ccoommmmaannddss -- Overview

The following lists the  commands included with COHERENT.  The command name
is given on the left and a description on the right.

_C_o_m_m_u_n_i_c_a_t_i_o_n_s
The following  commands let you  exchange information with  other users and
other systems.

cckkeerrmmiitt........Interactive inter-system communication and file transfer
ccuu.............UNIX-compatible communications utility
mmaaiill...........Send/read electronic mail
mmeessgg...........Permit/deny messages from other users
mmssgg............Send a brief message to other users
mmssggss...........Read messages intended for all COHERENT users
uuuucciiccoo.........Connect to a remote system
uuuuccpp...........Copy a file to or from a remote system
wwaallll...........Send a message to all logged in users
wwrriittee..........Converse with another user

_D_e-_f_r_a_g_m_e_n_t_a_t_i_o_n _C_o_m_m_a_n_d_s
The  following   commands  give  you   information  about  the   degree  of
fragmentation shown by a file system's  free list.  They can also rebuild a
file system, to de-fragment it and  so greatly the speed with which you can
read and write it.

ddppaacc...........De-fragment a COHERENT file system
ffmmaapp...........Measure fragmentation of the free list
qqppaacc...........Map the file system
ssppaacc...........Sort a file system
uuppaacc...........De-fragment a file system without sorting

_D_i_r_e_c_t_o_r_y _a_n_d _F_i_l_e _H_a_n_d_l_i_n_g
The  following commands  let you create,  remove, and  otherwise manipulate
files and directories.

ccaatt............Concatenate a file to the standard output
ccdd.............Change directory
cchhggrrpp..........Change the group owner of a file
cchhmmoodd..........Change the modes of a file
cchhmmoogg..........Change mode, ownership, and group of a file
cchhoowwnn..........Change ownership of a file
ccmmpp............Compare bytes of two files
ccoommpprreessss.......Compress a file
ccooppyy...........Copy groups of files or directories
ccpp.............Copy a file
ccppddiirr..........Copy directory hierarchy
dddd.............Convert the contents of a file
ddooss............Manipulate files on MS-DOS file systems
ddoossccaatt.........Concatenate a file on an MS-DOS file system
ddoossccpp..........Copy files to/from an MS-DOS file system
ddoossccppddiirr.......Copy directories to/from an MS-DOS file system
ddoossddiirr.........List the contents of an MS-DOS directory
ddoossddeell.........Delete a file from an MS-DOS file system
ddoossffoorrmmaatt......Build an MS-DOS file system on a floppy disk
ddoossllaabbeell.......Label an MS-DOS floppy disk
ddoossllss..........List files on an MS-DOS file system
ddoossmmkkddiirr.......Create a directory in an MS-DOS file system
ddoossrrmm..........Remove a file from an MS-DOS file system
ddoossrrmmddiirr.......Remove a directory from an MS-DOS file system
ffddiisskk..........View/change hard-disk partitioning
ffiillee...........Name a file's type
ffiinndd...........Search for files satisfying a pattern
ggzziipp...........GNU utility to compress files
gguunnzziipp.........GNU utility to uncompress files
ll..............List directory's contents in long format
llcc.............List directory's contents in columnar format
llff.............List directory's contents in columnar format
llnn.............Create a link to a file
llrr.............List subdirectorys' contents in columnar format
llss.............List directory's contents
llxx.............List directory's contents in columnar format
mmkkddiirr..........Create a directory
mmvv.............Rename files or directories
mmvvddiirr..........Rename a directory
ppwwdd............Print the name of the current directory
qqffiinndd..........Quickly find all files with a given name
rrmm.............Remove files
rrmmddiirr..........Remove directories
ttoouucchh..........Update modification time of a file
uunnccoommpprreessss.....Uncompress a file
uunnppaacckk.........GNU utility to uncompress files
wwhheerreeiiss........Locate source, binary, and manual files
wwhhiicchh..........Locate executable files
zzccaatt...........Concatenate a compressed file

_E_d_i_t_o_r_s
COHERENT includes a number of text editors, to suit a variety of tastes.

eedd.............Interactive line editor
eellvviiss..........Berkeley-style screen editor
eemmaaccss..........COHERENT screen editor
eexx.............Berkeley-style line editor
mmee.............COHERENT screen editor
sseedd............Stream editor
vvii.............Berkeley-style screen editor

_G_a_m_e_s
The following commands are just for fun.

aallmmaannaacc........Print an almanac entry for this date
bbaannnneerr.........Print large sized letters
ccaall............Print a calendar
cchhaassee..........Highly amusing video game
ffoorrttuunnee........Print randomly selected, hopefully humorous, text
gguueessss..........Extraordinarily amusing guessing game
lliinneess..........Highly amusing board game
mmoooo............Greatly amusing numeric guessing game
rruubbiikk..........Play Rubik's cube
tttttt............Three-dimensional tic-tac-toe

_K_e_r_n_e_l _T_o_o_l_s
The following  commands let you configure the COHERENT  kernel, and build a
new bootable kernel:

aassyyppaattcchh.......Patch a kernel file for an asynchronous configuration
ccoohhttuunnee........Set a variable within a device driver
iiddeennaabbllee.......Enable or disable a device driver
iiddmmkkccoohh........Build a new kernel
iiddttuunnee.........Set a tunable system value
ppaattcchh..........Patch a variable or flag within the kernel

_L_a_n_g_u_a_g_e_s _a_n_d _P_r_o_g_r_a_m_m_i_n_g _T_o_o_l_s
The  COHERENT  system comes  with  a  number of  languages,  and tools  for
debugging and maintaining your programs.

aass.............Mark Williams assembler
aassffiixx..........Convert file to 80386 aass form
aawwkk............Report generation, pattern scanning, and processing language
cccc.............C-language compiler
ccddmmpp...........Dump COFF files into a readable form
ccoonnvv...........Numeric base converter
ccpppp............C preprocessor
ddbb.............Assembly-level symbolic debugger
lldd.............Link relocatable object files
lleexx............Lexical analyzer generator
mm44.............Macro processor
mmaakkee...........Program building discipline
nnmm.............Print a program's symbol table
oodd.............Print an octal dump of a file
pprrooff...........Print execution profile of a C program
rreeff............Display a C function header
ssrrccppaatthh........Find source files
ssiizzee...........Print size of an object file
ssttrriipp..........Strip symbol tables from executable file
yyaacccc...........Parser generator

_L_i_b_r_a_r_i_e_s _a_n_d _A_r_c_h_i_v_e_s
The following  commands help  you create  and read libraries  and archives.
These can be used as libraries (such as the libraries used when linking a C
program), or to back up files.

aarr.............The object librarian/archiver
ccppiioo...........Archiving/backup utility
dduummpp...........File-system backup utility
dduummppddaattee.......Print dump dates
dduummppddiirr........Print the directory of a dump
ggnnuuccppiioo........Archiving/backup utility
ggttaarr...........Archiving/backup utility
rraannlliibb.........Create index for object library
rreessttoorr.........Restore file system
ttaarr............Archiving/backup utility

_M_a_i_l
COHERENT comes  with with a full-featured,  UNIX-style mail facility.  This
is described in the  overview article mmaaiill.  The following commands perform
mail-related work.   Note that  some are also  listed in other  sections of
this article.   Note, too,  that the descriptions  for ssmmaaiill and  rrmmaaiill are
only for  those users who wish  to manipulate UUCP mailing  on a low level;
for  most users,  the descriptions  under  the command  mmaaiill are  more than
sufficient.

ccvvmmaaiill.........Convert stored mail to System V format
llmmaaiill..........Deliver local mail
mmaaiill...........Send/read electronic mail
mmkkffnnaammeess.......Generate data base of user names
nnppttxx...........Generate permutations of users' full names
rrmmaaiill..........Receive UUCP mail
ssmmaaiill..........Send UUCP mail

_P_r_i_n_t_i_n_g
The  following  commands help  you  print text.   For  commands that  drive
communications devices,  e.g., modems,  see the section  on _C_o_m_m_u_n_i_c_a_t_i_o_n_s,
above.

ccaanncceell.........Cancel a print job
cchhrreeqq..........Change priory, lifetime, or printer for a job
eeppssoonn..........Prepare a file for an Epson printer
ffnnkkeeyy..........Set/print function keys for the console
hhpp.............Prepare files for HP LaserJet-compatible printer
hhpprr............Send to LaserJet printer spooler
hhppsskkiipp.........Abort/restart current listing on LaserJet
llpp.............Spool a job for printing
llppaaddmmiinn........Administer the llpp print-spooler system
llppsscchheedd........Print jobs spooled with command llpp
llppsshhuutt.........Turn off the printer daemon
llpprr............Send to line printer spooler
llppsskkiipp.........Terminate/restart current line printer listing
llppssttaatt.........Give status of printer or job
ppccllffoonntt........Prepare a PCL font for downloading via MLP
rreepprriinntt........Reprint a spooled print job
rroouuttee..........Show or reset a user's default printer
ssttttyy...........Set/print terminal modes

_S_h_e_l_l _C_o_m_m_a_n_d_s
COHERENT  comes with  two command  interpreters, or  _s_h_e_l_l_s: kksshh,  the Korn
shell, and sshh, the Bourne shell.  The following commands are used either by
the Korn shell, by the Bourne shell, or by both.  Please note that commands
used only  by the Korn shell  are marked by a  dagger `+', whereas commands
used only by the Bourne shell are marked by an asterisk `*'.

aalliiaass+.........Set an alias
bbaasseennaammee.......Strip path information from a file name
bbiinndd+..........Bind key sequence to editing command
bbrreeaakk..........Exit from shell construct
bbuuiillttiinn+.......Execute a command as a built-in command
ccaassee...........Execute commands conditionally according to pattern
ccdd.............Change directory
ccoonnttiinnuuee.......Terminate current iteration of shell construct
ddiirrnnaammee........Extract a directory name
ddiirrss*..........Print contents of directory stack
eecchhoo...........Repeat an argument
eevvaall...........Evaluate arguments
eexxeecc...........Execute command directly
eexxiitt...........Exit from a shell
eexxppoorrtt.........Add a shell variable to the environment
eexxpprr...........Compute a command line expression
ffaallssee..........Unconditional failure
ffcc+............Edit and re-execute one or more previous commands
ffoorr............Execute commands for tokens in list
ffrroomm...........Generate list of numbers, for use in loop
ggeettooppttss........Parse command-line options
hhaasshh+..........Add a command to the shell's hash table
iidd.............Print user and group IDs and names
iiff.............Execute a command conditionally
jjoobbss+..........Print information about jobs
lleett............Evaluate an expression
nnoohhuupp..........Run a command while ignoring hangup signals
ppooppdd*..........Pop an item from the directory stack
pprreepp...........Produce a word list
pprriinntt+.........Echo text onto the standard output
ppuusshhdd*.........Push an item onto the directory stack
rreeaadd...........Assign values to shell variables
rreeaaddoonnllyy.......Mark a shell variable as read only
sseett............Set shell option flags and positional parameters
sshhiifftt..........Shift positional parameters
sslleeeepp..........Stop executing for a specified time
tteeee............Copy input to multiple output streams
tteesstt...........Evaluate conditional expression
ttiimmeess..........Print total user and system times
ttrraapp...........Execute command on receipt of signal
ttrruuee...........Unconditional success
ttyyppeesseett+.......Set/list variables and their attributes
uummaasskk..........Set the file-creation mask
uunnaalliiaass+.......Remove an alias
uunnsseett..........Unset an environmental variable or shell function
uunnttiill..........Execute commands repeatedly
wwaaiitt...........Await completion of background process
wwhheennccee+........List a command's type
wwhhiillee..........Execute commands repeatedly
xxaarrggss..........Execute a command with many arguments

_S_t_r_i_n_g _P_r_o_c_e_s_s_i_n_g
Some of the most useful  commands are those that process strings.  COHERENT
has  many  commands  that  search  for  strings, manipulate  strings,  sort
strings, and otherwise perform useful manipulations on strings.

cc..............Print multi-column output
ccggrreepp..........Pattern search for C programs
ccoommmm...........Print common lines
ccuutt............Select portions of each line of a file
ddeettaabb..........Replace tab characters with spaces
ddiiffff...........Summarize differences between two files
ddiiffff33..........Summarize differences among three files
eeggrreepp..........Extended pattern search
ggrreepp...........Pattern search
hheeaadd...........Print the beginning of a file
jjooiinn...........Join two data bases
llooookk...........Find matching lines in a sorted file
mmoorree...........Display text one screenful at a time
ppaassttee..........Merge lines of files
rreevv............Print text backwards
ssccaatt...........Print text files one screenful at a time
ssoorrtt...........Sort lines of text
sspplliitt..........Split a text file into smaller files
ssttrriinnggss........Print all character strings from a file
ttaaiill...........Print the end of a file
ttrr.............Translate characters
ttssoorrtt..........Topological sort
uunniiqq...........Remove/count repeated lines in a sorted file
vviieeww...........Berkeley-style text viewer
wwcc.............Count words, lines, and characters in text files

_S_y_s_t_e_m _A_c_c_o_u_n_t_i_n_g
The following commands  help you to keep track of  how your COHERENT system
is working.

aacc.............Summarize login accounting information
aaccccttoonn.........Enable/disable process accounting
ddff.............Measure free space on disk
dduu.............Summarize disk usage
ppss.............Print process status
ssaa.............Print a summary of process accounting
qquuoott...........Summarize file-system usage
ttiimmee...........Time the execution of a command
ttiimmeess..........Print total user and system times
uuuulloogg..........Examine UUCP operations

_S_y_s_t_e_m _M_a_i_n_t_e_n_a_n_c_e
These commands help you to maintain your COHERENT system.

aassyymmkkddeevv.......Create nodes for asynchronous devices
aatt.............Execute commands at given time
bbaadd............Maintain list of bad blocks
bbaaddssccaann........Examine a device for bad blocks
bbuuiilldd..........Install COHERENT onto a hard disk
cchheecckk..........Check file system
ccllrrii...........Clear i-node
ccrroonnttaabb........Copy a command file into the crontab directory
ddaattee...........Print/set the date and time
ddcchheecckk.........Check directory consistency
ffddffoorrmmaatt.......Low-level format a floppy disk
ffsscckk...........Check and repair file systems interactively
iicchheecckk.........i-node consistency check
mmkkffss...........Make a new file system
mmkknnoodd..........Make a special file or named pipe
mmoouunntt..........Mount a file system
nncchheecckk.........Print file names corresponding to i-node
nneewwggrrpp.........Change to a new group
nneewwuussrr.........Add new user to COHERENT system
rreebboooott.........Reboot the COHERENT system
sshhuuttddoowwnn.......Shut down the COHERENT system
ssyynncc...........Flush system buffers
ttttyyttyyppee........Set default terminal types
uummoouunntt.........Unmount a file system
uunnmmkkffss.........Create a prototype file system
uuuucchheecckk........Sanity-check the UUCP system

_t_e_r_m_i_n_f_o
COHERENT supports  an implementation of  tteerrmmiinnffoo, the terminal-description
utility used  under UNIX System  V.  (It also supports  tteerrmmccaapp, should you
prefer  to use  that venerable,  but still  useful, system.)  The following
commands help support tteerrmmiinnffoo:

ccaappttooiinnffoo......Convert termcap data to tteerrmmiinnffoo form
iinnffooccmmpp........De-compile a tteerrmmiinnffoo binary file
ttiicc............Compile a tteerrmmiinnffoo description

_T_e_x_t _P_r_o_c_e_s_s_o_r_s
These commands  help you to  create orderly, attractive  printed text.  For
information on how to print the  output of these commands, see the commands
listed under _D_e_v_i_c_e _H_a_n_d_l_i_n_g, above.

ccooll............Remove reverse and half line motions
ddeerrooffff.........Remove text formatting control information
nnrrooffff..........Text-formatting language
ffmmtt............Adjust the length of lines in a file of text
ffwwttaabbllee........Build a font-width table from PCL or PostScript font
llccaasseepp.........Convert text to lower case
pprr.............Paginate and print files
pprrppss...........Paginate and print files on PostScript printers
PPSSffoonntt.........Cook an Adobe font into PostScript format
ssppeellll..........Find spelling errors
ttrrooffff..........Extended text-formatting language
ttyyppoo...........Detect possible typographical and spelling errors

_U_U_C_P
The  UUCP commands  lets you  form a  network with  other COHERENT  or UNIX
systems.   Members  of  the network  can  grant  each  other permission  to
exchange mail  and execute  commands on  each others' systems  remotely and
automatically,  without  having  to be  directed  by  a  human being.   The
overview article UUUUCCPP describes  the COHERENT UUCP facility in some detail.
The following  commands perform  UUCP-related work;  note that some  of the
commands  listed  here also  are  also  listed in  other  sections of  this
article.

mmwwccbbbbss.........Download files from the Mark Williams bulletin board
uuuucchheecckk........Sanity-check the UUCP system
uuuucciiccoo.........Connect to a remote system
uuuuccpp...........Copy a file to or from a remote system
uuuuddeeccooddee.......Decode a transmitted UUCP file
uuuueennccooddee.......Encode a UUCP file for tranmission
uuuuiinnssttaallll......Configure UUCP control files
uuuulloogg..........Examine UUCP operations
uuuummvvlloogg........Archive UUCP log files
uuuunnaammee.........Print names of recognized systems
uuuurrmmlloocckk.......Remove UUCP lock files
uuuuttoouucchh........Force polling of a remote site
uuuuxx............Execute a command on a remote system
uuuuxxqqtt..........Execute file as requested by remote system

_M_i_s_c_e_l_l_a_n_e_o_u_s
The following commands do not fit  neatly into any of the above categories.
These include  some of the  more interesting and  useful COHERENT commands,
and are worth your attention.

aapprrooppooss........Find manual pages on a given topic
AATTcclloocckk........Read/set the AT realtime clock
bbcc.............Interactive calculator with arbitrary precision
ccaalleennddaarr.......Electronic reminder service
cchhrroooott.........Change root directory
cclleeaarr..........Clear your terminal's screen
ccoohh_iinnttrroo......Tour the COHERENT file system
ccrryypptt..........Encrypt/decrypt text
ddcc.............Desk calculator
ddiissaabbllee........Disable a port
eennaabbllee.........Enable a port
eennvv............Execute a command in an environment
ffaaccttoorr.........Factor a number
hheellpp...........Print concise description of command
iinnssttaallll........Install a software update onto COHERENT
iippccrrmm..........Remove an interprocess-communication memory item
iippccss...........Display a snapshot of interprocess communications
kkiillll...........Signal a process
kksshh............Invoke the Korn shell
llooggiinn..........Log in or change user name
mmaann............Print Lexicon entries
mmkkbbtt33.55........Make a bootable 3.5-inch floppy disk
mmkkbbtt55.2255.......Make a bootable 5.25-inch floppy disk
mmkklloosstt+ffoouunndd...Make an enlarged lost+found directory
ppaasssswwdd.........Set/change login password
pphhoonnee..........Print numbers and addresses from phone directory
ssccrriipptt.........Capture a terminal session into a file
sshh.............Invoke the Bourne shell
ssuu.............Substitute user id, become superuser
ssuumm............Print checksum of a file
ttaappee...........Manipulate a tape device
ttttyy............Print the user's terminal name
ttttyyssttaatt........Get terminal status
uunnaammee..........Print information about the system
uunniittss..........Convert units of measure
vvsshh............Invoke the COHERENT visual shell
wwhhoo............Print who is logged in
yyeess............Print infinitely many responses

For more  information on any  of these commands,  see its entry  within the
Lexicon.

_S_e_e _A_l_s_o
AAddmmiinniisstteerriinngg CCOOHHEERREENNTT, PPrrooggrraammmmiinngg CCOOHHEERREENNTT, UUssiinngg CCOOHHEERREENNTT
