The format of the screen is as follows: each line represents a file (or directory), the name of which is right-most. From left the fields are: mode, link count, owner, size, write date and name. See ls(1) for a description of what each of these mean. You move up and down the column immediately left of the filename. The bottom half of the screen is used for displaying files via the type command. If there are too many files to all fit on one window, more windows are allocated. The f and b commands can be used for stepping forward and backward windows. The last screen line is used as an `echo' line for displaying error messages and reading arguments. It also displays the full directory name if `direding' a directory. When in split screen mode, the divider serves also as a `linear indicator' showing where the current window is relative to the entire list of files. The symbols `(' and `)' denote the window. Square brackets replace `(' and/or `)' when the window is the first and/or last window. A single `o' is used to represent the window when the window size is small compared to the total number of files.
dired will normally select batch mode automatically when its output is not a terminal, but this option provides a way to force that for systems where dired is unable to detect non-terminal output.
Use this option in conjunction with the sorting options described below as an alternative to ls(1).
This option is ignored in batch mode.
This option is ignored in batch mode.
For equal sort keys, do a secondary sort to put the filenames in ascending order.
Numeric sorting of filenames with -sN is useful in directories such as /proc and Usenet news trees, where files are named 1, 2, 3, ....
Here are the keyboard commands that control dired, organized into several categories:
Help
- ?, h
- Display a help message summarizing the keyboard commands.
Quitting dired
- a
- Abort out of the current directory. No deletions are done.
- A
- Abort completely out of dired, with no deletions.
- q
- Exit dired, displaying files marked for deletion and requiring confirmation before deleting them. If no confirmation is given (typing anything other than y), dired goes back to its display.
- Q
- Quit dired, with no deletions.
Actions on files
- !
- Prompt for a system command to invoke. The command is executed, and confirmation is required before returning to the display. All % characters in the command are replaced with the full pathname of the current entry, and all # chars are replaced with just the trailing filename component (what you see on the screen).
- .
- Repeat the previous ! shell command, substituting the current entry for any special chars (%#) in the original command.
- e
- Run the editor defined in the EDITOR environment variable upon the current file. If EDITOR is not defined, vi(1) is used. However, if the current file is a directory, it is not edited, but rather, dired forks a copy of itself upon that directory. In this manner, you can examine the contents of that directory and thus move down the directory hierarchy.
- m
- Run the program defined by the PAGER environment variable program on the current entry. If PAGER is not defined, run more(1).
- P
- Print the current file on the lineprinter.
- t
- Type the file to the terminal; this is considerably faster than starting an editor on the file. In two-window mode, the bottom window is used, pausing after each screenful. The type-out may be interrupted by <control or q.
- T
- Same as t, but without any pauses at end-of-screen.
Deletion and undeletion
- d
- Mark the current entry for deletion. Upon exit and confirmation (or re-reading using the `R' command), this entry will be deleted. Warning: this includes directories! If it is a directory, everything in it and underneath it will be removed.
- D
- Mark all files for deletion. (`U' undoes this).
- ~
- Mark files with names ending in ~ for deletion.
- #
- Mark files with names beginning with # for deletion.
- u
- Undelete the current entry, if it was previously marked for deletion.
- U
- Cancel all deletion requests.
Display
- <space>
- Re-print the directory path name.
- c
- Refresh the current line.
- \
- Toggle between split-screen mode and full-screen mode.
- <control G>
- Show the current file number, the total number of files, and the percentage through the file. Useful in full screen mode when there is no linear indicator.
- l, <control L>
- Refresh the current window.
- p
- Display the full path name of the current file; embedded control characters are shown with graphics.
- R
- Re-read the directory or file list. If files are marked for deletion, dired will first ask for confirmation and then delete them before re-reading. This is useful after operations done during shell escapes (e.g., chmod(1)).
- r, s
- Sort the file list by various fields, with the field selected by the next input character. If that character is <ESC>, then cancel the sort request. See the documentation of the -s option above for a description of the sort fields and sort orders.
Miscellaneous
- <ESC>
- Cancel a sort or a count.
- C
- Toggle colorization of filenames.
Moving around
- <down arrow>, <lf>,^N, j
- Step to the next file. If this crosses a window boundary, the next window is displayed with a one-line overlap. May be preceded by a count.
- <up arrow>, ^, -, k, <backspace>, ^P
- Step to previous file. If this crosses a window boundary, the previous window is displayed with a one-line overlap. May be preceded by a count.
- <PageDown>, <right arrow>, f
- Go forward a window, leaving a one-line overlap. May be preceded by a count.
- <PageUp>,<left arrow>, b
- Go backward a window, leaving a one-line overlap. May be preceded by a count.
- <, [, (, {
- Go to the start of the file list. With an argument n, go n/10 of the way from the start.
- >, ], ), }
- Go to the end of the file list. With an argument n, go n/10 of the way from the end.
- E
- Go up to the next higher level directory. In the case of an argument list of files to dired, go to the parent of the directory which contains the current file.
- G
- Go to the file number given by the preceding count. With no count, go to the last file as in vi(1).
- M
- Remember the current entry on the mark stack. You can later return to it with the J (jump) command.
- J
- Pop the top entry from the mark stack, and jump to it.
- L
- Pop the top entry from the view stack, and jump to it. Each screen display adds an entry to the view stack, except for views created by this command, so you can use L to display views in reverse order.
Searching
- /<regular-expression>
- Locate a file matching the given regular expression, as defined in re_comp(3) and re_exec(3). The search is in the forward direction. The regular expression is remembered for subsequent use by the n and N commands. If the regular expression is empty, the last one remembered is used.
- n
- Find the next instance in the forward direction of the regular expression previously-defined by a `/' command.
- N
- Find the next instance in the backward direction of the regular expression previously-defined by a `/' command.
The color support is identical to that provided by the GNU ls(1) command: if the terminal type defined by the TERM environment variable is known to support color (i.e., is one of con132x25, con132x30, con132x43, con132x60, con80x25, con80x28, con80x30, con80x43, con80x50, con80x60, console, linux, vt100, or xterm), then built-in defaults determine file colors.
Do not be disappointed if your terminal type is one of the above, but the output is still monochrome: only recent versions of UNIX terminal emulators, such as xterm(1), contain support for text color beyond the normal foreground and background colors. However, all should have at least bold, flashing, underlined, and reverse video capability.
The defaults can be overridden by settings of the LS_COLORS (or LS_COLOURS) environment variable; that variable augments, but does not eliminate, the internal defaults. Thus, for customization, the user need only supply changed values.
The value of the LS_COLORS variable is a termcap(1)-like capability list: a colon-separated list of key=value pairs. As in computer programming languages, when there are repeated assignments to the same key name, only the last is effective.
Keys may be one of these file types or commands:
- bd
- block device,
- cd
- character device,
- di
- directory,
- ec
- end control sequence code (replaces lc+no+rc),
- ex
- executable file,
- fi
- regular file,
- lc
- left control sequence code,
- ln
- symbolic link,
- mi
- missing file (defaults to fi),
- no
- normal (non-filename) text,
- or
- orphaned symbolic link (defaults to ln),
- pi
- named pipe (FIFO),
- rc
- right control sequence code,
- so
- socket.
Keys may also be of the form *.ext to select files by dotted extension.
Values are terminal color control sequences, usually semicolon-separated lists of numbers, as follows:
- 0
- restore default color
- 1
- brighter colors
- 4
- underlined text
- 5
- flashing text
- 7
- reverse video
- 30
- black foreground
- 31
- red foreground
- 32
- green foreground
- 33
- yellow (or brown) foreground
- 34
- blue foreground
- 35
- purple foreground
- 36
- cyan foreground
- 37
- white (or gray) foreground
- 40
- black background
- 41
- red background
- 42
- green background
- 43
- yellow (or brown) background
- 44
- blue background
- 45
- purple background
- 46
- cyan background
- 47
- white (or gray) background
For convenience, here is the same data, sorted by color names instead of color numbers:
- 40
- black background
- 30
- black foreground
- 44
- blue background
- 34
- blue foreground
- 46
- cyan background
- 36
- cyan foreground
- 42
- green background
- 32
- green foreground
- 45
- purple background
- 35
- purple foreground
- 41
- red background
- 31
- red foreground
- 47
- white (or gray) background
- 37
- white (or gray) foreground
- 43
- yellow (or brown) background
- 33
- yellow (or brown) foreground
Any required special characters in capability values can be represented by backslash or caret escape sequences:
- \?
- rubout (ASCII DELete)
- \_
- space
- \a
- alert (ASCII BEL)
- \b
- backspace (ASCII BS)
- \e
- escape (ASCII ESCape)
- \f
- formfeed (ASCII FF)
- \n
- newline (ASCII NL)
- \ooo
- 3-octal-digit character value
- \r
- carriage return (ASCII CR)
- \t
- horizontal tab (ASCII HT)
- \v
- vertical tab (ASCII VT)
- \xhh
- 2-or-more-hexadecimal-digit character value
- ^x
- Control character formed from the five low-order bits of the character `x'
Backslash can also be used to protect other characters, notably, backslash, colon, and equals, from misinterpretation: `\' reduces to a single `\', and `e:' to a non-separating colon.
The GNU dircolors(1) command can be used to display the default setting of LS_COLORS used by dired. For convenience, the default is displayed here, but for readability, newlines have been inserted after the colons separating key=value pairs, and the pairs have been sorted into ascending order:
*.arj=01;31: *.avi=01;37: *.bmp=01;35: *.deb=01;31: *.dl=01;37: *.gif=01;35: *.gl=01;37: *.gz=01;31: *.jpg=01;35: *.lzh=01;31: *.mpg=01;37: *.ppm=01;35: *.tar=01;31: *.taz=01;31: *.tga=01;35: *.tgz=01;31: *.tif=01;35: *.xbm=01;35: *.xpm=01;35: *.Z=01;31: *.z=01;31: *.zip=01;31: bd=40;33;01: cd=40;33;01: di=01;34: ex=01;32: fi=0: lc=\e[: ln=01;36: no=0: or=40;31;01: pi=40;33: rc=m: so=01;35:
dired writes each filename to the screen in the form <lc><colorcode><rc><filename><ec>. If the ec command is undefined, the sequence <lc><no><rc> is used instead. For example, the default setting shown above for the di directory file capability, 01;34, produces bright blue text on the screen background, and the character string that is output to the screen is \e[01;34mfilename\e[0m.
If you routinely use colored screen backgrounds, you should define background, as well as foreground, colors in each color capability value; otherwise, you may find that the color selected for certain files is difficult, or impossible, to see against the colored background.
The exit codes returned to the invoking program are as follows:
- 0
- success (normal termination);
- 1
- failure (usually accompanied by an explanatory message);
- 2
- failed to open termcap file;
- 3
- unknown terminal type;
- 69
- user requested abort with A or Q, or else editor invocation failed.
Enhancements by Jay Lepreau <lepreau@cs.utah.edu>.
Fixes and enhancements by Charles Hill.
Regular-expression support code by Tatu Ylonen <ylo@ngs.fi>.
Many fixes and enhancements, major revision of manual pages, support for GNU autoconfigure (for simple installation), batch mode, and color support, by Nelson H. F. Beebe <beebe@math.utah.edu>, who is the current maintainer of dired.
ftp://ftp.math.utah.edu/pub/misc
in the file dired-x.yy.tar.gz where x.yy is the current version. Other distribution formats are usually available in the same location.
That site is mirrored to several other Internet archives, so you may also be able to find it elsewhere on the Internet; try searching for the string dired at one or more of the popular Web search sites, such as
http://altavista.digital.com/ http://www.hotbot.com/ http://www.stpt.com/ http://www.yahoo.com/
On some systems, if dired is running under a script(1) session, the screen dimensions may be incorrect, and can be reset in the same way as above.