurtz, Back to BASIC; Capsule
Reviews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94, 96--98
Anonymous Instructions for Authors . . . . . . . . 99--99
Anonymous Suggestions for Authors . . . . . . . . 100--100
Anonymous Index to Volume 7, 1985: Annals of the
History of Computing . . . . . . . . . . 101--111
Bernard A. Galler About This Issue . . . . . . . . . . . . 115--115
M. V. Wilkes The Genesis of Microprogramming . . . . 116--126
William Aspray and
Donald deB. Beaver Marketing the Monster: Advertising
Computer Technology . . . . . . . . . . 127--143
Sigeru Takahashi Early Transistor Computers in Japan . . 144--154
Bob O. Evans System/360: a Retrospective View . . . . 155--179
Isaac L. Auerbach The Start of IFIP --- Personal
Recollections . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180--192
Anonymous Notices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193--194
Anonymous Self-Study Questions & Answers . . . . . 194, 196--197
Walter M. Carlson Anecdotes: Computing Capacity . . . . . 195--196
Roger L. Mills Comments, Queries, and Debate: Los
Angeles ACM Chapter . . . . . . . . . . 198--198
K. W. Smillie and
Ralph Erskine Reviews: W. Aspray, Should the Term
Fifth Generation Computers Be Banned?;
C. A. Deavours and L. Kruh, Machine
Cryptography and Modern Cryptanalysis;
Capsule Reviews . . . . . . . . . . . . 199--200, 202, 204--205
Bernard A. Galler About This Issue: Special Issue: AFIPS
1961--1986 --- 25th Anniversary . . . . 211--211
Anonymous Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212--215
Stephen S. Yau Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216--216
Rosamond W. Dana and
Henry S. Tropp Prologue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217--218
Anonymous Brief History of AFIPS and Its
Constituent Societies . . . . . . . . . 219--224
Paul Armer and
Morton M. Astrahan and
Isaac L. Auerbach and
Walter M. Carlson and
Arnold A. Cohen and
Margaret R. Fox and
Claude A. R. Kagan and
Morris Rubinoff and
Jack Sherman and
Willis H. Ware Reflections on a Quarter-Century: AFIPS
Founders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225--256
Isaac L. Auerbach Harry H. Goode, June 30, 1909--October
30, 1960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257--260
Robert W. Rector Personal Recollections on the First
Quarter-Century of AFIPS . . . . . . . . 261--269
Walter M. Carlson Why AFIPS Invested in History . . . . . 270--274
Willis H. Ware and
Edwin L. Harder and
Bruce Gilchrist and
Paul Armer and
Richard I. Tanaka and
Keith W. Uncapher and
Walter L. Anderson and
George Glaser and
Anthony Ralston and
Theodore J. Williams and
Albert S. Hoagland and
J. Ralph Leatherman and
Sylvia Charp and
Stephen S. Yau Perspectives on a Quarter-Century: AFIPS
Presidents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275--302
Willis H. Ware AFIPS in Retrospect . . . . . . . . . . 303--310
Anonymous Self-Study Questions & Answers . . . . . 311, 313--314
Mina Rees and
G. D. Austrian Comments, Queries, and Debate: a
Correction to a Review; Hollerith at
Computing-Tabulating-Recording . . . . . 312--313
Maurice V. Wilkes and
J. A. N. Lee and
Paul E. Ceruzzi Reviews: M. Campbell-Kelly and M. R.
Williams (eds.), The Moore School
Lectures; Computer Museum Slide Set; K.
Zuse. Der Computer, Mein Lebenswerk;
Capsule Reviews . . . . . . . . . . . . 315--319
Bernard A. Galler About This Issue . . . . . . . . . . . . 323--323
H. Ainsley Evesham Origins and Development of Nomography 324--333
Wilfried de Beauclair Alwin Walther, IPM, and the Development
of Calculator/Computer Technology in
Germany, 1930--1945 . . . . . . . . . . 334--350
William Aspray International Diffusion of Computer
Technology, 1945--1955 . . . . . . . . . 351--360
Jean R. Berry Clifford Edward Berry, 1918--1963: His
Role in Early Computers . . . . . . . . 361--369
Nancy Foy and
Leon Lukaszewicz Anecdotes: Britain's Real-Time Club;
Recollections About IFIP People . . . . 370--373
Anonymous Self-Study Questions & Answers . . . . . 373, 376--377
Montgomery Phister, Jr. and
Edward W. Ver Hoef Comments, Queries, and Debate: EDSAC
Program; Memories of the 650 . . . . . . 374--375
Anonymous Notices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377--379
Heinz Zemanek and
James E. Tomayko Reviews: Stan Augarten, Bit by Bit;
Dorothy Stein, Ada, A Life and a Legacy;
Capsule Reviews . . . . . . . . . . . . 380, 382--383
Anonymous Referees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383--384
Anonymous Index to Volume 8, 1986, Annals of the
History of Computing . . . . . . . . . . 385--397
Bernard A. Galler About This Issue: Special Issue: The
Burroughs B 5000 . . . . . . . . . . . . 1--1
Anonymous Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2--5
Robert F. Rosin Prologue: The Burroughs B 5000 . . . . . 6--7
Ken T. Bement Announcing the B 5000 . . . . . . . . . 8--9
R. S. Barton New Approach to the Functional Design of
a Digital Computer . . . . . . . . . . . 11--15
William Lonergan and
Paul King Design of the B 5000 System . . . . . . 16--22
Clark Oliphint Operating System for the B 5000 . . . . 23--28
F. B. MacKenzie Automated Secondary Storage Management 29--35
Robert S. Barton and
Henri Bercé and
George A. Collins and
Bobby A. Creech and
David M. Dahm and
Benjamin A. Dent and
V. James Ford and
Bernard A. Galler and
John E. S. Hale and
Erwin A. Hauck and
Joseph T. Hootman and
Paul D. King and
Norman L. Kreuder and
William R. Lonergan and
Duncan MacDonald and
F. Bradley MacKenzie and
Clark Oliphint and
Ralph Pearson and
Robert F. Rosin and
Lloyd D. Turner and
Richard Waychoff Discussion: The Burroughs B 5000 in
Retrospect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37--92
Bernard A. Galler Epilogue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93--93
Jean E. Sammet Self-Study Questions & Answers . . . . . 95, 107--109
Philip H. Dorn Notices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96--100
Henry S. Tropp and
K. W. Smillie and
Philip H. Dorn and
James W. Cortada and
Eric A. Weiss Reviews: MacHale: George Boole. His Life
and Work; Sobel: IBM vs. Japan: The
Struggle for the Future; Williams: A
History of Computing Technology;
Winston: Misunderstanding Media; Capsule
Reviews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100--107
J. A. N. Lee About This Issue . . . . . . . . . . . . 111--112
Allan G. Bromley The Evolution of Babbage's Calculating
Engines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113--136
Watts S. Humphrey MOBIDIC and Fieldata . . . . . . . . . . 137--182
Pesi Masani and
Brian Randell and
David K. Ferry and
Richard Saeks The Wiener Memorandum on the Mechanical
Solution of Partial Differential
Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183--197
B. Randell Comments on Wiener's Memorandum . . . . 193--194
Ruth A. Maulucci and
Harry D. Huskey and
Maurice V. Wilkes Happenings: ENIAC 40th Anniversary;
Celebration at the Moore School; Eckert
at the Computer Museum . . . . . . . . . 199--202
Jean E. Sammet Self-Study Questions & Answers . . . . . 202--203, 217--218
Henry S. Tropp and
Maurice V. Wilkes Anecdotes: Babbage's Expectations for
the Difference Engine . . . . . . . . . 203--204
Gene H. Golub and
Miki Neumann and
James W. Demmel and
Paul Saylor and
James M. Boyle and
Iain Duff and
Jack Dongarra James Wilkinson (1919--1986) . . . . . . 205--210
Werner Buchholz and
C. J. D. Roberts and
Fred Gruenberger and
Bruce H. Bruemmer and
Jakob Nielson and
Paul Ceruzzi Comments, Queries, and Debate: Babbage's
Difference Engine No. 1 and the
Production of Sine Tables; Query on
Hexadecimal Notation; Burroughs B 5000
Oral History; DASK, the first Danish
Computer; Smithsonian Exhibition on
Computers and Flight . . . . . . . . . . 210--213
C. J. D. (Jim) Roberts Comments, Queries, and Debate: Babbage's
Difference Engine No. 1 and the
Production of Sine Tables . . . . . . . 210--212
William Aspray and
K. W. Smillie and
Nancy Stern Reviews: Pebbles to Computers. The
Thread; The Calculating Passion of Ada
Byron; Other Literature . . . . . . . . 214--217
J. A. N. Lee About This Issue . . . . . . . . . . . . 219--220
Martin Campbell-Kelly Data Communications at the National
Physical Laboratory (1965--1975) . . . . 221--247
Henry S. Tropp The 20th Anniversary Meeting of the
Association for Computing Machinery: 30
August 1967 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249--270
Grace Murray Hopper The Education of a Computer . . . . . . 271--281
Michael R. Williams Babbage and Bowditch: a Transatlantic
Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283--290
William Aspray An Annotated Bibliography of Secondary
Sources on the History of Software . . . 291--343
Ruth A. Maulucci and
J. A. N. Lee Happenings: The 25th Anniversary of
Committee X3; The Code-Breaking
Computers of 1944 . . . . . . . . . . . 345--356
John A. N. Lee Happenings: The Code-Breaking Computers
of 1944 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354--356
Jean E. Sammet Self-Study Questions & Answers . . . . . 356--357, 381--383
Henry S. Tropp and
Michael R. Williams and
Isaac Auerbach and
Irving S. Reed and
John von Neumann and
Bobbi Mapstone Anecdotes: Introduction; The MADDIDA;
1982 Claude E. Shannon Lecture:
Application Transforms to Coding and
Related Topics; The von Neumann Letter;
Interview with Irving S. Reed . . . . . 357--369
Werner Buchholz and
Ralph Erskine and
Herb Grosch and
William Aspray and
J. A. N. Lee and
Paul M. McConnell Comments, Queries, and Debate: Marian
Rejewski and the Chronology of Enigma;
Early IBM Computer Conferences; The
Computing Scene 1945--1955: Another
Perspective; Response; The ENIAC
Collections; Response to Query on
Hexadecimal Notation . . . . . . . . . . 369--373
William Aspray and
Terry S. Reynolds and
H. A. Evesham and
K. W. Smillie and
David E. Rowe Reviews: McMahon: The Making of a
Profession: A Century of Electrical
Engineering in America; d'Ocagne: Le
Calcul Simplifié: Graphical and
Mechanical Methods for Simplifying
Calculations; Williams (ed.): Looking
Back to Tomorrow: Reflections on
Twenty-five Years of Computers in New
Zealand; Richenhagen: Carl Runge
(1856--1927): Von der reinen Mathematik
zur Numerik; Other Literature . . . . . 373--381
Anonymous Index to Volume 9, 1987/88 . . . . . . . 387--406
J. A. N. Lee About This Issue . . . . . . . . . . . . 1--2
Anonymous About the Editors . . . . . . . . . . . 3--6
William F. Schmitt The UNIVAC SHORT CODE . . . . . . . . . 7--18
John H. Maier Thirty Years of Computer Science
Developments in the People's Republic of
China: 1956--1985 . . . . . . . . . . . 19--34
Michael R. Williams Introduction: The Promptuary Papers . . 35--36
W. F. Hawkins The First Calculating Machine (John
Napier, 1617) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37--51
Erwin Tomash The Madrid Promptuary . . . . . . . . . 52--67
Ruth A. Maulucci and
Frederik Nebeker Happenings: The ACM Conference on the
History of Scientific and Numeric
Computation, Princeton, New Jersey,
13--15 May 1987 . . . . . . . . . . . . 69--73
Jean E. Sammet Self-Study Questions & Answers . . . . . 73, 97--99
James E. Tomayko and
Bruce H. Bruemmer and
George Snively Anecdotes: Introduction; General
Electric Enters the Computer Business 74--78
Eric A. Weiss Biographies: John Grist Brainerd . . . . 78--79
William Aspray and
Maurice V. Wilkes and
Albert C. Lewis and
Greg Mellen and
Harold Chucker and
Robert V. D. Campbell and
Wendy Wilkins and
G. J. Tee and
Ernest Braun and
Arthur L. Norberg Reviews: Carpenter and Doran (eds.): A.
M. Turing's ACE Report of 1946 and Other
Papers; Masani (ed.): Norbert Wiener:
Collected Works with Commentaries;
Kozaczuk: Enigma: How the German Machine
Cipher Was Broken and How It Was Read by
the Allies in World War Two; Worthy:
William C. Norris: Portrait of a
Maverick; Harvard Computation
Laboratory: A Manual of Operation for
the Automatic Sequence Controlled
Calculator; Proceedings of a Symposium
on Large-Scale Digital Calculating
Machinery; Gardner: The Mind's New
Science: A History of the Cognitive
Revolution; Hartree: Calculating
Machines: Recent and Prospective
Developments and Their Impact on
Mathematical Physics and Calculating
Instruments and Machines; McLean and
Rowland: The Inmos Saga; Pennings and
Buifendam (eds.): New Technology as
Organizational Innovation: The
Development and Diffusion of
Microelectronics; Other Literature . . . 80--97
Anonymous Review: P. Masani, ed.: Norbert Wiener:
Collected Works with Commentaries . . . 81--83
Werner Buchholz and
Eric A. Weiss and
Frances Coulborn Kohler Comments, Queries, and Debate: IBM
Customer Education Classes; Nominations
Sought for History of Women in Science
Prize . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99--101
J. A. N. Lee About This Issue . . . . . . . . . . . . 103--103
Paul A. Medwick Douglas Hartree and Early Computations
in Quantum Mechanics . . . . . . . . . . 105--111
Michael S. Mahoney The History of Computing in the History
of Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113--125
Ruth A. Maulucci and
Arthur L. Norberg Happenings: Computing in the 21st
Century: A Charles Babbage Institute
Symposium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127--132
Jean E. Sammet Self-Study Questions & Answers . . . . . 133, 153--155
James E. Tomayko and
Peter Hilton and
Richard Louis Weis and
Alfred Van Sinderen Anecdotes: Alan Turing in the Home
Guard; Overcoming Murphy's Law; Babbage
and the Scheutz Machine at Dudley
Observatory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133--139
Eric A. Weiss Biographies: George H. Brown and Richard
P. Feynman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140--142
Werner Buchholz and
Herb Grosch and
Saul Rosen Comments, Queries, and Debate: Was the
First Microcomputer Built in France?;
Marketing the Burroughs 5000
internationally; The Burroughs 5000
Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142--144
William Aspray and
Eric A. Weiss and
A. D. Booth and
K. W. Smillie and
Henry Lowood and
James W. Cortada and
Shane Greenstein Reviews: Slater: Portraits in Silicon;
Caddes: Portraits of Success,
impressions of Silicon Valley Pioneers;
King (ed.): Machine Translation Today:
The State of the Art; The Computer;
Association for Computing Machinery: The
ACM History of Personal Workstations
Conference: January 9 & 10, 1986, Palo
Alto, California; Beniger: The Control
Revolution: Technological and Economic
Origins of the Information Society
Flamm: Targeting the Computer,
Government Support and International
Competition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144--153
J. A. N. Lee About This Issue . . . . . . . . . . . . 157--158
Martin Campbell-Kelly Charles Babbage's Table of Logarithms
(1827) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159--169
I. Bernard Cohen Babbage and Aiken: with notes on Henry
Babbage's gift to Harvard, and to other
institutions, of a portion of his
father's Difference Engine . . . . . . . 171--193
Ruth Maulucci and
Amy Mastrogiovanni Happenings: Operating Systems: Some
Reflections After a Meeting in Chicago 195--209
Jean E. Sammet Self-Study Questions & Answers . . . . . 209, 233--234
James E. Tomayko and
A. F. Draper Anecdotes: Fast Predictors: Computers
and the U.S. Presidential Elections:
UNIVAC on Election Night; IBM Computers
and the Election of 1960 . . . . . . . . 209--215
Eric A. Weiss Biographies: Edmund C. Berkeley; Neil D.
MacDonald; Herbert S. Bright . . . . . . 216--218
Werner Buchholz and
Maurice V. Wilkes and
Alfred W. Van Sinderen and
C. J. Fern, Jr. and
W. L. van der Poel Comments, Queries, and Debate: Babbage
and the Colossus; Babbage and Bowditch;
Two Early European Computers; Early
Dutch Computer . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218--221
William Aspray and
A. R. Mackintosh and
Eric A. Weiss and
John McCarthy and
M. Woodger Reviews: Burks and Burks: The First
Electronic Computer: The Atanasoff
Story; Queisser: The Conquest of the
Microchip; Bloomfield (ed.): The
Question of Artificial Intelligence:
Philosophical and Sociological
Perspectives; Wilkes: Memoirs of a
Computer Pioneer; Other Literature . . . 221--233
Anonymous Errata: Reviews: Hartree: Calculating
Machines: Recent and Prospective
Developments and Their Impact on
Mathematical Physics and Calculating
Instruments and Machines, 10(1) 93 . . . 234--234
J. A. N. Lee About This Issue . . . . . . . . . . . . 235--239
Eddie M. Ashmore and
Erwin Tomash and
Aaron Finerman and
Walter M. Carlson and
Jolanda L. von Hagen and
Bernie Galler Letters of Congratulations . . . . . . . 240--242
John von Neumann The Principles of Large-Scale Computing
Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243--256
Paul Ceruzzi Electronics Technology and Computer
Science, 1940--1975: a Coevolution . . . 257--275
Richard E. Smith A Historical Overview of Computer
Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277--303
M. R. Williams and
Oliver B. R. Strimpel and
Paul Ceruzzi and
William Jacobs and
Doron Swade and
Joachim Fisher and
W. Aspray and
Joyce E. Bedi and
Nancy R. McGovern and
Geoffrey Tweedale and
Walter Carlson and
Pierre E. Mounier-Kuhn Museums and Archives: Introduction; The
Computer Museum, Boston; Beyond the
Limits: A New Gallery at the National
Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian
Institution, Washington, D.C.; The
Information Age: Visions and Realities;
Deutsches Museum, Munich Computer
Science and Automation Hall; Charles
Babbage Institute: Center for the
History of Information Processing; The
IEEE Center for the History of
Electrical Engineering; Records in the
National Archives Relating to the Early
Involvement of the U.S. Government in
Data Processing, 7880s to 7950s; British
National Archive for the History of
Computing; AFIPS History of Computing
Committee; History of Computing in
France . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305--329
Ruth A. Maulucci and
Heinz Zemanek Happenings: The New Department
``Informatics and Automatics'' at the
Deutsches Museum in Munich . . . . . . . 329--335
Jean E. Sammet Self-Study Questions & Answers . . . . . 335--336, 375--380
James E. Tomayko and
Henry S. Tropp and
W. Buchholz and
Grace Murray Hopper and
C. Strachey and
Eric A. Weiss and
Robert M. Stewart and
Bernard A. Galler Anecdotes: Origin of the Term Bit;
Origin of the Word Byte; The First Bug;
Whence the ``Bug''; An Impossible
Program; Reminiscences of Los Alamos;
Los Alamos from Below; Jonathan Swift's
Computing Invention; Debugging . . . . . 336--348
Eric A. Weiss Biographies: Oh, Pioneers! . . . . . . . 348--361
Kenneth A. Fegley and
S. Reid Warren, Jr. Eloge: John Grist Brainerd (1906--1988) 361--365
Werner Buchholz and
Herbert R. J. Grosch Comments, Queries, and Debate: Early
Italian Computing . . . . . . . . . . . 365--365
William Aspray Reviews: Ten Years of Annals Reviews . . 365--375
Anonymous Ten Year Tables of Contents . . . . . . 383--406
Anonymous Ten Year Author Index . . . . . . . . . 407--410
Anonymous Ten Year Subject Index . . . . . . . . . 411--415
Anonymous Ten Year Index to Self-Study Questions
and Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416--419
Anonymous Ten Year Index to Volume Indices . . . . 420--420
Anonymous Index, Volume 10, 1988/89 . . . . . . . 423--444
Richard H. Eckhouse, Jr. and
Ruth A. Maulucci Annals of the History of Computing: 1989
Calendar: a Microcosm of Computer
History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445--473
J. A. N. Lee About This Issue . . . . . . . . . . . . 1--2
William Aspray and
Michael Gunderloy Early Computing and Numerical Analysis
at the National Bureau of Standards . . 3--12
John H. Curtis The National Applied Mathematics
Laboratories --- a Prospectus . . . . . 13--18, 20--30
John H. Curtis The Program of a Large Computation
Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31--41
James E. Tomayko and
Ralf Bülow and
Herbert R. J. Grosch and
John D. Elson Anecdotes: The Windmill Computer---An
Eyewitness Report of the Scheutz
Difference Engine; In Von Braun Country;
Origins of Terms [Winchester Disk and
UNIX] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43--48
Jean E. Sammet Self-Study Questions & Answers . . . . . 43, 61--64
Eric A. Weiss Biographies: Morton Michael Astrahan,
1925--1988; James L. Buie, 1920--1988;
George S. Dively, 1903--1988; Rita
Goldberg Minker, 1927--1988; Lewis
Winner, 1906--1988; Abacus, 1983--1988 49--51
Eric A. Weiss and
Rex Malik and
H. E. Salzer and
The Editor and
Herbert R. J. Grosch Comments, Queries, and Debate: The Real
Time Club; New York Mathematical Tables
Project; Early Small Computers; Ada's
First Stirring . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51--54
William Aspray and
Kenneth Flamm and
Ralf Bülow and
Charles Hall and
Doron Swade Reviews: Dorfman: Innovation and Market
Structure: Lessons from the Computer and
Semiconductor Industries; Herken: The
Universal Machine: A Half-Century
Survey; Lindgren: Glory and Failure: The
Difference Engines of Johann Muller,
Charles Babbage and Georg and Edvard
Scheutz; Stein: Ada: Life and Legacy . . 54--60
J. A. N. Lee About This Issue . . . . . . . . . . . . 67--68
John H. Curtiss The National Applied Mathematics
Laboratories of the National Bureau of
Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69--98
William J. Jones MGDPS and DSDPS --- two stages of an
early operating system . . . . . . . . . 99--108
Montgomery Phister, Jr. Quotron II: an early multiprogrammed
multiprocessor for the communication of
stock market data . . . . . . . . . . . 109--126
Harold A. Layer Microcomputer history and prehistory ---
an archaeological beginning . . . . . . 127--130
Jean E. Sammet Self-Study Questions & Answers . . . . . 131, 155--157
James E. Tomayko and
Alan Perlis and
Bernard A. Galler and
David Gries and
Doug Ross and
Mary Shaw Anecdotes: Twenty Year Retrospective:
The NATO Software Engineering
Conferences; Thoughts on Software
Engineering; My Thoughts on Software
Engineering in the Late 1960s; The NATO
Conferences from the Perspective of an
Active Software Engineer; Remembrances
of a Graduate Student . . . . . . . . . 131--143
Mary Shaw Anecdotes: Remembrances of a Graduate
Student . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141--143
Eric A. Weiss and
Thomas E. Kurtz Biographies: Obituary: The Computer and
Information Systems Program at Dartmouth
College (CIS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143--143
Werner Buchholz and
Saul Rosen and
Benjamin L. Schwartz and
Saul I. Gass and
Caxton C. Foster Comments, Queries, and Debate: The
Atanasoff Story --- Comment on Book
Review; The Invention of Linear
Programming; Comments on the History of
Linear Programming; Applied Math 218 . . 144--152
William Aspray and
Martin Campbell-Kelly Reviews: Flamm: Creating the Computer:
Government, Industry and High Technology 152, 154--155
J. A. N. Lee About This Issue . . . . . . . . . . . . 159--159
Jean R. Brink and
C. Roland Haden Prologue: The Computer and the Brain: An
International Symposium in Commemoration
of John von Neumann (1903--1957) . . . . 161--163
Anonymous Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164--164
William Aspray Discussion: John von Neumann --- a Case
Study of Scientific Creativity . . . . . 165--169
Nicholas Vonneuman John von Neumann: Formative Years . . . 171--175
Jean R. Brink and
Roland Haden Interviews with Edward Teller and Eugene
P. Wigner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177--178
Jean R. Brink John von Neumann Reconsidered . . . . . 179--181
Dénes Nagy and
Péter Horvath and
Ferenc Nagy The von Neumann--Ortvay Connection . . . 183--188
William Aspray John von Neumann's Contributions to
Computing and Computer Science . . . . . 189--195
Terrence J. Sejnowski The Computer and the Brain Revisited . . 197--201
Ruth Maulucci Happenings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203--206
Jean E. Sammet Self-Study Questions & Answers . . . . . 206--207, 232--233
James E. Tomayko and
Lawrence W. Langley and
Juris Reinfelds Anecdotes: a Critical Incident; The
First Port of UNIX . . . . . . . . . . . 207--210
Eric A. Weiss and
Heinz Zemanek Biographies: Eloge: Adriaan van
Wijngaarden (1916--1987); Robert A.
Henle, 1925--1989 . . . . . . . . . . . 210--225
Werner Buchholz and
Anthony Hyman and
Ralf Bülow and
Bernard A. Galler and
Jack Minker Comments, Queries, and Debate: Babbage
Studies; An Ecological Computing
Machine; The University of Michigan's
B-5000 Decision; ACM 20th Anniversary
Meeting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225--229
William Aspray and
Eric A. Weiss Reviews: Smith and Alexander: Fumbling
the Future: How Xerox Invented, then
Ignored the First Personal Computer;
Nash: A History of Scientific
Computation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230--232
J. A. N. Lee About This Issue . . . . . . . . . . . . 235--235
Anonymous History of Computing in France . . . . . 237--240
Anonymous Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241--242
Henri Boucher Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243--245
Girolamo Ramunni Louis Couffignal, 1902--1966:
Informatics Pioneer in France? . . . . . 247--256
Pierre E. Mounier-Kuhn The Institut Blaise-Pascal (1946--1969)
from Couffignal's Machine to Artificial
Intelligence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257--261
François-Henri Raymond An Adventure with a Sad Ending: The SEA 263--277
Pierre E. Mounier-Kuhn Bull: a World-Wide Company Born in
Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279--297
Jacques Vernay IBM France . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299--311
Michael R. Williams Museums and Archives . . . . . . . . . . 313--319
J. A. N. Lee Happenings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319--321
Jean E. Sammet Self-Study Questions & Answers . . . . . 321--322, 333--335
James E. Tomayko and
Nicholas C. Metropolis and
R. D. Richtmyer and
John A. N. Lee Anecdotes: The Case Against Automatic
Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322--326
Eric A. Weiss Biographies: Obituaries: William B.
Shockley, 1910--1989; Jan A. Rajchman,
1911--1989; Gordon D. Goldstein,
1917--1989; John E. Ward, 1920--1988;
Kent K. Curtis, 1927--1987 . . . . . . . 326--329
Paul Ceruzzi and
John A. N. Lee and
Susan A. Bradley and
Donald deB. Beaver Reviews: a New Beginning; Reid:
Computers and Chips; Howell: John von
Neumann, Inventors and Discoverers;
Lundstrom: A Few Good Men from Univac;
Perrolle: Computers and Social Change:
Information, Property, and Power . . . . 329--338
Anonymous Index to Volume 11, 1989 . . . . . . . . 337, 339--354
John A. N. Lee About This Issue . . . . . . . . . . . . 1--1
Pierre-E. Mounier-Kuhn Specifications of Twelve Early Computers
Made in France . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3--4
Bruno Leclerc From Gamma 2 to Gamma E.T.: The Birth of
Electronic Computing at Bull . . . . . . 5--22
Dimitri Starynkevitch The SEA CAB 500 Computer . . . . . . . . 23--29
Peggy Aldrich Kidwell American Scientists and Calculating
Machines --- From Novelty to Commonplace 31--40
F. L. Bauer The Cellar Principle of State Transition
and Storage Allocation . . . . . . . . . 41--49
J. A. N. Lee Happenings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51--55
Jean E. Sammet Self-Study Questions & Answers . . . . . 55--55
James E. Tomayko and
Bruce H. Bruemmer and
Herbert S. Bright Anecdotes: Early Computer User Groups;
Computer User Groups [1960] . . . . . . 55--61
Eric A. Weiss and
David Gries Biographies: Andri Petrovich Ershov
(1931--1988) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61--62
Werner Buchholz and
R. Anthony Hyman and
Maurice V. Wilkes and
Richard E. Smith and
George T. Jacobi and
Alice R. Burks and
Arthur W. Burks and
I. Bernard Cohen and
I. O. Grattan-Guinness and
S. I. Gass and
Mike Woodger Comments, Queries, and Debate: Whiggism
in the History of Science and the Study
of the Life and Work of Charles Babbage;
Whirlwind and Microprogramming; More on
Wilkes, Whirlwind, and Microprogramming;
Pioneer Biographies; The Atanasoff Story
--- A Response; Notes on Babbage, Aiken,
and Bowditch; Joseph Fourier's
Anticipation of Linear Programming; What
Does BNF Stand for? . . . . . . . . . . 62--72
Paul Ceruzzi and
Ralf Bülow Reviews: Nijholt: Computers and
Languages: Theory and Practice;
Kawasaki: The Macintosh Way; Fang: Tools
of Communication: The Computer Story;
Otnes: Keuffel and Esser Slide Rules . . 72--73
J. A. N. Lee About This Issue . . . . . . . . . . . . 77--77
Georges-Louis Baron and
Pierre-E. Mounier-Kuhn Computer science at the CNRS and in
French universities. A gradual
institutional recognition . . . . . . . 79--87
Pierre E. Mounier-Kuhn Computer Sciences at the University of
Grenoble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89--89
Jean Kuntzmann Informatics at the University of
Grenoble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91--93
Jean-Pierre Verjus Programming in Grenoble in the 1960s and
those who Flew from the Nest . . . . . . 95--101
Leon Lukaszewicz On the Beginnings of Computer
Development in Poland . . . . . . . . . 103--107
Ralf Bülow Three Inventors --- Scenes from Early
German Computing History . . . . . . . . 109--126
J. A. N. Lee Happenings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127--128
Jean E. Sammet Self-Study Questions & Answers . . . . . 128--130
James E. Tomayko and
Bob Bemer and
Ernie Lassen and
Robert Johnson Anecdotes: More on General Electric's
Start in the Computer Business; Dr.
Robert Johnson Interview; Comments on
Interview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130--137
Eric E. Weiss and
Geoffrey Tweedale and
Heinz Zemanek Biographies: Alan J. Perlis, 1922--1990;
Bertram Vivian Bowden, 1910--1989;
William P. Hanf, 1933--1989; Marcel
Linsman, 1913--1989; Harriett B. Rigas,
1933--1989; Louis Robinson, 1926--1985;
An Interview with Jan Rajchman . . . . . 137--146
Werner Buchholz and
Donald Watts Davies and
Mark Halpern Comments, Queries, and Debate: Babbage's
Friend; Errors in the FORTRAN Issue . . 147--147
Paul Ceruzzi and
Martin Campbell-Kelly and
Charles Susskind and
K. W. Smillie Reviews: Ceruzzi: Beyond the Limits:
Flight Enters the Computer Age;
Staudenmaier: Technology's Storytellers:
Reweaving the Human Fabric; Bijker,
Hughes, and Pinch: The Social
Construction of Technological Systems:
New Directions in the Sociology and
History of Technology; Van Creveld,
Martin. Technology and War: From 2000
B.C. to the Present; Rifkin and Harrar:
The Ultimate Entrepreneur: The Story of
Ken Olsen and Digital Equipment
Corporation; Time-Life Books, eds.
Understanding Computers Vol. 24:
Illustrated Chronology and Index; Lee:
Winning with People: The First 40 Years
of Tektronix; Searle: The Bombsight War:
Norden vs. Sperry; Kruh: Tales of
Yardley: Some Sidelights to his Career;
IEEE Scientific Supercomputer
Subcommittee. The Computer Spectrum: A
perspective on the Evolution of
Computing; Forester. High-Tech Society;
The Computer: A Hawkhill Learning Power
Book; Molina: The Social Basis of the
Microelectronics Revolution . . . . . . 147--152
J. A. N. Lee About This Issue . . . . . . . . . . . . 157--157
C. Pair CRIN: The History of a Laboratory . . . 159--166
Colette Hoffsaes The French Society of Computer
Scientists: AFCET . . . . . . . . . . . 167--176
I. Grattan-Guinness Work for the Hairdressers: The
Production of de Prony's Logarithmic and
Trigonometric Tables . . . . . . . . . . 177--185
Helmut T. Schreyer An Experimental Model of an Electronic
Computer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187, 189--197
J. A. N. Lee Happenings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199--203
Jean E. Sammet Self-Study Questions & Answers . . . . . 204--204
James E. Tomayko and
A. S. (Sandy) Douglas Anecdotes: For the Record: Pioneering
Days in British Computing . . . . . . . 205--209
Paul Ceruzzi and
Calvin N. Mooers and
Emil Friberg and
William Aspray and
Herman Berg Reviews: Lilley and Trice. A History of
Information Science 1945--1985; Crandall
and Flamm, eds: Changing the Rules:
Technological Change, International
Competition, and Regulation in
Communications; Yates: Control Through
Communication: The Rise of System in
American Management; Killen: IBM: The
Making of the Common View . . . . . . . 210--213
J. A. N. Lee About This Issue . . . . . . . . . . . . 217--218
Albert Amouyal The Beginnings of Computing Activities
at the Atomic Energy Authority,
1952--1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219--225
Henri Boucher Informatics in the Defense Industry . . 227--240
Heinz Zemanek A Look into the Future of Information
Processing (Translated by Werner
Buchholz) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241--251
Heinz Zemanek Another Look into the Future of
Information Processing, 20 Years Later 253--260
J. A. N. Lee Happenings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261--264
Jean E. Sammet Self-Study Questions & Answers . . . . . 267--268
James E. Tomayko and
David J. Koepke and
James C. Emery Anecdotes: The Evolution of Software
Design Ideas; Structured Programming . . 269--276
Eric A. Weiss and
Richard Canning and
John M. Bennett Biographies: Obituaries: José Garcia
Santesmases, 1907--1989; Roy Nutt,
1931--1990; Florence Jessie MacWilliams,
1917--1990; Charlotte Boschan,
1920--1990; Memoirs: Early Days of
Electronics at IBM; Early Computer Days
in Britain and Australia --- Some
Autobiographical Snippets . . . . . . . 277--285
Werner Buchholz and
Gregory D. Crowe Comments, Queries, and Debate: Soviet
BESM Computers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286--286
Michael Williams Museums and Archives . . . . . . . . . . 287--290
Paul Caruzzi and
K. W. Smillie and
Eric Weiss Reviews: Hyman, (ed.): Science and
Reform. Selected Works of Charles
Babbage; Goldberg (ed.): A History of
Personal Workstations . . . . . . . . . 291--293
Anonymous Index to Volume 12 . . . . . . . . . . . 297, 299--309
J. A. N. Lee About This Issue . . . . . . . . . . . . 1--2
Michael A. Cusumano Factory Concepts and Practices in
Software Development . . . . . . . . . . 3--32
Jean E. Sammet Some Approaches to, and Illustrations
of, Programming Language History . . . . 33--50
J. A. N. Lee Guidelines for the Documentation of
Segments of the History of Computing . . 51--62
Irving L. Wieselman and
Erwin Tomash Marks on Paper: Part 1. A Historical
Survey of Computer Output Printing . . . 63--79
J. A. N. Lee Happenings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81--88
Doron Swade The construction of Charles Babbage's
difference engine . . . . . . . . . . . 82--83
J. A. N. Lee Self-Study Questions . . . . . . . . . . 88--90
Robert L. Glass `Project that failed' that succeeded . . 91
James E. Tomayko and
J. A. N. Lee and
Martin Rem and
David Gries and
Andrzej Blikle and
Robert L. Glass Anecdotes: Frontiers of Computing: A
Tribute to Edsger W. Dijkstra on the
occasion of his 60th birthday University
of Texas (Austin) 10--11 May 1990 . . . 91--100
Eric A. Weiss Biographies: Obituary: AFIPS: 1961--1991 100--101
Mark Halpern Memoir: On the heels of the pioneers . . 101--111
Paul Ceruzzi and
Kenneth Flamm and
Peggy Aldrich Kidwell and
Herbert R. J. Grosch and
John A. N. Lee Reviews: Campbell-Kelly: ICL: A Business
and Technical History; Aspray: Computing
Before Computers; Watson and Petre:
Father, Son & Co.; Asimov and Frenkel:
Robots: Machines in Man's Image; McNeil:
An Encyclopedia of the History of
Technology; Byte: Fifteenth Anniversary
Summit; Deavours and Kruh: The Turing
Bombe: Was it Enough?; Pearcey: A
History of Australian Computing; Aspray:
The Origins of John von Neumann's Theory
of Automata; Crossley and Henry: Thus
Spake al-Khwarizmi: a Translation of the
text of Cambridge University Library Ms.
li.vi.5; Fauvel and Gerdes: African
Slave and Calculating Prodigy:
Bicentenary of the Death of Thomas
Fuller; Marling: Maestro of Many
Keyboards [brief biography of Donald
Knuth] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111--117
Kenneth Flamm Review: Martin Campbell-Kelly: ICL: A
Business and Technical History . . . . . 111--113
J. A. N. Lee Answers to Self-Study Questions . . . . 117--120
J. A. N. Lee About This Issue . . . . . . . . . . . . 123--124
Alfred W. Van Sinderen and
Michael R. Williams Happy Birthday Mr. Babbage . . . . . . . 125--139
Maurice V. Wilkes Babbage's Expectations for his Engines 141--145
Maurice V. Wilkes Pray Mr. Babbage --- a character study
in dramatic form . . . . . . . . . . . . 147--154
Paul McConnell Some Early Computers for Aviators . . . 155--177
Donald MacKenzie The Influence of the Los Alamos and
Livermore National Laboratories on the
Development of Supercomputing . . . . . 179--201
Irving L. Wieselman and
Erwin Tomash Marks on Paper: Part 2. A Historical
Survey of Computer Output Printing . . . 203--222
John A. N. Lee Happenings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223--227
Jean E. Sammet Harvard Business School MIS history
project self-study questions . . . . . . 228
Jean E. Sammet Self-Study Questions & Answers . . . . . 228--228
Eric A. Weiss and
Carolyn E. Tajnai Biographies: Arthur L. Samuel
(1901--1990); John Bardeen (1908--1991);
Velma E. R. Huskey (1917--1991) . . . . 229--230
Werner Buchholz and
Philip H. Dorn and
Paul Armer Comments, Queries, and Debate:
Correction to ``Early Computer User
Groups'', by Herbert S. Bright, Vol. 12,
No. 1, 1990; A Further Correction to
``Early Computer User Groups'', by
Herbert S. Bright, Vol. 12, No. 1, 1990 230--231
Paul Ceruzzi and
Eric A. Weiss Reviews: Penzias: Ideas and Information:
Managing in a High-tech World; Rose:
West of Eden: The End of Innocence at
Apple Computer; Lindgren: Glory &
Failure: the Difference Engines of
Johann Müller, Charles Babbage, and
Edvard Scheutz; Jennings: The Devouring
Fungus: Tales of the Computer Age;
Norberg: High Technology Calculation in
the Early 20th Century: Punched Card
Machinery in Business and Government;
Hall and Barry: Sunburst: The Ascent of
Sun Microsystems; Heppenheimer: How von
Neumann Showed the Way; Aspray: Back to
Basics: The Stored Program Concept;
Rosen: The Origins of Modern Computing;
Taylor: In Memoriam: J.C.R. Licklider,
1915--1990; Mounier-Kuhn: Genese de
l'informatique en France (1945--1965):
Diffusion de l'innovation et transfert
de technologie; Eisler: My Life with the
Printed Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . 231--234
Anonymous Answers to self-study questions . . . . 234
J. A. N. Lee About This Issue . . . . . . . . . . . . 235--235
Paul E. Ceruzzi When Computers Were Human . . . . . . . 237--244
F. W. Kistermann The Invention and Development of the
Hollerith Punched Card: In Commemoration
of the 130th Anniversary of the Birth of
Herman Hollerith and for the 100th
Anniversary of Large Scale Data
Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245--259
Lars Heide From Invention to Production: The
Development of Punched-card Machines by
F. R. Bull and K. A. Knutsen 1918--1930 261--272
Judy O'Neill Happenings: The 30th Anniversary of the
Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-1;
Fernando J. Corbató Receives the ACM's A.
M. Turing Award; Conferences . . . . . . 273--277
James E. Tomayko and
Shane Greenstein Anecdotes: The Tape Story Tapestry:
Historical Research with Inaccessible
Digital Information Technologies . . . . 277--285
Shane Greenstein Anecdotes: The Tape Story Tapestry:
Historical Research with Inaccessible
Digital Information Technologies . . . . 278--285
Eric A. Weiss and
Roland Ibett and
D. J. Rees Biographies: Obituaries: John Bardeen,
1909--1991; Sidney Fernbach, 1918--1991;
Sidney Michaelson, 1926--1991; Charles
R. Mollenhoff, 1922--1991 . . . . . . . 285--289
Eric A. Weiss Erratum: [Mark Halpern, ``On the heels
of the pioneers''] . . . . . . . . . . . 289--290
Harry D. Huskey Memoir: The Early Days . . . . . . . . . 290--306
Werner Buchholz and
Herb Grosch and
Pierre Hillion and
Michael F. Weisbard and
Alice R. Burks and
Arthur W. Burks and
J. A. N. Lee Comments, Queries, and Debate: Early
Computing Courses; Computing in the
French Army; Corrections to Volume 12,
Number 4; Atanasoff Award; Reply to
Burks and Burks on the Atanasoff Award 306--308
Herb Grosch Comments, Queries, and Debate: Early
Computing Courses . . . . . . . . . . . 306--307
Pierre Hillion Comments, Queries, and Debate: Computing
in the French Army . . . . . . . . . . . 307--307
Michael F. Weisbard Corrections: About this Issue, 12(4) . . 307--308
Alice R. Burks and
Arthur W. Burks Comments, Queries, and Debate: Atanasoff
Award . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308--308
J. A. N. Lee Comments, Queries, and Debate: Reply to
Burks and Burks on the Atanasoff Award 308--308
Paul Ceruzzi and
Martin Collins and
Nathan Reingold and
K. W. Smillie and
Steven Lubar Reviews: Bruemmer and Hocheiser: The
High Technology Company: A Historical
and Archival Guide; Cortada: Archives of
Data-Processing History, a Guide to
Major U.S. Collections; Blum and Duncan:
A History of Medical Informatics;
Editor's Note: Vincenti book review;
Vincenti: What Engineers Know and How
They Know it: Analytical Studies from
Aeronautical History . . . . . . . . . . 308--313
Martin Collins Review: Bruemmer and Hocheiser: The High
Technology Company: a Historical and
Archival Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308--310
Nathan Reingold Review: Cortada: Archives of
Data-Processing History, a Guide to
Major U.S. Collections . . . . . . . . . 310--311
K. W. Smillie Review: Blum and Duncan: a History of
Medical Informatics . . . . . . . . . . 311--311
Paul Ceruzzi Review: Editor's Note: Vincenti book
review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311--312
Steven Lubar Review: Vincenti: What Engineers Know
and How They Know it: Analytical Studies
from Aeronautical History . . . . . . . 312--313
J. A. N. Lee About This Issue . . . . . . . . . . . . 315--316
Gerald Estrin The WEIZAC Years (1954--1963) . . . . . 317--339
J. Lesourne and
R. Armand A Brief History of the First Decade of
SEMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341--349
David Allison Museums and archives. Musée national des
techniques. Conservatoire national des
arts et Métiers. National Museum of
American History, Smithsonian
Institution Publications and Artifacts.
Unisys donates Burroughs historical
records to Charles Babbage Institute.
Digital Equipment Corporation's
historical collection program . . . . . 351--353
Judy O'Neill and
J. A. N. Lee and
Paul Ceruzzi and
Gail Jennes Happenings. Sumptuous piece of
engineering sculpture. Babbage stamp
issued. Fifty years of
program-controlled calculating machines.
Celebration at the Deutsches Museum.
People and computers exhibition opens at
the computer museum. Deutsches Museum
workshop on the technical history of
electrical information technology.
International congress of history of
science. Technological competitiveness
conference, Center for the History of
Electrical Engineering. Adelle and Erwin
Tomash Fellowship in the history of
information processing new book in
progress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353--358
Jean E. Sammet Self-Study Questions . . . . . . . . . . 358--359
James E. Tomayko and
Roy R. Weil and
John H. Palmer and
Harry Polachek Anecdotes: What is this. And that? First
bug-discussion. Thomas J. Watson Sr. and
the perfect computer . . . . . . . . . . 359--362
Eric A. Weiss Biographies: Obituaries: [Saul Rosen,
1922--1991] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362--363
Werner Buchholz and
Eric A. Weiss Comments, Queries, and Debate: Free
computer identification service . . . . 363--363
Paul Ceruzzi and
Eric A. Weiss and
John Walker Mauer and
Thomas Drucker and
Peggy Aldrich Kidwell and
K. W. Smillie Reviews: Grosch: Computer: Bit slices
from a life; Tomayko: Computers in
spaceflight: The NASA Experience; Bülow:
Denk, Maschine! Geschichten über Robotor,
computer und Kunstliche Inteligenz;
Napier: Rabdology; Charlesworth:
Calculators & Computers; Calculators &
Computers --- The 20th Century;
Transistors. Forty years of computing,
Datamation; Bennett: The industrial
instrument --- Master of industry,
servant of management: Automatic control
in the process industries, 1900--1940.
Kapera: The Enigma Bulletin . . . . . . 364--368
Anonymous Answers to self-study questions . . . . 369
David J. Crawford Autoscritcher and the superscritcher:
Aids to cryptanalysis of the German
Enigma cipher machine, 1944--1946 . . . 9--22
Jan van den Ende Tidal calculations in The Netherlands,
1920--1960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23--33
I. Grattan-Guinness Charles Babbage as an Algorithmic
Thinker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34--48
Judy O'Neill Happenings: List of Artifact Collectors;
The Second ACM SIGPLAN History of
Programming Languages Conference
(HOPL-II); Delay in European History of
Computing Conference; IEEE Computer
Society Awards [Werner Buchholz, Bob O.
Evans, Robert W. Floyd, and Thomas E.
Kurtz]; SHOT Special Interest Group:
Information, Computing, and Society;
Admiral Grace Murray Hopper Scholarship
- Society of Women Engineers; IBM Club
Böblingen, Germany; Smithsonian
Institution Libraries Study Grants . . . 49--52
James E. Tomayko and
Harry Polachek and
Eric A. Weiss and
Richard L. Wexelblat Anecdotes: UNIVAC Trounces Its Own
Creator; HAL 9000 (1992?-2001); Favorite
Hack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52--54
Eric A. Weiss and
Michael R. Williams and
John W. Carr III and
Noah Prywes Biographies: Eloge: Arthur Lee Samuel
(1901--1990); Joseph Clement: The First
Computer Engineer; Saul Gorn
(1913--1992) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55--77
Paul Ceruzzi and
Philip H. Dorn and
Joyce M. Wheeler Reviews: Simon: Models of My Life; BBC
Television, The Dream Machine . . . . . 77--80
J. C. McPherson Mathematical Operations with Punched
Cards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275--281
Claude Shannon A Mathematical Theory of Communication 379--423
Claude Shannon A Mathematical Theory of Communication
(continued) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623--656
John W. Tukey The Teaching of Concrete Mathematics . . 1--9
Frederick P. Brooks, Jr. and
Gerrit A. Blaauw and
Werner Buchholz Processing Data in Bits and Pieces . . . 118--124
A. D. Falkoff and
K. E. Iverson The evolution of APL . . . . . . . . . . 47--57
Ole Immanuel Franksen Mr. Babbage, the Difference Engine, and
the Problem of Notation: An Account of
the Origin of Recursiveness and
Conditionals in Computer Programming . . 1657--1694
Nathan Reingold Refugee mathematicians in the United
States of America, 1933--1941: reception
and reaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313--338
Marshall Ledger The Case of the ENIAC . . . . . . . . . 30--35
Marshall Ledger The ENIAC's Muddled History . . . . . . 29--33
Marshall Ledger Letters [on the ENIAC] . . . . . . . . . 3--4
Marshall Ledger Letters [on the ENIAC] . . . . . . . . . 8--8
Marshall Ledger Letters [on the ENIAC] . . . . . . . . . 6--8
Marshall Ledger Letters [on the ENIAC] . . . . . . . . . 12--12
Derek de Solla Price A History of Calculating Machines . . . 22--52
Robert Rosenberg The Origins of EE Education: a Matter of
Degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60--68
William Aspray Should the Term \em Fifth Generation
Computers Be Banned? . . . . . . . . . . 36--38
IEEE Scientific Supercomputer Subcommittee The computer spectrum: a perspective on
the evolution of computing . . . . . . . 57--63
Louis Kruh Tales of Yardley: Some Sidelights to His
Career . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
Robert K. Otnes Keuffel and Esser Slide Rules . . . . . 15--21
Lloyd Searle The Bombsight War: Norden Vs. Sperry . . 60--64
William Aspray Back to Basics: The Stored Program
Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51--51
John N. Crossley and
Alan S. Henry Thus spake al-Kh\=awarizmi: a
translation of the text of Cambridge
University Library Ms. II.vi.5 . . . . . 103--131
C. A. Deavours and
Louis Kruh The Turing Bombe: Was it Enough? . . . . 331--349
John Fauvel and
Paulus Gerdes African Slave and Calculating Prodigy:
Bicentenary of the Death of Thomas
Fuller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141--151
T. A. Heppenheimer How von Neumann Showed the Way . . . . . 8--16
William Marling Maestro of Many Keyboards . . . . . . .
Pierre-E. Mounier-Kuhn Gen\`ese de l'informatique en France
(1945--1965): Diffusion de l'innovation
et transfert de technologie . . . . . . 35--46
Arthur Norberg High Technology Calculation in the Early
20th Century: Punched Card Machinery in
Business and Government . . . . . . . . 753--779
Saul Rosen The Origins of Modern Computing . . . . 450--581
Stuart Bennett The industrial instrument --- Master of
industry, servant of management:
Automatic control in the process
industries, 1900--1940 . . . . . . . . . 69--81
Kate Charlesworth Calculators & Computers . . . . . . . . . 49--49
Kate Charlesworth Calculators & Computers --- The 20th
Century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53--53
Kate Charlesworth Transistors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49--49
Mark Smotherman and
Dag Spicer IBM's single-processor supercomputer
efforts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28--30
C. Strachey Letter to the Editor: An impossible
program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313--313