%%% -*-BibTeX-*-
%%% ====================================================================
%%%  BibTeX-file{
%%%     author          = "Nelson H. F. Beebe",
%%%     version         = "1.49",
%%%     date            = "20 October 2023",
%%%     time            = "16:59:47 MDT",
%%%     filename        = "visible-language.bib",
%%%     address         = "University of Utah
%%%                        Department of Mathematics, 110 LCB
%%%                        155 S 1400 E RM 233
%%%                        Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0090
%%%                        USA",
%%%     telephone       = "+1 801 581 5254",
%%%     FAX             = "+1 801 581 4148",
%%%     URL             = "https://www.math.utah.edu/~beebe",
%%%     checksum        = "49477 58182 268218 2711332",
%%%     email           = "beebe at math.utah.edu, beebe at acm.org,
%%%                        beebe at computer.org (Internet)",
%%%     codetable       = "ISO/ASCII",
%%%     keywords        = "bibliography; BibTeX; Journal of Typographic
%%%                        Research; Visible Language",
%%%     license         = "public domain",
%%%     supported       = "yes",
%%%     docstring       = "This is a COMPLETE bibliography of the
%%%                        open-access journal, The Journal of
%%%                        Typographic Research (CODEN none, ISSN
%%%                        0449-329X), (1967--1970), and an extensive,
%%%                        but incomplete, bibliography of its successor
%%%                        from 1971, Visible Language (CODEN VSLGAO,
%%%                        ISSN 0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529
%%%                        (electronic)), published by The Case Western
%%%                        University Press, Cleveland, OH, USA, then by
%%%                        MIT Press, then by the Rhode Island School of
%%%                        Design, and now by the School of Design at
%%%                        the University of Cincinnati, OH, USA.
%%%
%%%                        Publication began with volume 1, number 1, in
%%%                        January 1967, and there were four issues per
%%%                        annual volume from volumes 1 to 29 (1995).
%%%                        Volumes 30 (1996) to date have three issues
%%%                        per year.  Issues are sometimes combined in
%%%                        print, and in one case, consecutive issues
%%%                        from two volumes appeared in one binding
%%%                        (volume 51 number 3 and volume 52 number 1).
%%%
%%%                        Issues are sometimes assigned months,
%%%                        sometimes seasons, and sometimes have no
%%%                        apparent month or season, unless that was
%%%                        indicated on the journal covers.
%%%                        Regrettably, except for some PDF files from
%%%                        2014 on, there are no cover images.  Although
%%%                        some issues state a publication plan for
%%%                        specific months of the year, that schedule is
%%%                        often not adhered to.
%%%
%%%                        The Web site for the journal (given below)
%%%                        says: ``Visible Language is the oldest
%%%                        peer-reviewed design journal.''
%%%
%%%                        Entry Wrolstad:1976:EN reports the printing
%%%                        technologies used to produce the journals.
%%%                        There are a few colophons recorded here that
%%%                        may provide font and production information.
%%%
%%%                        The journal has Web sites at
%%%
%%%                            http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/
%%%                            [no longer exists, but URLs are saved
%%%                            on https://www.archive.org/]
%%%
%%%                            https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl/
%%%
%%%                        Issues from the last year are available only
%%%                        to subscribers, and earlier issues are
%%%                        nominally freely accessible, but there are
%%%                        several problems recorded later in this
%%%                        section.
%%%
%%%                        At version 1.49, the year coverage looked
%%%                        like this:
%%%
%%%                             1967 (  39)    1986 (  49)    2005 (  26)
%%%                             1968 (  50)    1987 (  36)    2006 (  22)
%%%                             1969 (  40)    1988 (  29)    2007 (  26)
%%%                             1970 (  52)    1989 (  29)    2008 (  37)
%%%                             1971 (  41)    1990 (  28)    2009 (  18)
%%%                             1972 (  46)    1991 (  30)    2010 (  25)
%%%                             1973 (  48)    1992 (  22)    2011 (  19)
%%%                             1974 (  40)    1993 (  29)    2012 (  24)
%%%                             1975 (  45)    1994 (  34)    2013 (  21)
%%%                             1976 (  46)    1995 (  26)    2014 (  27)
%%%                             1977 (  57)    1996 (  30)    2015 (  22)
%%%                             1978 (  40)    1997 (  36)    2016 (  31)
%%%                             1979 (  60)    1998 (  29)    2017 (  23)
%%%                             1980 (  52)    1999 (  33)    2018 (  13)
%%%                             1981 (  37)    2000 (  24)    2019 (  13)
%%%                             1982 (  51)    2001 (  38)    2020 (  10)
%%%                             1983 (  41)    2002 (  31)    2021 (  15)
%%%                             1984 (  42)    2003 (  23)    2022 (  11)
%%%                             1985 (  55)    2004 (  17)    2023 (   8)
%%%
%%%                             Article:       1846
%%%
%%%                             Total entries: 1846
%%%
%%%                        Unfortunately, the Web data for issue
%%%                        contents sometimes disagree with the
%%%                        articles, abbreviate or reorder author names,
%%%                        and fail to include links to smaller
%%%                        contributions near the start and end of each
%%%                        issue.  Thus, the BibTeX entries in this file
%%%                        are certain to represent only a large subset
%%%                        of the publications in the two journals.
%%%                        Those deficiencies have been repaired in the
%%%                        complete coverage of the four volumes of The
%%%                        Journal of Typographic Research, but much
%%%                        work remains for the succeeding 50+ volumes
%%%                        of Visible Language.
%%%
%%%                        In addition, single PDF files for complete
%%%                        issues are available at URLs of the form
%%%
%%%                            https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V1N1_1967_E.pdf
%%%
%%%                        At least 38, however, are missing, or have
%%%                        file protections that make them unreadable:
%%%
%%%                            V12N3_1978_E.pdf V22N23_1988_E.pdf
%%%                            V22N2_1988_E.pdf V22N3_1988_E.pdf
%%%                            V23N1_1989_E.pdf V23N23_1989_E.pdf
%%%                            V24N34_1990_E.pdf V25N23_1991_E.pdf
%%%                            V26N12_1992_E.pdf V26N34_1992_E.pdf
%%%                            V27N12_1993_E.pdf V29N34_1995_E.pdf
%%%                            V38N1_2004_E.pdf V43N23_2009_E.pdf
%%%                            V43N2_2009_E.pdf V43N3_2009_E.pdf
%%%                            V45N12_2010_E.pdf V45N1_2011_E.pdf
%%%                            V45N2_2011_E.pdf V46N12_2012_E.pdf
%%%                            V46N1_2012_E.pdf V46N2_2012_E.pdf
%%%                            V49N12_2015_E.pdf V49N1_2015_E.pdf
%%%                            V49N2_2015_E.pdf V50N2_2016_E.pdf
%%%                            V51N2_2017_E.pdf V51N3521_2017_E.pdf
%%%                            V52N1_2018_E.pdf V52N2_2018_E.pdf
%%%                            V52N3_2018_E.pdf V53N1_2019_E.pdf
%%%                            V53N2_2019_E.pdf V53N3_2019_E.pdf
%%%                            V54N12_2020_E.pdf V54N1_2020_E.pdf
%%%                            V54N2_2020_E.pdf V54N3_2020_E.pdf
%%%
%%%                        Their containing directories are
%%%                        read-protected, so it is impossible to list
%%%                        directory contents, in the hope of finding
%%%                        minor variations in file naming.
%%%
%%%                        In addition, V8N1_1974_E.pdf has pages that
%%%                        are seriously disordered, and many other PDF
%%%                        files have jumbled, missing, repeated, or
%%%                        reversed pages.  Comments preceding BibTeX
%%%                        entries for problem issues identify most of
%%%                        them.
%%%
%%%                        The two journals are not in the JSTOR
%%%                        archive, so there are no freely accessible
%%%                        alternate sources of bibliographic data or
%%%                        article contents.  I found mention of
%%%                        archives of the two journals in two
%%%                        commercial databases, but in the past, I have
%%%                        found the quality of those databases, and
%%%                        their search and retrieval capabilities, too
%%%                        poor to be reliable sources of bibliographic
%%%                        metadata.
%%%
%%%                        Examination of several of the issue PDF files
%%%                        show flaws, including out-of-order pages, and
%%%                        missing pages.  This problem is aggravated by
%%%                        the `design' of the journals that omits page
%%%                        numbers on many pages, fails to include year
%%%                        and month data in running footers in
%%%                        articles, and for some article PDF files,
%%%                        supplies them only in an awkward two-up
%%%                        format.
%%%
%%%                        In the view of this bibliographer, the Web
%%%                        site design is an abject failure. In an
%%%                        attempt to sprinkle text around the screen
%%%                        like pages of an art magazine, the Web pages
%%%                        use Javascript, and have unpredictable names,
%%%                        making it impossible to fetch them
%%%                        automatically: each one has to be viewed in a
%%%                        Web browser and saved from there to HTML
%%%                        files.  The Web pages feature popups that
%%%                        obscure the view of issue contents, and have
%%%                        scroll bars for issue selection that
%%%                        frequently fail to scroll.
%%%
%%%                        No Web pages are available at the publisher
%%%                        Web site for volume 1 number 1, or for volume
%%%                        1 number 2.  However, based on URLs for
%%%                        full-text PDF files of later issues, I found
%%%                        that I could retrieve PDF files for the two
%%%                        missing issues, and then manually reconstruct
%%%                        BibTeX entries for their articles.
%%%
%%%                        No DOI values are available for articles in
%%%                        these journals until v53 n3 (December 2020),
%%%                        and page ranges are mostly not recorded at
%%%                        the publisher Web site, although all articles
%%%                        are paginated.  Thus, page ranges are missing
%%%                        in many of the entries in this file until a
%%%                        reliable secondary source of publication data
%%%                        can be located.
%%%
%%%                        The page numbers given in entries for the
%%%                        four volumes of The Journal of Typographic
%%%                        Research have been supplied manually from
%%%                        visual inspection of the issue PDF files, and
%%%                        further validated by software than checks for
%%%                        page gaps and invalid page ranges.  When
%%%                        article citations have been found, or PDF
%%%                        files of articles have been viewed, page
%%%                        ranges have been included in the BibTeX
%%%                        entries.
%%%
%%%                        Yet more problems afflict assignment of
%%%                        correct page numbers to articles in these
%%%                        journal.  Artwork, sometimes devoid of text,
%%%                        may surround articles, and it is then unclear
%%%                        whether it is merely a decorative page
%%%                        filler, or is intended to be part of the
%%%                        article.
%%%
%%%                        Article order, author order, page numbers,
%%%                        and page ranges in the Web site files, and
%%%                        the journal issue table of contents, are
%%%                        often in disagreement with the actual
%%%                        articles.  The bibliographer has tried hard
%%%                        to repair such errors, but it is likely that
%%%                        a few such discrepancies remain.
%%%
%%%                        Numerous errors in the sources noted above
%%%                        have been corrected.   Spelling has been
%%%                        verified with the UNIX spell and GNU ispell
%%%                        programs using the exception dictionary
%%%                        stored in the companion file with extension
%%%                        .sok.
%%%
%%%                        BibTeX citation tags are uniformly chosen
%%%                        as name:year:abbrev, where name is the
%%%                        family name of the first author or editor,
%%%                        year is a 4-digit number, and abbrev is a
%%%                        3-letter condensation of important title
%%%                        words. Citation tags were automatically
%%%                        generated by software developed for the
%%%                        BibNet Project.
%%%
%%%                        In this bibliography, entries are stored in
%%%                        publication order within each journal.
%%%
%%%                        The checksum field above contains a CRC-16
%%%                        checksum as the first value, followed by the
%%%                        equivalent of the standard UNIX wc (word
%%%                        count) utility output of lines, words, and
%%%                        characters.  This is produced by Robert
%%%                        Solovay's checksum utility.",
%%%  }
%%% ====================================================================

@Preamble{
    "\ifx \undefined \bioname      \def \bioname#1{{{\em #1\/}}} \fi" #
    "\ifx \undefined \booktitle    \def \booktitle #1{{{\em #1}}} \fi"
}

%%% ====================================================================
%%% Acknowledgement abbreviations:

@String{ack-nhfb = "Nelson H. F. Beebe,
                    University of Utah,
                    Department of Mathematics, 110 LCB,
                    155 S 1400 E RM 233,
                    Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0090, USA,
                    Tel: +1 801 581 5254,
                    FAX: +1 801 581 4148,
                    e-mail: \path|beebe@math.utah.edu|,
                            \path|beebe@acm.org|,
                            \path|beebe@computer.org| (Internet),
                    URL: \path|https://www.math.utah.edu/~beebe/|"}

%%% ====================================================================
%%% Journal abbreviations:

@String{j-J-TYPOGR-RES          = "The Journal of Typographic Research"}

@String{j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE      = "Visible Language"}

%%% ====================================================================
%%% Bibliography entries, sorted in publication order:

%%% NB: Contents of volume 1, number 1, have been recovered from
%%% https://www.abebooks.com/servlet/BookDetailsPL?bi=30710505738
%%% and cross-checked against a table-of-contents page image at
%%% https://fontsinuse.com/uses/11591/the-journal-of-typographic-research
%%% and full issue contents at
%%% https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V1N1_1967_E.pdf
%%%
%%% Here is a summary of the bibliography coverage:
%%%
%%%    Count   Year      Volume  Number   Month/Season
%%%
%%%      11    1967           I       1      jan
%%%      12    1967           I       2      apr
%%%      10    1967           I       3      jul
%%%       6    1967           I       4      oct
%%%
%%%       9    1968          II       1      jan
%%%      12    1968          II       2      apr
%%%      15    1968          II       3      jul
%%%      14    1968          II       4      oct
%%%
%%%       8    1969         III       1      jan
%%%      10    1969         III       2      apr
%%%      11    1969         III       3      jul
%%%      11    1969         III       4      oct
%%%
%%%      14    1970          IV       1      Winter
%%%      13    1970          IV       2      Spring
%%%      10    1970          IV       3      Summer
%%%      15    1970          IV       4      Autumn
%%%
%%%      11    1971           V       1      Winter
%%%       7    1971           V       2      Spring
%%%      10    1971           V       3      Summer
%%%      13    1971           V       4      Autumn
%%%
%%%      10    1972          VI       1      Winter
%%%      14    1972          VI       2      Spring
%%%      10    1972          VI       3      Summer
%%%      12    1972          VI       4      Autumn
%%%
%%%       9    1973         VII       1      Winter
%%%      13    1973         VII       2      Spring
%%%      13    1973         VII       3      Summer
%%%      13    1973         VII       4      Autumn
%%%
%%%       8    1974        VIII       1      Winter
%%%      12    1974        VIII       2      Spring
%%%      11    1974        VIII       3      Summer
%%%       9    1974        VIII       4      Autumn
%%%
%%%      15    1975          IX       1      Winter
%%%      10    1975          IX       2      Spring
%%%      10    1975          IX       3      Summer
%%%      10    1975          IX       4      Autumn
%%%
%%%       9    1976           X       1      Winter
%%%      13    1976           X       2      Spring
%%%      13    1976           X       3      Summer
%%%      11    1976           X       4      Autumn
%%%
%%%      13    1977          XI       1      Winter
%%%      19    1977          XI       2      Spring
%%%      13    1977          XI       3      Summer
%%%      12    1977          XI       4      Autumn
%%%
%%%      10    1978         XII       1      Winter
%%%      12    1978         XII       2      Spring
%%%       8    1978         XII       3      Summer
%%%      10    1978         XII       4      Autumn
%%%
%%%      11    1979        XIII       1      Winter
%%%       9    1979        XIII       2      Spring
%%%      14    1979        XIII       3      Summer
%%%      26    1979        XIII       4      Autumn
%%%
%%%      15    1980         XIV       1      Winter
%%%      10    1980         XIV       2      Spring
%%%      12    1980         XIV       3      Summer
%%%      15    1980         XIV       4      Autumn
%%%
%%%      14    1981          XV       1      Winter
%%%       8    1981          XV       2      Spring
%%%       6    1981          XV       3      Summer
%%%       9    1981          XV       4      Autumn
%%%
%%%      11    1982         XVI       1      Winter
%%%      16    1982         XVI       2      Spring
%%%      13    1982         XVI       3      Summer
%%%      11    1982         XVI       4      Autumn
%%%
%%%       2    1983        XVII       1      Winter
%%%       9    1983        XVII       2      Spring
%%%      13    1983        XVII       3      Summer
%%%      17    1983        XVII       4      Autumn
%%%
%%%       9    1984       XVIII       1      Winter
%%%      11    1984       XVIII       2      Spring
%%%       9    1984       XVIII       3      Summer
%%%      13    1984       XVIII       4      Autumn
%%%
%%%      22    1985         XIX       1      Winter
%%%      13    1985         XIX       2      Spring
%%%       8    1985         XIX       3      Summer
%%%      12    1985         XIX       4      Autumn
%%%
%%%      13    1986          XX       1      Winter
%%%      12    1986          XX       2      Spring
%%%      13    1986          XX       3      Summer
%%%      11    1986          XX       4      Autumn
%%%
%%%      13    1987         XXI       1      Winter
%%%       8    1987         XXI       2      Spring
%%%      15    1987         XXI    3--4      ????
%%%
%%%       9    1988        XXII       1      Winter
%%%       7    1988        XXII    2--3      ????
%%%      11    1988        XXII       4      Autumn
%%%
%%%       6    1989       XXIII       1      jan
%%%       9    1989       XXIII    2--3      may
%%%      10    1989       XXIII       4      Autumn
%%%       4    1989       XXIII       4      oct
%%%
%%%      11    1990        XXIV       1      Winter
%%%      11    1990        XXIV       2      Spring
%%%       6    1990        XXIV    3--4      jul
%%%
%%%       9    1991          25       1      Winter
%%%      14    1991          25    2--3      apr
%%%       7    1991          25       4      Autumn
%%%
%%%      15    1992          26    1--2      jan
%%%       7    1992          26    3--4      jul
%%%
%%%       9    1993          27    1--2      jan
%%%      10    1993          27       3      jul
%%%      10    1993          27       4      Autumn
%%%
%%%      10    1994          28       1      Winter
%%%       6    1994          28       2      Spring
%%%       9    1994          28       3      Summer
%%%       9    1994          28       4      Autumn
%%%
%%%       7    1995          29       1      Winter
%%%      12    1995          29       2      Spring
%%%       7    1995          29    3--4      sep
%%%
%%%       5    1996          30       1      jan
%%%      12    1996          30       2      may
%%%      13    1996          30       3      sep
%%%
%%%      13    1997          31       1      Winter
%%%      13    1997          31       2      may
%%%      10    1997          31       3      nov
%%%
%%%      10    1998          32       1      jan
%%%       8    1998          32       2      may
%%%      11    1998          32       3      sep
%%%
%%%      13    1999          33       1      jan
%%%      10    1999          33       2      may
%%%      10    1999          33       3      oct
%%%
%%%      10    2000          34       1      jan
%%%       6    2000          34       2      may
%%%       8    2000          34       3      sep
%%%
%%%      14    2001          35       1      jan
%%%       9    2001          35       2      may
%%%      15    2001          35       3      oct
%%%
%%%       9    2002          36       1      jan
%%%      13    2002          36       2      may
%%%       9    2002          36       3      sep
%%%
%%%       6    2003          37       1      jan
%%%       9    2003          37       2      may
%%%       8    2003          37       3      sep
%%%
%%%       2    2004          38       1      jan
%%%       9    2004          38       2      may
%%%       6    2004          38       3      sep
%%%
%%%       9    2005          39       1      jan
%%%       8    2005          39       2      may
%%%       9    2005          39       3      sep
%%%
%%%       9    2006          40       1      jan
%%%       6    2006          40       2      may
%%%       7    2006          40       3      sep
%%%
%%%      10    2007          41       1      jan
%%%       6    2007          41       2      may
%%%      10    2007          41       3      sep
%%%
%%%      16    2008          42       1      jan
%%%      14    2008          42       2      may
%%%       7    2008          42       3      sep
%%%
%%%      10    2009          43       1      jan
%%%       8    2009          43    2--3      jul
%%%
%%%       7    2010          44       1      jan
%%%      11    2010          44       2      may
%%%       7    2010          44       3      sep
%%%
%%%       7    2011          45    1--2      aug
%%%      12    2011          45       3      dec
%%%
%%%      10    2012          46    1--2      may
%%%       8    2012          46       3      dec
%%%       6    2012          46       3      sep
%%%
%%%       6    2013          47       1      jan
%%%       7    2013          47       2      may
%%%       8    2013          47       3      sep
%%%
%%%       6    2014          48       1      may
%%%      10    2014          48       2      aug
%%%      11    2014          48       3      nov
%%%
%%%      11    2015          49    1--2      apr
%%%      11    2015          49       3      dec
%%%
%%%      10    2016          50       1      apr
%%%      13    2016          50       2      aug
%%%       8    2016          50       3      dec
%%%
%%%       9    2017          51       1      apr
%%%       5    2017          51       2      aug
%%%       9    2017          51  3-52.1      dec
%%%
%%%       4    2018          52       2      aug
%%%       9    2018          52       3      dec
%%%
%%%       5    2019          53       1      apr
%%%       4    2019          53       2      aug
%%%       4    2019          53       3      dec
%%%
%%%       7    2020          54    1--2      apr

@Article{Wrolstad:1967:PNF,
  author =       "Merald E. Wrolstad",
  title =        "A Prefatory Note to the First Number",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "I",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "3--4",
  month =        jan,
  year =         "1967",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V1N1_1967_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Wiggins:1967:ETT,
  author =       "Richard H. Wiggins",
  title =        "Effects of Three Typographical Variables on Speed of
                 Reading",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "I",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "5--18",
  month =        jan,
  year =         "1967",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V1N1_1967_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Fry:1967:DMS,
  author =       "Edward Fry",
  title =        "The Diacritical Marketing System and a Preliminary
                 Comparison with the Initial Teaching Alphabet",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "I",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "19--30",
  month =        jan,
  year =         "1967",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V1N1_1967_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Prince:1967:PVH,
  author =       "J. H. Prince",
  title =        "Printing for the Visually Handicapped",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "I",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "31--47",
  month =        jan,
  year =         "1967",
  DOI =          "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1444-0938.1967.tb03635.x",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V1N1_1967_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Reprinted with permission in The Australian Journal of
                 Optometry, 50(6) 164--177, June 1967.",
  xxpages =      "31--48",
}

@Article{Duncan:1967:LSS,
  author =       "C. J. Duncan",
  title =        "Line Scan Standards for Characters and Symbols: a
                 Practical Study",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "I",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "49--62",
  month =        jan,
  year =         "1967",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V1N1_1967_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Nadler:1967:PPO,
  author =       "M. Nadler",
  title =        "The Perspectives for Practical Optical Character
                 Recognition",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "I",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "63--68",
  month =        jan,
  year =         "1967",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V1N1_1967_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Holland:1967:TEC,
  author =       "F. C. Holland",
  title =        "Typographical Effects by Cathode Ray Tube Typesetting
                 Systems",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "I",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "69--79",
  month =        jan,
  year =         "1967",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V1N1_1967_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Cowan:1967:LVC,
  author =       "C. I. Cowan",
  title =        "On-Line Visual Correction and Make-up Systems --- {I}:
                 Hardware",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "I",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "80--89",
  month =        jan,
  year =         "1967",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V1N1_1967_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Fabrizio:1967:RFS,
  author =       "Ralph Fabrizio and Ira Kaplan and Gilbert Teal",
  title =        "Readability as a Function of the Straightness of
                 Right-hand Margins",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "I",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "90--95",
  month =        jan,
  year =         "1967",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V1N1_1967_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Malkiel:1967:SULa,
  author =       "Yakov Malkiel",
  title =        "Secondary Uses of Letters in Language. [{Part I}]",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "I",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "96--110",
  month =        jan,
  year =         "1967",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "Reprinted from \booktitle{Romance Philology}, {\bf 19}
                 (1965).",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V1N1_1967_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Reprinted from \booktitle{Romance Philology}, XIX,
                 1--27, by permission of The Regents of the University
                 of California.",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1967:Aa,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "The Authors",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "I",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "111--113",
  month =        jan,
  year =         "1967",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V1N1_1967_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Harrison:1967:CTT,
  author =       "Randall Harrison and Clyde D. J. Morris",
  title =        "Communication Theory and Typographic Research",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "I",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "115--124",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1967",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V1N2_1967_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Payne:1967:RTM,
  author =       "Donald R. Payne",
  title =        "Readability of Typewritten Material; Proportional
                 Versus Standard Spacing",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "I",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "125--136",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1967",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V1N2_1967_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Frutiger:1967:OBS,
  author =       "Adrian Frutiger",
  title =        "{OCR-B}: a Standardized Character for Optical
                 Recognition",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "I",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "137--146",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1967",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V1N2_1967_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Wheelock:1967:IVD,
  author =       "Warren H. Wheelock and Nicholas J. Silvaroli",
  title =        "An investigation of visual discrimination training for
                 beginning readers.",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "I",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "147--156",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1967",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V1N2_1967_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Tanselle:1967:TRB,
  author =       "G. Thomas Tanselle",
  title =        "Typographic Research and Bibliography",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "I",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "157--163",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1967",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V1N2_1967_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Wakefield:1967:PLD,
  author =       "R. J. Wakefield",
  title =        "Print Layout and Design with a Computer {CRT} System",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "I",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "165--168",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1967",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V1N2_1967_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Malkiel:1967:SULb,
  author =       "Yakov Malkiel",
  title =        "Secondary Uses of Letters in Language. [{Part II}]",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "I",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "169--190",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1967",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V1N2_1967_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Reprinted from \booktitle{Romance Philology}, XIX,
                 1--27, by permission of The Regents of the University
                 of California.",
}

@Article{Downing:1967:CMP,
  author =       "John Downing",
  title =        "Commentary: Methodological Problems in Research on
                 Simplified Alphabets and Regularized Writing-Systems",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "I",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "191--201",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1967",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "With a reply by Edward Fry.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V1N2_1967_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1967:C,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Correspondence",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "I",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "202--203",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1967",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V1N2_1967_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1967:BR,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Book Reviews",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "I",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "204--209",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1967",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V1N2_1967_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1967:AJAa,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Abstracts of Journal Articles in {French} and
                 {German}",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "I",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "210--213",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1967",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V1N2_1967_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1967:Ab,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "The Authors",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "I",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "214--215",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1967",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V1N2_1967_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Pierce:1967:PIA,
  author =       "James Smith Pierce",
  title =        "Pictographs, Ideograms, and Alphabets in the Work of
                 {Paul Klee}",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "I",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "219--244",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1967",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V1N3_1967_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Paul Klee (1879--1940), the Swiss artist who taught at
                 the German Bauhaus, used ancient and modern pictographs
                 and alphabets in many of his painting and drawings. The
                 discrete characters of the various systems of writing
                 were well adapted to Klee's unusual additive technique
                 by which he retained the expressive purity of the
                 formal elements. In the 1910's and 1920's, Klee used
                 roman letters to construct abstract formal patterns,
                 but in the 1930's he reanimated the conventional
                 symbols of the alphabet, turning them into active
                 representational figures suggestive of their
                 pictographic origins. His most revolutionary
                 achievement was the invention of bold ideograms,
                 combining different pictographic schemata in a set of
                 double images which enrich a basic idea through chains
                 of associated ideas, thus altering the notion of a
                 picture as representing a scene fixed in time and
                 space.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Huss:1967:CLT,
  author =       "Richard E. Huss",
  title =        "A Chronological List of Typesetting Machines and
                 Ancillary Equipment, 1822--1925",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "I",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "245--274",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1967",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "See comments \cite{Hutt:1968:C}.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V1N3_1967_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The history of the development (1822--1925) of the
                 mechanical control of printers' type is outlined in
                 this chronological list of type-setting machines. Early
                 emphasis is on the single-type devices which
                 manipulated individual pieces of type; gradually matrix
                 machines were perfected. Also included are machines
                 used to supplement the typesetting process:
                 typecasters, direct printers, transfer or impression
                 devices, and material makers.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Hailstone:1967:SED,
  author =       "M. Hailstone and Jeremy J. Foster",
  title =        "Studies of the Efficiency of Drug Labeling",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "I",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "275--284",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1967",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V1N3_1967_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Two experiments on the effectiveness of drug-labeling
                 are reported. The first compared typewritten with
                 hand-written labels, and the second compared printed
                 drug-labels varying in type size, form of type and
                 layout (centered or ranged left). A discrimination-test
                 procedure was employed, the subjects having to select
                 specified labels from a display. The results of the
                 experiments showed (1) that typewritten labels were
                 discriminated more readily than handwritten ones, (2)
                 that labels printed with 10-point type were
                 discriminated more speedily than labels printed with
                 6-point type, (3) that for labels printed with 6-point
                 type, upper-case letterform was more easily
                 discriminated than lower-case letterform, (4) the
                 layout of the label design had no effect on
                 discrimination.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Frutiger:1967:TIS,
  author =       "Adrian Frutiger",
  title =        "Typography with the {IBM Selectric Composer}",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "I",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "285--292",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1967",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "See comments \cite{Schmoller:1968:E,Gurtler:1968:C}.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V1N3_1967_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The place of the IBM Selectric Composer in the
                 evolution of bookmaking processes is outlined: it
                 provides a return to directness and simplicity,
                 combined with the speed of mechanization. Some
                 restrictions and problems which the new machine poses
                 for the type designer are described. The article was
                 originally presented as a lecture at Gallery 303 in New
                 York City. It has been composed on the IBM Selectric
                 Composer in the Univers face which the author adapted
                 to the machine.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Weaver:1967:CP,
  author =       "Mike Weaver",
  title =        "Concrete Poetry",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "I",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "293--326",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1967",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V1N3_1967_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The origins of the Concrete movement in poetry are
                 briefly traced, with early manifestoes included as
                 appendices. Three perceptual approaches, classified as
                 optic, kinetic, and phonetic, are distinguished by
                 means of twenty-one illustrations. The emphasis falls
                 on the development of a new fixed form consonant with
                 our age.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Wendt:1967:RPR,
  author =       "Dirk Wendt",
  title =        "Research in Progress: Research on Readability and
                 Congeniality of Print",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "I",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "327--327",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1967",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V1N3_1967_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Middleton:1967:ER,
  author =       "R. Hunter Middleton",
  title =        "Exhibition Review",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "I",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "328--330",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1967",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V1N3_1967_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1967:BRR,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Book Review: {R. C. Alston, \booktitle{A Bibliography
                 of the English Language from the Invention of Printing
                 to the Year 1800, Volume VIII: Treatises on
                 Short-Hand}. Printed for the author by E. J. Arnold \&
                 Son Limited, Leeds, England; 1966. xiii + 152 pp.
                 \pounds 5. 1Os}",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "I",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "331--335",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1967",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V1N3_1967_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1967:AJAb,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Abstracts of Journal Articles in {French} and
                 {German}",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "I",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "336--338",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1967",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V1N3_1967_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1967:Ac,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "The Authors",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "I",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "339--339",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1967",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V1N3_1967_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Mathews:1967:TFC,
  author =       "M. V. Mathews and Carol Lochbaum and Judith A. Moss",
  title =        "Three Fonts of Computer-drawn Letters",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "I",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "??--??",
  month =        oct,
  year =         "1967",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V1N4_1967_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Detailed descriptions are given for three fonts of
                 letters. Letter shapes are entirely described by
                 numbers. The basic vectors are in a general form so the
                 fonts may be easily drawn on a variety of computers and
                 cathode ray tubes. The fonts include both upper- and
                 lower-case Roman letters, mathematical signs, and
                 upper- and lower-case Greek letters. Digital type
                 design is described. However, the principal
                 contribution is the fonts themselves.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Bass:1967:DCN,
  author =       "Rudi Bass",
  title =        "The Development of {CBS News 36}",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "I",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "357--372",
  month =        oct,
  year =         "1967",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V1N4_1967_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Production of legible typography on the television
                 screen is affected by technological variables unknown
                 to the printed media. Specific problems of type
                 distortion and decay in television transmission are
                 described. To counteract these problems the Graphic
                 Arts Department of CBS News experimented with various
                 typefaces and developed CBS News 36; research results
                 are illustrated and discussed.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Baudin:1967:TER,
  author =       "Fernand Baudin",
  title =        "Typography: Evolution and Revolution",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "I",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "373--386",
  month =        oct,
  year =         "1967",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "See commentary \cite{Foster:1968:CPR,Baudin:1968:C}.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V1N4_1967_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Typography is considered as a technical phase in the
                 evolution of handwriting. The latter in an intellectual
                 and rational operation and not only a skill that is
                 purely manual or mechanical. That is why ideas about
                 the legibility and intelligibility of text should be
                 extended to include the entire format which supports
                 the written matter, book or document. The technological
                 revolution in progress in the reproduction and
                 multiplication of printed matter provokes a social
                 revolution in the actual production of writing, and
                 calls for a parallel renewal of teaching --- at a
                 higher level --- of handwriting. Illustrations and
                 commentary.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Wright:1967:VGE,
  author =       "Edward Wright and J. Collins",
  title =        "Vertical Group Exercises in Graphic Design",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "I",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "??--??",
  month =        oct,
  year =         "1967",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V1N4_1967_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Graphic designers traditionally have limited
                 experience with the direct relationship between meaning
                 and form in the language they use. In this experimental
                 project graphic design students were encouraged to
                 gradually refine their own individual handwritten texts
                 from random, personal jottings into a formal graphic
                 mode. Several students' work is illustrated and
                 commented on.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Tomohiko:1967:JC,
  author =       "Horie Tomohiko",
  title =        "{Japanese} Calligraphy",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "I",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "??--??",
  month =        oct,
  year =         "1967",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V1N4_1967_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "More than any other area of the world, Japan and China
                 have refined the practical act of writing into a highly
                 expressive art form. With their roots in earlier
                 Chinese symbols, Japanese calligraphers have ---
                 through a 1300-year history --- developed a variety of
                 unique styles of their own. Two main classifications
                 are discussed: ``classical'' in which form and emotion
                 are closely integrated, and ``subjective'' in which
                 feeling takes precedence over form.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Tansell:1967:ITB,
  author =       "G. Thomas Tansell",
  title =        "Identification of Typefaces in Bibliographical
                 Description",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "I",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "??--??",
  month =        oct,
  year =         "1967",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V1N4_1967_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Two suggestions may be helpful to descriptive
                 bibliographers in working out a method for describing
                 the typography of a book: bibliographers should base
                 their measurements of type on its appearance on the
                 printed page rather than to infer the size of the type
                 body; and their system of classification of type
                 designs should be graduated so that different degrees
                 of detail can be presented under differing
                 circumstances and for the several periods of book
                 production.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Wendt:1968:SDT,
  author =       "Dirk Wendt",
  title =        "Semantic Differentials of Typefaces as a Method of
                 Congeniality Research",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "II",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "3--25",
  month =        jan,
  year =         "1968",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V2N1_1968_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The semantic differential, a technique of standardized
                 descriptions for various kinds of objects in order to
                 obtain quantitative measures of similarity, can be
                 applied successfully to discriminate between typefaces
                 and to locate them in a semantic space. Two different
                 semantic differentials --- a more general and a more
                 specific one --- yielded semantic spaces of three and
                 four dimensions, respectively, on independent aspects.
                 Results are interpreted briefly and with some caution.
                 The main point is the demonstration of the
                 applicability of this technique to typographic
                 problems.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Gurtler:1968:DE,
  author =       "Andr{\'e} G{\"u}rtler",
  title =        "The Design of {Egyptian 505}",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "II",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "27--42",
  month =        jan,
  year =         "1968",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V2N1_1968_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "In 1965 the Visual Graphics Corporation organized an
                 international competition for new typeface designs. The
                 author directed his typography class at the
                 Kungstgewerbeschule, Basel, Switzerland, in designing a
                 class-project entry: Egyptian 505. The students'
                 training for type design is described together with the
                 specific development of Egyptian 505 for
                 photocomposition. Art school education for script and
                 type design is discussed.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Hinds:1968:WCT,
  author =       "Lillian R. Hinds and William G. Dodds",
  title =        "Words in Color: Two Experimental Studies",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "II",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "43--52",
  month =        jan,
  year =         "1968",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V2N1_1968_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Development of the use of color as an initial added
                 dimension in beginning level reading is discussed,
                 including the exploratory studies of the Gattegno Words
                 in Color approach. Two experimental studies tested
                 Words in Color: the Dodds study with primary-school
                 children describes significantly superior scores in
                 vocabulary and spelling; the Hinds study reports
                 superior vocabulary and comprehension gains with
                 inner-city illiterate adults.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Jones:1968:RRC,
  author =       "F. Kenneth Jones",
  title =        "A Research Report on Colour Story Reading",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "II",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "53--58",
  month =        jan,
  year =         "1968",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V2N1_1968_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "While use of color in the various visual media has
                 increased enormously, typography remains essentially
                 black and white. Colour Story Reading was developed to
                 make use of color in helping children learn to read.
                 The theory and practice of Colour Story Reading is
                 discussed, including two studies testing this approach:
                 one showing children's preference and better
                 performance, and another showing superior reading
                 attainment in black and white after initial reading
                 with color.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Evers:1968:AUC,
  author =       "C. H. Evers",
  title =        "Adjustments to Unjustified Composition on the
                 {{\booktitle{Rotterdamsch Nieuwsblad}}}",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "II",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "59--74",
  month =        jan,
  year =         "1968",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V2N1_1968_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "On February 6, 1967, Rotterdamsch Nieuwsblad
                 introduced unjustified composition throughout the
                 newspaper. The advantages and disadvantages of
                 unjustified newspaper composition are discussed. The
                 history of its innovation in Rotterdam is described and
                 illustrated --- including the problems, benefits, and
                 reception by readers. This article has been adapted
                 from a report to a conference on the International
                 Federation of Newspaper Publishers in Paris last
                 fall.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1968:AGJ,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Author's Guide to {{\booktitle{The Journal of
                 Typographic Research}}}",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "II",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "75--100",
  month =        jan,
  year =         "1968",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V2N1_1968_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Baudin:1968:RAAa,
  author =       "Fernand Baudin",
  title =        "R{\'e}sum{\'e} des Articles [Abstracts of Journal
                 Articles in {French} and {German}]",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "II",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "101--103",
  month =        jan,
  year =         "1968",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V2N1_1968_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Schmoller:1968:E,
  author =       "Hans Schmoller",
  title =        "To the editor",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "II",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "103--103",
  month =        jan,
  year =         "1968",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "Critical comment on \cite{Frutiger:1967:TIS}. See
                 comments \cite{Gurtler:1968:C,Zapf:1970:C}",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V2N1_1968_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1968:Aa,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "The Authors",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "II",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "104--104",
  month =        jan,
  year =         "1968",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V2N1_1968_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Smith:1968:TRM,
  author =       "Glendon C. Smith",
  title =        "Type Reading Machines for the Blind",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "II",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "107--125",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1968",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V2N2_1968_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The most advanced personal type reading machine
                 described provides the blind user with an aural
                 ``spelled speech'' equivalent for each upper- and
                 lower-case letter or ligature scanned by a hand-held
                 optical probe. This character recognition machine
                 recognizes the most popular type fonts with moderate
                 accuracy and speed (80-90 words-per-minute). The
                 development of the hand-held probe for this machine has
                 resulted in a family of aural and tactile ``direct
                 translation'' reading aids which are pocket-sized and
                 battery-operated and may be used independently for
                 low-speed reading.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Enstrom:1968:RHR,
  author =       "E. A. Enstrom",
  title =        "Reading--handwriting Research",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "II",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "126--126",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1968",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "Excerpted with kind permission from \booktitle{The
                 Reading Teacher}, Volume 21, Number 6 (March 1968);
                 1968 by International Reading Association, Newark,
                 Delaware 19711.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V2N2_1968_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Click:1968:RRN,
  author =       "J. W. Click and Guido H. {Stempel III}",
  title =        "Reader Response to Newspaper Front-page Format",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "II",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "127--142",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1968",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V2N2_1968_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "A study of responses to newspaper pages indicated that
                 persons may make judgments about the entire newspaper
                 on the basis of typography. Respondents were shown
                 front pages from six newspapers they had not seen
                 before and were asked to rate the newspapers on 20
                 semantic differential scales. There were significant
                 differences between ratings of newspapers on 12 of the
                 20 scales. Respondents seemed to prefer horizontal
                 pages and disliked symmetry.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Horowitz:1968:WFA,
  author =       "Leonard M. Horowitz and Margaret A. White and Douglas
                 W. Atwood",
  title =        "Words Fragments as Aids to Recall: the Organization of
                 a Word",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "II",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "143--156",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1968",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V2N2_1968_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "This paper discusses the organization of a single
                 word. It shows that the beginning of a word is the best
                 cue for eliciting that word; the middle is the poorest
                 cue. Subject was shown a list of words one by one on a
                 memory drum. (Some lists had six-letter words and some
                 had nine-letter words.) Then subject saw a fragment of
                 the word, and he had to recall the entire word. A
                 beginning fragment elicited the correst response most
                 readily and with the shortest latency. The middle
                 elicited the correst response least readily and with
                 the longest latency. These results are also related to
                 the issue of associative symmetry.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Turnbull:1968:RAA,
  author =       "A. T. Turnbull and David E. Carter",
  title =        "Readership of Advertisements with All-display
                 Typography",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "II",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "157--169",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1968",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V2N2_1968_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Experts differ in their opinions regarding the effect
                 on readership of composing an entire advertisement in
                 all-display typography. A sampling in Life and Ladies
                 Home Journal magazines from 1954 through 1965 has
                 revealed an upward trend in the use of such ads. To
                 measure the effect, correlative studies were made
                 relating the numbers of words to Daniel Starch
                 readership records. Negative correlations were found
                 for ``Read Most'' and ``Seen Associated'' ratings. With
                 inherent reader interest in the advertised product held
                 constant, correlations for both ratings were low. It
                 was concluded that all-display typography may not be
                 restrictive in dampening readership. However, rank
                 correlations of all-display product categories with
                 category rankings from Starch findings were so high as
                 to lead to the conclusion that the effect on readership
                 beyond the reader-interest level was not likely.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1968:JEE,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Journal Editor for Experimental Design",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "II",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "170--170",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1968",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "Pieter Brattinga h as been named Editor for
                 Experimental Design for \booktitle{The Journal of
                 Typographic Research}.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V2N2_1968_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Shera:1968:DM,
  author =       "Jesse H. Shera and Conrad H. Rawski",
  title =        "The Diagram Is the Message",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "II",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "171--188",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1968",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V2N2_1968_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The diagram is a special case of picture-making. It
                 involves the same representational condition: the
                 mapping of a content in shapes which themselves possess
                 --- and transmit --- a characteristic content. It is
                 necessary to distinguish between the paradigmatic
                 intent and the emblematic form of a diagram. In the
                 postscript the error potential implicit in the
                 interplay of these properties is demonstrated by
                 examples which include the book arts.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Coleman:1968:BRS,
  author =       "Carroll Coleman",
  title =        "Book Review: {{\booktitle{The Spiral Press through
                 Four Decades}}, An Exhibition of Books and Ephemera,
                 with a Commentary by Joseph Blumenthal. New York:
                 Pierpont Morgan Library, 1966. 100 pages. Clothbound
                 edition out of print; paperbound edition, \$2.85}",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "II",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "189--193",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1968",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V2N2_1968_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Taks:1968:E,
  author =       "J. J. Taks",
  title =        "To the {Editor}",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "II",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "194--194",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1968",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V2N2_1968_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Baudin:1968:RAAb,
  author =       "Fernand Baudin",
  title =        "R{\'e}sum{\'e} des Articles [Abstracts of Journal
                 Articles in {French} and {German}]",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "II",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "195--197",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1968",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V2N2_1968_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1968:Ab,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "The Authors",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "II",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "197--198",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1968",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V2N2_1968_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1968:PA,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "{{\booktitle{The Penrose Annual 1968}}}",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "II",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "199--199",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1968",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V2N2_1968_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Bonsiepe:1968:MQO,
  author =       "Gui Bonsiepe",
  title =        "A Method of Quantifying Order in Typographic Design",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "II",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "203--220",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1968",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V2N3_1968_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "A description is given of a method to compare in
                 quantitative terms the degree of order of two
                 typographically designed pages. A distinction is made
                 between two kinds of order: the order of a system
                 (systemic order) and the order of arrangement. The
                 Shannon formula was used for measuring the degree of
                 order of the two designs --- an old version and its
                 redesign. It shows that a judgment based on optical
                 evidence can be supported by a mathematical-empirical
                 judgment. Possible consequences for an aesthetics based
                 on information theory are drawn. A design heuristic is
                 sketched, and the possibilities as well as limits of an
                 algorithmization of design decisions are discussed.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  xxtitle =      "Quantifying Order in Typographic Design",
}

@Article{Mountford:1968:WA,
  author =       "John Mountford",
  title =        "`{Writing}' and `Alphabet'",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "II",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "221--232",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1968",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V2N3_1968_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The two English words ``writing'' and ``alphabet'' are
                 both linked to language. The notion of language is
                 built into ``writing,'' and the notion of writing is
                 built into ``alphabet.'' Different disciplines which
                 use these words and technical terms, use them
                 differently; and everyday usage is often imprecise.
                 Linguistics, as the science of language, can contribute
                 towards sorting these meanings out. A start is made in
                 this direction, in the belief that related disciplines
                 ought not to be ``divided by a common terminology.''",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Telingater:1968:SAG,
  author =       "Solomon B. Telingater",
  title =        "The Standardization of Alphabetic Graphemes",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "II",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "233--240",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1968",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V2N3_1968_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "During the historic development of our national
                 alphabets the direct relationship between the sound of
                 the language and its visual symbols has become
                 obscured. The need for a stronger, direct relationship
                 between sound and symbol is discussed; a suggested
                 rearrangement of graphemes within our alphabet is
                 illustrated.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Slothouber:1968:TA,
  author =       "Jan Slothouber and William Graatsma",
  title =        "Typographic Anamorphosis",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "II",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "241--244",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1968",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V2N3_1968_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Anamorphosis, an optical phenomenon meaning ``return
                 of form,'' consists in the perception of a deformed
                 figure as a normal figure. An example of
                 letter-anamorphosis recently created in Holland is
                 discussed an illustrated.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Brown:1968:TSM,
  author =       "Dwight D. Brown",
  title =        "Towards a Standard for Measuring the Accuracy of Any
                 Computer-hyphenation Program",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "II",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "245--258",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1968",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V2N3_1968_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "No standard of measurement yet exists to measure
                 computer hyphenation accuracy. The author discusses the
                 need for such a standard; among considerations
                 discussed are: word frequency, hyphenation probability,
                 inter-word spacing, and line expansion factors. Very
                 high hyphenation accuracy can be obtained if the
                 computer program can select the words it chooses to
                 hyphenate without being ``chastised'' for failing to
                 hyphenate where hyphenation is possible. The author
                 presents a series of formulas for arriving at
                 hyphenation accuracy ratings in hyphenation errors.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{vanderMarck:1968:PRP,
  author =       "Jan van der Marck",
  title =        "Pictures to be Read\slash Poetry to be Seen",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "II",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "259--270",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1968",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V2N3_1968_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Language and pictoral representations are increasingly
                 being fused in contemporary visual arts. This trend
                 toward a visual language --- poetic rather than
                 communicative --- reflects a breakdown of tradition in
                 all the arts. It is discussed and illustrated in terms
                 of the work of specific artists brought together in an
                 exhibition at the Museum of Contemporary Art,
                 Chicago.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Zachrisson:1968:TLR,
  author =       "Bror Zachrisson",
  title =        "The {A.Typ.I.} Legibility Research Committee",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "II",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "271--276",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1968",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V2N3_1968_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1968:LM,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "List of Members",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "II",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "277--277",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1968",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V2N3_1968_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1968:TXC,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "{A.TYP.I XIth Congress; ICOGRADA 1968 Congress}",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "II",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "278--278",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1968",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V2N3_1968_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Foster:1968:CPR,
  author =       "Jeremy J. Foster",
  title =        "Commentary: Psychological Research into Legibility",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "II",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "279--282",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1968",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "See \cite{Baudin:1967:TER,Baudin:1968:C}.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V2N3_1968_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Welsh:1968:BRC,
  author =       "George S. Welsh",
  title =        "Book Reviews: {I. Coppersmith, Stanley (ed.).
                 \booktitle{Frontiers of Psychological Research:
                 Readings from Scientific American}. San Francisco:
                 Freeman and Co., 1966. 322 pages. \$10.00 (\$4.95 in
                 paper). 2. Gregory, R. L., \booktitle{Eye and Brain:
                 The Psychology of Seeing}. New York: McGraw-Hill, J
                 966. 254 pages. \$2.45 (paper). 3. Vernon, M. D. (ed.).
                 \booktitle{Experiments in Visual Perception: Selected
                 Readings}. Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1966. 443 pages.
                 \$1.95 (paper)}",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "II",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "283--286",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1968",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V2N3_1968_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1968:BR,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Books Received",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "II",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "287--291",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1968",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V2N3_1968_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Hutt:1968:C,
  author =       "G. Allen Hutt",
  title =        "Correspondence",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "II",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "292--292",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1968",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "See \cite{Huss:1967:CLT}.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V2N3_1968_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Baudin:1968:RAAc,
  author =       "Fernand Baudin",
  title =        "R{\'e}sum{\'e} des Articles [Abstracts of Journal
                 Articles in {French} and {German}]",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "II",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "293--295",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1968",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V2N3_1968_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1968:Ac,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "The Authors",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "II",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "296--296",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1968",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V2N3_1968_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Mergler:1968:OAC,
  author =       "H. W. Mergler and P. M. Vargo",
  title =        "One Approach to Computer Assisted Letter Design",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "II",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "299--322",
  month =        oct,
  year =         "1968",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V2N4_1968_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "ITSYLF is an interactive synthesizer of letterforms,
                 which can be used in the design and study of alphabets.
                 It is a computer assisted, operator oriented
                 programming system which allows a typographic designer
                 to enter numeric values through a keyboard and
                 manipulate the characteristics of the letterforms
                 quickly and easily. The alphabet was divided into
                 classes, based on geometric properties of the letters.
                 A set of parameters was derived that allows the
                 construction and manipulation of the letter shapes
                 based on mathematical models of the letters. A set of
                 programs was generated that produces a drawing of the
                 letter which corresponds to the current parameter
                 values. Examples of the effects on the letter shapes of
                 various sets of parameter values are presented for E,
                 A, D, C as well as examples of computer generated
                 serifs and three sets of consistant letterforms that
                 could be used as the basis for several new alphabets.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Moorsel:1968:TL,
  author =       "L. Leering-van Moorsel",
  title =        "The Typography of {El Lissitzky}",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "II",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "323--340",
  month =        oct,
  year =         "1968",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V2N4_1968_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Around 1920 there was ferment in all of the arts.
                 Lissitzky (1890--1941) developed his art during this
                 period and was influenced by such men as Malevich
                 (supermatism) and Tatlin (constructivism). His
                 typographic innovations are individualistic and connot
                 be classified with any single ``movement.'' Lissitzky's
                 work and ideas on typography --- of a pre-eminently
                 pictoral quality --- are summarized and illustrated.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Seybold:1968:EVC,
  author =       "John W. Seybold",
  title =        "Esthetic Values in Computerized Photocomposition",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "II",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "341--350",
  month =        oct,
  year =         "1968",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V2N4_1968_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Can the computer achieve the same quality composition
                 as a skilled typesetter? The author identifies some
                 factors which contribute to successful esthetic
                 solutions and discusses the compromises that must be
                 considered, for example, in hyphenation and
                 justification. ``Feedback'' of information and ideas
                 from typographer to computer programmer is
                 encouraged.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Zapf:1968:CLD,
  author =       "Hermann Zapf",
  title =        "Changes in Letterforms Due to Technical Developments",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "II",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "351--368",
  month =        oct,
  year =         "1968",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V2N4_1968_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "A brief historical survey traces the major
                 technological influences on typography, beginning when
                 Gutenberg transferred the handwritten letters of the
                 medieval scribes into typographic forms, down through
                 the development of machine composition, both in hot
                 metal and photocomposition. Today new problems arise in
                 connenction with automated optical reading machines.
                 Not only must the technial requirements of computerized
                 composition be mastered, but we also have to consider
                 the demand for new alphabet designs as an expression of
                 our time, departing from historicizing elements of past
                 styles.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Emans:1968:CCA,
  author =       "Robert Emans",
  title =        "Context Clues as an Aid to the Reader",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "II",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "369--373",
  month =        oct,
  year =         "1968",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V2N4_1968_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Context clues have been referred to as the most
                 important single aid to word perception. The author
                 proposes a simplified schema to organize context clues
                 according to three categories for pereception of
                 printed words --- meaning clues, language clues, and
                 organization clues--and within each of the categories,
                 describes a number of types of context clues and gives
                 examples.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Flarsheim:1968:RP,
  author =       "Carl Flarsheim and Warren Infield and Alan Levine and
                 Adrienne C. McCoy",
  title =        "Research in Progress",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "II",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "374--378",
  month =        oct,
  year =         "1968",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V2N4_1968_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Hoch:1968:CLW,
  author =       "Ernest Hoch",
  title =        "Commentary: Linguistics, ``Writing,'' and Typography",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "II",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "379--382",
  month =        oct,
  year =         "1968",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V2N4_1968_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Meyer:1968:BRS,
  author =       "Peter Meyer and Henry Hawley",
  title =        "Book Reviews: {I. Stephen Bann (Ed.).
                 \booktitle{Concrete Poetry. An international
                 anthology}. London: London Magazine Editions No. 13,
                 1967. 199 pages. 30s. 2. Eugene Wildman (ed.).
                 \booktitle{The Chicago Review Anthology of Concretism}.
                 Chicago: Swallow Press, 1967. 15 7 pages. \$2.00. 3.
                 Emmett William (Ed.). \booktitle{An Anthology of
                 Concrete Poetry}. New York: Something Else Press, 196
                 7. X + 342 pages. \$10.00 (cloth), \$3.00 (paper). John
                 Russell Taylor. \booktitle{The Art Nouveau Book in
                 Britain}. Cambridge, Mass.: M.I.T. Press, 1966, 175 pp.
                 \$12.95}",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "II",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "383--391",
  month =        oct,
  year =         "1968",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "See letters \cite{HamiltonFinlay:1969:C}.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V2N4_1968_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

%%% Check: Page 391 in the issue PDF file is followed by 5 unnumbered
%%% pages with drawings, then by p. 397.  There may be a missing article
%%% title, given the gap of one page.

@Article{Baudin:1968:C,
  author =       "Fernand Baudin",
  title =        "Correspondence",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "II",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "397--397",
  month =        oct,
  year =         "1968",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "See \cite{Baudin:1967:TER,Foster:1968:CPR}.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V2N4_1968_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Gurtler:1968:C,
  author =       "Andr{\'e} G{\"u}rtler",
  title =        "Correspondence",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "II",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "397--398",
  month =        oct,
  year =         "1968",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "See \cite{Schmoller:1968:E}.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V2N4_1968_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Spear:1968:C,
  author =       "Frank Spear and Jack Stauffacher and Daniel Ford and
                 John Willett and Howard Paine",
  title =        "Correspondence",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "II",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "398--401",
  month =        oct,
  year =         "1968",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V2N4_1968_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Negative and positive comments on the journal cover
                 design, with its overlapping letters.",
}

@Article{Baudin:1968:RAAd,
  author =       "Fernand Baudin and Dirk Wendt",
  title =        "R{\'e}sum{\'e} des Articles [Abstracts of Journal
                 Articles in {French} and {German}]",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "II",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "402--404",
  month =        oct,
  year =         "1968",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V2N4_1968_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1968:IVI,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Index to {Volume II}",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "II",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "405--407",
  month =        oct,
  year =         "1968",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V2N4_1968_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1968:Ad,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "The Authors",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "II",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "408--408",
  month =        oct,
  year =         "1968",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V2N4_1968_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Meiss:1969:FAT,
  author =       "Millard Meiss",
  title =        "The First Alphabetical Treatises in the
                 {Renaissance}",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "III",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "3--30",
  month =        jan,
  year =         "1969",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V3N1_1969_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Treatises on the design of the alphabet were an
                 innovation of the early Renaissance and reflect that
                 period's conception of a world ordered by numerical
                 proportion and geometric shape. The interrelationship
                 of the various men and their theories is discussed and
                 illustrated. Although Felice Feliciano inaugurated
                 these alphabetical treatises, Andrea Mantegna is shown
                 to have had an important place (if not key role) in the
                 revival of the roman letter.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Munson:1969:CRH,
  author =       "John H. Munson",
  title =        "Computer Recognition of Hand-printed Text",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "III",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "31--61",
  month =        jan,
  year =         "1969",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V3N1_1969_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "This paper describes the procedures and results of a
                 project aimed at the computer recognition of relatively
                 unconstrained hand-printed texts. Scanning,
                 feature-extraction, and character classification
                 techniques are described. Novel approaches investigated
                 include a feature-extracting preprocessor consisting
                 entirely of local edge detectors, the use of
                 multiple-valued confidence indicators both before and
                 after classification, the combining of independent
                 preprocessor-classifier systems in parallel to achieve
                 improved character-recognition accuracy, and the use of
                 application-oriented context analysis. Two large files
                 of hand-printed data are described, and results
                 concerning their legibility are given. An extensive
                 bibliography in hand-printed character recognition is
                 included.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Crosby:1969:RMP,
  author =       "R. M. N. Crosby",
  title =        "Recognizing the Marks on Paper",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "III",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "63--78",
  month =        jan,
  year =         "1969",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V3N1_1969_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Relatively little is known about how a child learns to
                 read --- i.e., what processes go on in his mind. In
                 dealing with how the beginning reader learns to
                 differentiate graphic symbols, this article considers
                 several related problems: How does preschool experience
                 hamper the child in his initial discrimination of
                 letter-like forms? How does a child learn to
                 differentiate between letters? And between words? What
                 is the correlation between reading and writing? Several
                 reading research programs are discussed.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Shurtleff:1969:RLL,
  author =       "Donald Shurtleff",
  title =        "Relative Legibility of {Leroy and Lincoln\slash MITRE}
                 Fonts on Television",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "III",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "79--90",
  month =        jan,
  year =         "1969",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V3N1_1969_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The legibility of standard Leroy alphanumeric symbols
                 was compared with that of a new font, the
                 Lincoln/MITRE, on a television monitor at resolutions
                 of 8, 10, 12 and 14 lines per symbol height. The new
                 font was not superior in legibility to the Leroy font
                 at any of the values of resolutions tested. While the
                 findings for the new font were negative, insights were
                 gained about how to improve symbol design for more
                 legible television displays. It was recommended that
                 these new design techniques be evaluated in future work
                 on television displays.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  xxauthor =     "David Shurtleff",
}

@Article{Lindley:1969:TEE,
  author =       "William R. Lindley",
  title =        "Typographic Education. {England}: {The Working Party
                 on Typographic Teaching}. {USA}: Typography in
                 Journalism School Curricula",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "III",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "91--106",
  month =        jan,
  year =         "1969",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V3N1_1969_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Baudin:1969:RAAa,
  author =       "Fernand Baudin and Dirk Wendt",
  title =        "R{\'e}sum{\'e} des Articles [Abstracts of Journal
                 Articles in {French} and {German}]",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "III",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "107--109",
  month =        jan,
  year =         "1969",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V3N1_1969_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1969:Aa,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "The Authors",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "III",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "110--110",
  month =        jan,
  year =         "1969",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V3N1_1969_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1969:BNJ,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Back Numbers of the {{\booktitle{Journal}}}",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "III",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "111--112",
  month =        jan,
  year =         "1969",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V3N1_1969_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Wrolstad:1969:LRN,
  author =       "Merald E. Wrolstad",
  title =        "Letterform Research Needs Definition and Direction: A
                 Report from the {Editor}",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "III",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "115--126",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1969",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V3N2_1969_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "With this its tenth issue, the total number of pages
                 published in The Journal or Typographic Research passes
                 1,000. This milestone would seem to provide the
                 opportunity for a report on the Journal and on current
                 letterform research.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Bartz:1969:TVP,
  author =       "Barbara S. Bartz",
  title =        "Type Variation and the Problem of Cartographic Type
                 Legibility --- {Part One}: Cartographic Typography as a
                 Medium for Communication; The Cartographic View of
                 Legibility",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "III",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "127--144",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1969",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "See correspondence \cite{Zapf:1970:C}.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V3N2_1969_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "An analysis of the varied functions of lettering on
                 the map suggests that typographic appearance and
                 arrangement on the map may be viewed with respect to a
                 symbolic-analogic continuum. Type is considered to be:
                 1. Symbolic; 2. Analogic --- a. Locative analogy, b.
                 Quality analogy and c. Quantity analogy (or value
                 analogy). A review of the cartographic literature
                 having to do with the conception and treatment of
                 ``legibility'' reveals that its content is derived
                 primarily from typographic research done in
                 non-cartographic context. Since it can be shown that
                 type on maps is unique in several ways, the
                 applicability of that research is questioned.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

%%% Check: pages 145--146 are misplaced in the issue PDF file, V3N2_1969_E.pdf;
%%% They are found after page 158.

@Article{Kolers:1969:CLR,
  author =       "Paul A. Kolers",
  title =        "Clues to a Letter's Recognition: Implications for the
                 Design of Characters",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "III",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "145--168",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1969",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V3N2_1969_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Several experiments are reviewed in which orientation
                 of letters and direction of reading were manipulated.
                 The results imply that skilled reader recognize letters
                 by selecting clues to their identity and with these
                 clues construct a subjective representation of the
                 letters. The clue-seeking seems to be directed toward
                 the right-hand side of letters. This finding suggests
                 that typefaces might be redesigned to avoid bold
                 strokes weighted on their left or heavy strokes that
                 are all of equal weight. Some indications of where a
                 character begins and a sharpening of the useful detail
                 on the characters' right could facilitate the sampling
                 that yields recognition. A second implication is that
                 character-transmitting devices need not examine or
                 transmit all of a character. Reconstruction, if needed,
                 could be performed by the received instrument from the
                 clues provided by a representation of the character's
                 linear extent and its right-hand markings.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{DiMeo:1969:VMS,
  author =       "Katherine P. DiMeo",
  title =        "Visual-motor Skills: Response Characteristics and
                 Prereading Behavior",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "III",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "169--182",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1969",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V3N2_1969_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Assumed facets of kindergarten subjects' visual-motor
                 skill were studied by an analysis of the
                 interrelationships in response characteristics to a set
                 of geometric forms. Implications for initial response
                 to letterforms (reading readiness) is discussed. Two
                 measures of intersensory equivalence were used with the
                 stimulus perceived through the sense of active touch
                 (haptics). Stimulus characteristics --- contour,
                 closure, size, rotation and embeddedness --- were
                 varied in five visual-discrimination subtexts.
                 Kindergarten subjects' V-M skill is significantly
                 related to achievement in intersensory equivalences and
                 in visual discrimination of geometric forms.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Rice:1969:SCT,
  author =       "Stanley Rice",
  title =        "A Standard Code for Typographic Character
                 Identification",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "III",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "183--192",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1969",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V3N2_1969_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "An industry-wide standard code to identify typographic
                 characters and their uses for electronic character
                 generation is proposed. The code would facilitate both
                 traditional and automatic analyses of character sets
                 and provide a mutually intelligible communication
                 channel for author, editor, designer and compositor.
                 Reactions to the code are solicited.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Roth:1969:ETM,
  author =       "Joel A. Roth",
  title =        "Excerpt: Typography That Makes the Reader Work",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "III",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "193--196",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1969",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V3N2_1969_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Book typography today basically follows the same
                 configurations on the page that it has since books have
                 been printed with movable type. Except for relatively
                 minor alterations, the reader of today's book is
                 confronted with page after unrelieved page of blocks of
                 type. But that may be changing. As McLuhan notes, the
                 works of artists are often far in advance of what later
                 becomes common usage. If this is so, then the work of
                 several novelists and designers today may presage a new
                 use for typography on the book page in the future. This
                 new use for typography is based on erratic type
                 arrangement which pulls the reader in as an active
                 participant, and makes reading a creative act rather
                 than passive absorption of information.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Baudin:1969:BRH,
  author =       "Fernand Baudin and Colin Banks and Ruari McLean",
  title =        "Book Reviews: {H. D. L. Vervliet,
                 \booktitle{Sixteenth-century Printing Types of the Low
                 Countries}. Jan Tschichold, \booktitle{Asymmetric
                 Typography}. David Diringer, \booktitle{The
                 Alphabet}}",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "III",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "197--208",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1969",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V3N2_1969_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{HamiltonFinlay:1969:C,
  author =       "Ian {Hamilton Finlay} and Peter Mayer",
  title =        "Correspondence",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "III",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "209--212",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1969",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "See \cite{Meyer:1968:BRS}.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V3N2_1969_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Baudin:1969:RAAb,
  author =       "Fernand Baudin and Dirk Wendt",
  title =        "R{\'e}sum{\'e} des Articles [Abstracts of Journal
                 Articles in {French} and {German}]",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "III",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "213--215",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1969",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V3N2_1969_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1969:Ab,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "The Authors",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "III",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "216--216",
  month =        apr,
  year =         "1969",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V3N2_1969_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Bruns:1969:MTL,
  author =       "Gerald L. Bruns",
  title =        "{Mallarm{\'e}}: The Transcendence of Language and the
                 Aesthetics of the Book",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "III",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "219--240",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1969",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V3N3_1969_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Mallarm{\'e}'s dream of a book in which all existence
                 is to be contained is predicted upon the isolation of
                 poetic language between the world of things and the
                 universe of meaning. Ordinary speech is structured in
                 order to mediate between these two worlds, but
                 Mallarm{\'e} seeks to liberate poetic language from
                 this mediating function, and to establish it as a
                 reality in a world of its own, by substituting the
                 syntax of music for the syntax of speech. Moreover, the
                 syntax of music is to be realized typographically: the
                 words of the poem are to be arranged within the spatial
                 field of the white page in a way that describes a
                 musical structure. Thus the world will find expression
                 in a book --- not, however, as a structure of meanings,
                 but in abstract form as a system of pure relations.
                 Mallarm{\'e} gestures toward his ideal book in Un Coup
                 de d{\'e}s, in which a simple narrative is organized,
                 not temporally as a sequence of episodes, but spatially
                 and typographically as a concurrence of themes that are
                 distinguished chiefly by different point sizes of type.
                 Thus typography becomes a principle of composition and
                 the book itself a part of the poetic universe.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Wendt:1969:X,
  author =       "Dirk Wendt",
  title =        "{O} or 0?",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "III",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "241--248",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1969",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "See discussion \cite{Nesbitt:1971:C,Nadler:1972:C}.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V3N3_1969_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "There is a need for a universal and aesthetic solution
                 to the current problem of distinguishing between the
                 capital letter oh and the numeral zero on electronic
                 data processing equipment. Practices leading to the
                 present lack of understanding and differentiation are
                 discussed and illustrated. A new proposal for
                 distinguishing between the oh and the zero is
                 advanced.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Vartabedian:1969:PFG,
  author =       "Allen G. Vartabedian",
  title =        "A Proposed Fontstyle for the Graphic Representation of
                 the Oh and Zero",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "III",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "249--258",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1969",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "See correspondence
                 \cite{Zapf:1970:C,Nesbitt:1971:C}.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V3N3_1969_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "A new fontstyle is proposed for the machine rendering
                 of the graphic representation of the letter oh and the
                 number zero. It prescribes placing a loop on the oh and
                 drawing the zero as an oval. The new convention is
                 intended for use in communication environments where
                 the discriminability of graphic symbols is critical.
                 These environments include use of devices such as
                 teleprinters, computer line printers, keypunch machines
                 and cathode ray tube displays. The proposed new
                 fontstyle does not draw upon previous conventions for
                 distinguishing between these symbols and consequently
                 avoids a current conflict in slashing either the oh or
                 zero. A design criterion is also presented for
                 distinguishing between the numbers and letters of a
                 given font.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Tanselle:1969:UTD,
  author =       "G. Thomas Tanselle",
  title =        "The Use of Type Damage as Evidence in Bibliographical
                 Description",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "III",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "259--276",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1969",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V3N3_1969_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Accidental variations in the typography of books can
                 furnish important clues about the regular processes of
                 printing --- both in compositorial analysis and the
                 classification and ordering of successive printings,
                 issue and states. The article considers the question:
                 what degree of physical detail should be recorded in a
                 descriptive bibliography? Examples of type-damage
                 discovered in a collation of Herman Melville's works
                 are illustrated.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Burns:1969:RGA,
  author =       "J. R. Burns",
  title =        "A Report Generator Approach to Automated Page
                 Composition",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "III",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "277--286",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1969",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V3N3_1969_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Because of restrictions in the practical production of
                 multiple copies of computer output by a line printed, a
                 high-speed photocomposition system --- the Master
                 Typography System --- was developed to work in
                 conjunction with the Linotron 1010 at the US Government
                 Printing Office. The system composes pages of
                 repetitive, computer-based information using the report
                 generator approach dedicated to a limited area of
                 concern. The system is described and some typical
                 output is illustrated.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1969:LA,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Letterforms in the Arts",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "III",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "287--292",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1969",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 09 15:07:12 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V3N3_1969_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Reynolds:1969:CMM,
  author =       "Lloyd Reynolds and R. J. Wakefield",
  title =        "Comment: {Marshall McLuhan} and Italic Handwriting;
                 Comment: Publishing by Computer",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "III",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "293--300",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1969",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 09 15:07:12 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V3N3_1969_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1969:ER,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Exhibition Review",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "III",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "301--305",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1969",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 09 15:07:12 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V3N3_1969_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Banks:1969:BRE,
  author =       "Colin Banks",
  title =        "Book Review: {Erik Dal, \booktitle{Scandinavian
                 Bookmaking in the Twentieth Century}. Copenhagen:
                 Christian Ejlers Forlag (also published Urbana: The
                 University of Illinois Press), 1968. 128pp. \$5.50}",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "III",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "306--308",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1969",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 09 15:07:12 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V3N3_1969_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Baudin:1969:RAAc,
  author =       "Fernand Baudin and Dirk Wendt",
  title =        "R{\'e}sum{\'e} des Articles [Abstracts of Journal
                 Articles in {French} and {German}]",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "III",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "309--311",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1969",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 09 15:07:12 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V3N3_1969_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1969:Ac,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "The Authors",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "III",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "312--312",
  month =        jul,
  year =         "1969",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 09 15:07:12 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V3N3_1969_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Kaldor:1969:GRG,
  author =       "Ivan L. Kaldor",
  title =        "The Genesis of {Russian} {{\em Grazhdanskii Shrift\/}}
                 or Civil Type --- {Part I}",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "III",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "315--344",
  month =        oct,
  year =         "1969",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "See also Part II \cite{Kaldor:1970:GRG}",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V3N4_1969_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The development and adoption of grazhdanskii shrift or
                 civil type by Peter I (1689--1725) is considered as a
                 step with social and cultural implications for the late
                 seventeenth- and early eighteenth-century Russia that
                 go far beyond the impact of any innovation recorded in
                 the general history of printing --- save the
                 introduction of printing with movable type. The paper
                 offers a documented history of the creation of
                 grazhdanskii shrift. In an attempt to identify possible
                 models used by the designer of the new type
                 contemporaneous engraved texts with characters of
                 potential prefigurations are examined. Transitional
                 types used by Western typographers in the Tsar's
                 service are identified and analyzed with the same
                 purpose. Finally, the actual creation of the new type
                 --- the first modern typeface used in Russia --- is
                 traced starting with the search for an episode that may
                 have triggered the idea in Peter I at the turn of the
                 century to the imperial ukaz enforcing the use of
                 grazhdanskii shrift in all lay works of printing.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Turbayne:1969:VLV,
  author =       "Colin Murray Turbayne",
  title =        "Visual Language from the Verbal Model",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "III",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "345--370",
  month =        oct,
  year =         "1969",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V3N4_1969_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Hypothesis: the visible world is a script, presented
                 in alphabetical forms, which we have to learn to read.
                 In looking at the ancient problem of how we see, we
                 must first consider the conflict of common sense vs.
                 illusion in our interpretation of what we see. Man
                 learns to decode a complex code of vision, which
                 includes bridging the gulf between a written language
                 and a spoken language (both called, for example,
                 ``English'') as well as between visuals and tactuals.
                 Seeing is modeled upon reading; painting, sculpture and
                 photography are modeled on writing --- and are forms of
                 writing in visual language.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Ovink:1969:FTD,
  author =       "G. W. Ovink",
  title =        "Fashion in Type Design",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "III",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "371--377",
  month =        oct,
  year =         "1969",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V3N4_1969_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "While ``fashion'' tends to have unfavorable
                 connotations, ``style'' is interpreted as a favorable
                 unity of the principles of form of a certain epoch.
                 Questions of fashion in type design today are
                 conditioned on different situations than before World
                 War II, mostly due to the rise of photocomposition and
                 easy reproduction of drawn lettering. Careful execution
                 and self-discipline are no longer required;
                 typographers prefer neutral types, creating their own
                 expression through typographic design. We have today a
                 dominance of the classicist tendency in typography:
                 type is meant to be read. However, in printing types
                 purely utilitarian forms hardly exist; type design has
                 other subjective, emotional purposes. Type designers
                 should be encouraged to create free forms.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1969:CJS,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Changes in Journal Subscription Policy",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "III",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "378--378",
  month =        oct,
  year =         "1969",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V3N4_1969_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Brattinga:1969:HSN,
  author =       "Pieter Brattinga",
  title =        "The House-style of {The Netherlands PTT}",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "III",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "379--386",
  month =        oct,
  year =         "1969",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V3N4_1969_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "``House-style'' is defined as the aesthetic ordering
                 of all facets of a corporation's business, both public
                 and private. The origins and history of The Netherlands
                 PTT house-style is briefly traced from the pioneer work
                 of Jean Francois van Royen (circa 1910) through Dr.
                 Hein van Haaren's direction today. Examples of stamp
                 and booklet design through this period are
                 illustrated.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Bartz:1969:SAC,
  author =       "Barbara S. Bartz",
  title =        "Search: an Approach to Cartographic Type Legibility
                 Measurement",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "III",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "387--398",
  month =        oct,
  year =         "1969",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "A summary of this research is contained in Barbara S.
                 Ba rtz, \booktitle{Type Variation and the Problem of
                 Cartographic Type Legibility} (Madison: Ph.D.
                 Dissertation, University of Wisconsin, 1969). See
                 correspondence \cite{Zapf:1970:C}.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V3N4_1969_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "It is proposed that a new task be selected for
                 measuring the effect of type variation in cartographic
                 context, and that since every name on a map must be
                 found before it can be processed further, ``search''
                 would be such a meaningful task. From this, a
                 definition of cartographic legibility would be held to
                 include the notion, ``the speed with which the map can
                 be searched.'' Some literature is cited to show the
                 utility of the search task in general, and various
                 considerations which would restrict its use in map
                 research context are also outlined.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1969:RS,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Response Sheet",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "III",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "399--399",
  month =        oct,
  year =         "1969",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V3N4_1969_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1969:PAV,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "{{\booktitle{The Penrose Annual 1969}, Volume 62}}",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "III",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "400--400",
  month =        oct,
  year =         "1969",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V3N4_1969_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Baudin:1969:RAAd,
  author =       "Fernand Baudin and Dirk Wendt",
  title =        "R{\'e}sum{\'e} des Articles [Abstracts of Journal
                 Articles in {French} and {German}]",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "III",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "401--403",
  month =        oct,
  year =         "1969",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V3N4_1969_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1969:Ad,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "The Authors",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "III",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "404--404",
  month =        oct,
  year =         "1969",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V3N4_1969_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1969:IVI,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Index to {Volume III}",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "III",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "405--407",
  month =        oct,
  year =         "1969",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V3N4_1969_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1970:GIa,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "General Information",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "IV",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "3--6",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1970",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V4N1_1970_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "\booktitle{The Journal of Typographic Research} is
                 devoted to critical investigation and experimentation
                 that contribute to a better understanding of the role
                 letterforms play in the communication process.
                 ``Typography'' is interpreted in the broadest possible
                 sense, encompassing any use or reproduction of
                 letterforms and related symbols within our own and
                 other language systems --- and including their origins,
                 historic development and special applications. It is
                 the journal's purpose, first to identify and encourage
                 letterform research internationally, and second to
                 pursue the natural association of experimental work in
                 all research areas concerned with our visible
                 language.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Lees:1970:IDP,
  author =       "John Lees and Melvin Farman",
  title =        "An Investigation of the Design and Performance of
                 Traffic Control Devices",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "IV",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "7--38",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1970",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V4N1_1970_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "This paper reports on a study (performed for the
                 United States Bureau of Public Roads) involving a
                 comparative analysis of the design elements of the
                 major highway sign symbols of the world. Shape, color,
                 symbols, pictographs and verbal messages were studied
                 through design exercises, laboratory investigations and
                 road tests. The study --- carried out by a
                 multi-disciplinary team of psychologists, engineers and
                 graphic designers --- also included extensive reviews
                 of existing research on highway signs, traffic control
                 devices and the design of signs. The introduction
                 examines the history of highway sign development and
                 regulation as well as a discussion of an automobile
                 driver's processing of information.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Scorsone:1970:LDC,
  author =       "Joesph S. Scorsone",
  title =        "Ligature Design for Contemporary Technology",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "IV",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "39--50",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1970",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V4N1_1970_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Computer-aided composition has eliminated restrictions
                 on the number of characters that can be stored
                 practically in a font of printing type. A system of 27
                 ligatures was designed as an addition to both
                 sans-serif and roman fonts. The development of the
                 ligatures in News Gothic and Century Schoolbook
                 typefaces is discussed and illustrated.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Crouwel:1970:TDC,
  author =       "Wim Crouwel",
  title =        "Type Design for the Computer Age",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "IV",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "51--59",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1970",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V4N1_1970_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Although typography has always reflected the cultural
                 pattern of its period, today's typefaces and
                 typographic designers are a reflection of the past, not
                 of contemporary society. We must think in terms of our
                 electronic media and contemporary forms of expression.
                 A suggested approach for designing today's typography
                 --- based on a cell or unit system --- is discussed and
                 illustrated.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Becker:1970:RPT,
  author =       "D. Becker and J. Heinrich and R. von Sichowsky and
                 Dirk Wendt",
  title =        "Reader Preferences for Typeface and Leading",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "IV",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "61--66",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1970",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V4N1_1970_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "This paper investigates the influence of typeface and
                 leading on perceived appealingness of a printed page.
                 Eighty subjects judged the attractiveness of 48
                 typographic designs, varying in typeface (Garamond,
                 Bodoni Antiqua, Bodoni Kursiv, Akzidenz Grotesk), in
                 justified vs. unjustified composition, and in leading
                 (0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 points). Judgments were made by
                 rank ordering subsets of six specimens. A scaling
                 procedure (comparative judgment) was applied to the
                 data and gave scale values for each design. There was
                 no significant difference between mean and scale values
                 for justified and unjustified composition, but
                 different typefaces required different amounts of
                 leading to allow most appealing composition.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Montague:1970:DIT,
  author =       "Arleigh Montague",
  title =        "Designing the Initial Teaching Alphabet in Five
                 Typefaces",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "IV",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "67--72",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1970",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V4N1_1970_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Although use of i.t.a. (Initial Teaching Alphabet) in
                 schools is growing, its use in printed materials is
                 handicapped by inadequate adaptation to typeface
                 design. This study involved designing the i.t.a.
                 alphabet for five well-known typefaces: Century
                 Schoolbook, Baskerville, Melior, Helvetica and Optima.
                 The process is briefly described and the new alphabets
                 are illustrated.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Brown:1970:SRM,
  author =       "W. S. Brown",
  title =        "Speed-reading Made Easy",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "IV",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "73--75",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1970",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V4N1_1970_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "This paper advocates and illustrates an unusual
                 typography, which promises to make speed reading
                 easier, faster and more reliable. It is suggested that
                 computers be used to prepare text in this form.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1970:LRA,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Legibility Research Abstracts",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "IV",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "76--76",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1970",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V4N1_1970_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Ong:1970:CVP,
  author =       "Walter J. Ong",
  title =        "Comment: Voice, Print, and Culture",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "IV",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "77--83",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1970",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V4N1_1970_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Parker:1970:WI,
  author =       "Brant Parker and Johnny Hart",
  title =        "The {Wizard of Id}",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "IV",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "84--84",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1970",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brant_Parker;
                 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Hart;
                 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V4N1_1970_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Cartoon commentary on typesetter employment.",
}

@Article{Noordzij:1970:RJD,
  author =       "Gerrit Noordzij",
  title =        "Reading the Journal: a discussion of starting points
                 in the issue of {April 1969}",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "IV",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "85--90",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1970",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V4N1_1970_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Baudin:1970:RAAa,
  author =       "Fernand Baudin and Dirk Wendt",
  title =        "R{\'e}sum{\'e} des Articles [Abstracts of Journal
                 Articles in {French} and {German}]",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "IV",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "91--93",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1970",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V4N1_1970_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1970:BA,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "[{Book}] Announcements",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "IV",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "94--94",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1970",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V4N1_1970_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1970:Aa,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "The Authors",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "IV",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "96--96",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1970",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V4N1_1970_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1970:GIb,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "General Information",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "IV",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "99--102",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1970",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V4N1_1970_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "\booktitle{The Journal of Typographic Research} is
                 devoted to critical investigation and experimentation
                 that contribute to a better understanding of the role
                 letterforms play in the communication process.
                 ``Typography'' is interpreted in the broadest possible
                 sense, encompassing any use or reproduction of
                 letterforms and related symbols within our own and
                 other language systems --- and including their origins,
                 historic development and special applications. It is
                 the journal's purpose, first to identify and encourage
                 letterform research internationally, and second to
                 pursue the natural association of experimental work in
                 all research areas concerned with our visible
                 language.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Goodman:1970:PUR,
  author =       "Kenneth S. Goodman",
  title =        "Psycholinguistic Universals in the Reading Process",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "IV",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "103--110",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1970",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V4N2_1970_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Literate speakers in any language have two alternative
                 surface language forms which are realizations of the
                 same deep structure and which represent alternate
                 encodings of the same meaning. For the proficient
                 reader, written language becomes parallel to speech and
                 not a secondary representation of it. Listening and
                 reading are processes in which the language user may
                 sample, select and predict from the available signal.
                 Readers are users of language who process graphic,
                 syntactic and semantic information simultaneously.
                 Readers develop strategies for the efficient sampling
                 of the graphic signal in relation to the syntax of
                 their language and the concept and experiences with
                 which the passage is concerned. The essential
                 characteristics of the reading process are universal.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Kaldor:1970:GRG,
  author =       "Ivan L. Kaldor",
  title =        "The Genesis of the {Russian} {{\em Grazhdanskii
                 Shrift}} or Civil Type --- {Part II}",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "IV",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "111--138",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1970",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "See also Part I \cite{Kaldor:1969:GRG}",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V4N2_1970_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Part II of the Kaldor paper is based on the assumption
                 that the first Russian modern type (i.e., Peter I's
                 grazhdanskii shrift) was patterned after three basic
                 models: (a) the late seventeenth- and early
                 eighteenth-century Russian civil hands, (b) the
                 outmoded poluustav type, and (c) the contemporaneous
                 Western roman types. The impact of Western roman types
                 appears to be the most significant. In his search for a
                 particular work that might have served as a source, the
                 author proposes the hypothesis that the roman type used
                 in Matthias D{\"o}gen's Architectura militaris moderna
                 and, to some extent, in Peter's favorite Symbola et
                 emblemata were the models applied by the designer. A
                 type-by-type analysis of the original three versions of
                 grazhdanskii shrift is used to support the basic
                 theory.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Foster:1970:DCF,
  author =       "Jeremy J. Foster",
  title =        "Directional Consistency in Form Identification",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "IV",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "139--145",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1970",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V4N2_1970_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "An experiment is reported, the results of which are
                 taken to support Kolers' theory of directional
                 consistency in letter identification. The connection
                 between this effect and a number of studies on the
                 identification of tachistoscopically presented patterns
                 is commented upon. The connection between the effect
                 and the results of experiments on visual search is also
                 noted.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Burnhill:1970:CSW,
  author =       "Peter Burnhill",
  title =        "The Case for a Standard Word Space",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "IV",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "146--146",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1970",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V4N2_1970_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Bartz:1970:EUS,
  author =       "Barbara S. Bartz",
  title =        "Experimental Use of the Search Task in an Analysis of
                 Type Legibility in Cartography",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "IV",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "147--167",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1970",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V4N2_1970_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Search was used as an experimental task to investigate
                 one aspect of legibility in cartographic typography.
                 Subjects searched a variety of maps under several
                 different conditions. There are four major conclusions
                 from this research. For random search of the maps
                 containing only one typeface, the typographic variation
                 from map to map did not produce a significant effect on
                 average search time. On mixed-type maps, search is
                 slowed if the user has no correct expectation of the
                 appearance of the type in which the target name will
                 appear. On these same maps, search is greatly speeded
                 if the user has a correct expectation of the target
                 name appearance. Search time in a one-name task is less
                 a function of typography than it is of many other
                 factors.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1970:GBC,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "{Goudy, Baskerville, Caslon, Bodoni}",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "IV",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "168--168",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1970",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "Cartoon from \booktitle{The New Yorker Magazine},
                 1964.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V4N2_1970_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Pulos:1970:CDE,
  author =       "Arthur J. Pulos",
  title =        "Comment: Design Education",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "IV",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "169--172",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1970",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V4N2_1970_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Kindersley:1970:BRJ,
  author =       "David Kindersley",
  title =        "Book Reviews: {Jan Tschichold, \booktitle{Treasury of
                 Alphabets and Lettering}. New York: Reinhold Publishing
                 Corporation, 1966. (Originally published in Germany,
                 \booktitle{Meisterbuch der Schriff}. Ravensburg: Otto
                 Maier Verlag.) 234 pages (175 pages of illustration).
                 \$16.50. Tom Gourdie, \booktitle{A Guide to Better
                 Handwriting}. New York: The Viking Press, 1967 (London:
                 Studio Vista, 1967). 96 pages. \$1.95. Dana Atchley,
                 \booktitle{ABC Design}. New York: George Wittenborn,
                 1965. 30 pages of illustration, some hand-written text.
                 \$9.00. L'Harl Copeland, \booktitle{Design of the Roman
                 Letters}. New York: Philosophical Library, 1966. ix +
                 66 pages, illustrated. \$3.75. Eric Lindegren,
                 \booktitle{ABC of Lettering and Printing Types}. New
                 York: Museum Books. Produced by Eric Lindegren Gratisk
                 Studio, Askim, Sweden. \booktitle{Volume A}: 150 pages
                 of illustrations, 4 pages of text, 1964. \$12.50.
                 \booktitle{Volume B}: 293 pages of illustrations, 30
                 pages of text, 1965. \$15.00. \booktitle{Volume C}: 133
                 pages of illustrations with text, 1965. \$15.00}",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "IV",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "173--176",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1970",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V4N2_1970_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Baudin:1970:BRH,
  author =       "Fernand Baudin",
  title =        "Book Reviews: {Herbert Spencer, \booktitle{The Visible
                 Word}. London: Lund Humphries in association with the
                 Royal College of Art, 1969. 107pp. 50s (New York:
                 Hastings House, \$7.95). Ruari McLean,
                 \booktitle{Magazine Design}. London: Oxford University
                 Press, 1969. 354 pp. \pounds 5.5.0}",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "IV",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "176--178",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1970",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V4N2_1970_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Zapf:1970:C,
  author =       "Hermann Zapf and Allen G. Vartabedian and Adrian
                 Frutiger and J. A. M. Haddon and G. W. Ovink",
  title =        "Correspondence",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "IV",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "179--188",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1970",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V4N2_1970_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "See
                 \cite{Vartabedian:1969:PFG,Schmoller:1968:E,Bartz:1969:TVP,Bartz:1969:SAC,Nesbitt:1971:C}.",
}

@Article{Baudin:1970:RAAb,
  author =       "Fernand Baudin and Dirk Wendt",
  title =        "R{\'e}sum{\'e} des Articles [Abstracts of Journal
                 Articles in {French} and {German}]",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "IV",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "189--191",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1970",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V4N2_1970_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1970:Ab,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "The Authors",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "IV",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "192--192",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1970",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V4N2_1970_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1970:GIc,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "General Information",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "IV",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "195--198",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1970",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V4N3_1970_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "\booktitle{The Journal of Typographic Research} is
                 devoted to critical investigation and experimentation
                 that contribute to a better understanding of the role
                 letterforms play in the communication process.
                 ``Typography'' is interpreted in the broadest possible
                 sense, encompassing any use or reproduction of
                 letterforms and related symbols within our own and
                 other language systems --- and including their origins,
                 historic development and special applications. It is
                 the journal's purpose, first to identify and encourage
                 letterform research internationally, and second to
                 pursue the natural association of experimental work in
                 all research areas concerned with our visible
                 language.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Arnheim:1970:WTP,
  author =       "Rudolf Arnheim",
  title =        "Words in Their Place",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "IV",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "199--212",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1970",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V4N3_1970_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Although language helps thinking, it is not
                 indispensable to thought and its structure or
                 perceptual dimensions as a medium of thought are
                 severely limited. What makes language valuable for
                 thinking is our use of words to refer to other though
                 media, such as visual imagery. Not being restricted as
                 language is to linearity, the visual medium offers
                 structural equivalences to all characteristics of
                 objects, events, relationships --- in two and three
                 dimensions. A literary image grows through accretion by
                 amendment; a pictorial image presents itself whole, in
                 simultaneity",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Noordzij:1970:BSC,
  author =       "Gerrit Noordzij",
  title =        "Broken Scripts and the Classification of Typefaces",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "IV",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "213--240",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1970",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "See follow-up work \cite{Tracy:1971:TDC} and comments
                 \cite{Nesbitt:1971:C}.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V4N3_1970_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Current systems of typeface classification are
                 fundamentally useless as they isolate type from other
                 renderings of handwriting. Typeface design can only be
                 understood in its relation to handwriting. The German
                 classification system (DIN 16 518) is analyzed, and a
                 binary classification system is suggested --- not of
                 type only, but of writing generally. Broken type is not
                 more German than other derivatives of the roman
                 alphabet; its isolation has done much damage to German
                 type design and typography.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Patteson:1970:SIA,
  author =       "Roy K. {Patteson, Jr.}",
  title =        "The {Siloam Inscription} and Alphabetic Origins",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "IV",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "241--257",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1970",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V4N3_1970_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The Siloam Inscription is one of the most important
                 monuments to alphabetic writing. It is, however, almost
                 unknown to people in Western civilization. This article
                 relates the story of its discovery and points to some
                 of the evidence for the development of writing
                 contained within that inscription. The acrophonic
                 principle, upon which the inscription is based, seems
                 to have been the invention of a domestic situation
                 within Palestine. Theories about the origin of the
                 alphabet are discussed, with a tenative conclusion that
                 Palestine was the alphabet's place of origin.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Senator:1970:S,
  author =       "Cassiodorus Senator",
  title =        "On Scribes",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "IV",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "258--258",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1970",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "Reprinted from \booktitle{An Introduction to Divine
                 and Human Readings}, Chapter XXX; translated with an
                 introduction and notes by Leslie Webber Jones (New
                 York: Columbia University Press, 1946).",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V4N3_1970_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  author-dates = "480--575 CE",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Hunt:1970:TRR,
  author =       "Allen Hunt",
  title =        "{Times Roman}: a Re-assessment",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "IV",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "259--270",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1970",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V4N3_1970_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "In its original concept, Times Roman was an
                 ``oldstyle'' typeface, and essentially a restyling of
                 Monotype Plantin. It was designed for a newspaper
                 produced under high production standards which no
                 longer exist. Its usefulness as a newspaper text face
                 is waning, but it has continued wide acceptance for
                 periodicals and books, particularly in the United
                 States. The various modifications of Times Roman ---
                 e.g., Times Bold, Times Titling --- are discussed and
                 illustrated.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1970:PAN,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Proposed {American National Standard}: {Presentation}
                 of Alphameric Characters for Information Processing",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "IV",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "271--280",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1970",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V4N3_1970_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Brattinga:1970:BRH,
  author =       "Pieter Brattinga and Lawrence W. Wallis",
  title =        "Book Reviews: {Herbert Spencer. \booktitle{Pioneers of
                 Modern Typography}. London: Lund Humphries, 1969, 162
                 pp. 84/-. Arthur H. Phillips. \booktitle{Computer
                 Peripherals and Typesetting}. London: Her Majesty's
                 Stationery Office, 1968, 665 pp. 160/- (Cloth)}",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "IV",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "281--284",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1970",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V4N3_1970_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Baudin:1970:RAAc,
  author =       "Fernand Baudin and Dirk Wendt",
  title =        "R{\'e}sum{\'e} des Articles [Abstracts of Journal
                 Articles in {French} and {German}]",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "IV",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "285--287",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1970",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V4N3_1970_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1970:Ac,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "The Authors",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "IV",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "288--288",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1970",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V4N3_1970_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1970:GId,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "General Information",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "IV",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "291--294",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1970",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V4N4_1970_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "\booktitle{The Journal of Typographic Research} is
                 devoted to critical investigation and experimentation
                 that contribute to a better understanding of the role
                 letterforms play in the communication process.
                 ``Typography'' is interpreted in the broadest possible
                 sense, encompassing any use or reproduction of
                 letterforms and related symbols within our own and
                 other language systems --- and including their origins,
                 historic development and special applications. It is
                 the journal's purpose, first to identify and encourage
                 letterform research internationally, and second to
                 pursue the natural association of experimental work in
                 all research areas concerned with our visible
                 language.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Mountford:1970:SPC,
  author =       "John Mountford",
  title =        "Some Psycholinguistic Components of Initial Standard
                 Literacy",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "IV",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "295--306",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1970",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V4N4_1970_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Literacy is a linguistic term predicated of
                 individuals. It means ability to use language in the
                 medium of writing. Standard literacy is the particular
                 kind of literacy required by educational systems, viz.
                 literacy in a standard language. Initial standard
                 literacy is a more adequate term for what is commonly
                 called the teaching of reading. Five psycholinguistic
                 components are suggested: knowledge of a standard
                 language; knowledge of its standard orthography
                 (distinguished from other kinds of writing systems);
                 technical concept' of literacy; `habitudes' of
                 literacy; basic skills of literacy (reading and
                 writing). Literacy is also predicated of societies. The
                 study of it, both as a psycholinguistic phenomenon and
                 as a sociolinguistic phenomenon has been neglected in
                 linguistics generally, just as the concept of literacy
                 has been neglected in educational theory.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Boyle:1970:EGH,
  author =       "Leonard E. Boyle",
  title =        "The Emergence of {Gothic} Handwriting",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "IV",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "307--316",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1970",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "See letter \cite{Gilman:1972:C}.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V4N4_1970_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "During the mid-eleventh century Caroline script began
                 to undergo significant changes. The growing market for
                 writings, both academic and popular, demanded a small,
                 clear and highly abbreviated style. The new Gothic
                 script originated out of this need for compression;
                 e.g., the fusing of opposite curves of letters where
                 they were found back to back and the judicious use of
                 abbreviations. The translational styles of writing are
                 illustrated.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Marck:1970:STU,
  author =       "Louis Marck",
  title =        "Some Thoughts of the Use and Disuse of Diacritics",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "IV",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "317--326",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1970",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "See comments \cite{Champney:1971:C}.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V4N4_1970_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The diacritics discussed here are symbols that are a
                 part of the official spelling of various languages such
                 as
                 \texttt{\char`{\'\char}`{\`\char}`{\^\char}`{\"\char}`{\~}},
                 etc. The uncertainties and vagaries of their use or
                 non-use in current American practice are illustrated
                 with examples from reference works, style books and
                 current periodical literature. Particular criticism is
                 leveled at the inability of the printed media correctly
                 to reproduce names from such languages as German, Czech
                 and Polish, leaving even the cognoscenti in the dark as
                 to proper pronunciation. Problems of information
                 storage and retrieval as well as typewriter design are
                 touched upon. A plea is finally made for better
                 knowledge and international acceptance of diacritics,
                 the alternative being a concerted international effort
                 for their progressive abandonment.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Frutiger:1970:LPT,
  author =       "Adrian Frutiger",
  title =        "Letterforms in Photo-typography",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "IV",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "327--335",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1970",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V4N4_1970_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The accelerated flow of information in today's world
                 demands that our typography be of maximum utility and
                 comfort to the reader. There is a trend toward
                 universal usage of fewer text faces and toward larger
                 sizes of reader typefaces. Differentiation must be made
                 between material designed for sustained and for
                 reference reading. The two basic photo-composition
                 generation systems --- projective exposure and CRT
                 generated --- are compared.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Wormald:1970:RMM,
  author =       "Francis Wormald",
  title =        "Reading in the Medieval Monastery",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "IV",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "336--336",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1970",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "Excerpted from the author's \booktitle{The Monastic
                 Library} in \booktitle{The Year 1200: a Background
                 Survey}, II (New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art,
                 1970), 170.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V4N4_1970_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Molyneux:1970:IQH,
  author =       "Lindsay Molyneux",
  title =        "An Index of the Quality of a Hyphenation Algorithm",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "IV",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "337--341",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1970",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V4N4_1970_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "During the development of hyphenation algorithms some
                 measure of performance is needed. A single parameter
                 index is proposed and it is suggested that it might be
                 used to assess hyphenation algorithms in general.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Kindersley:1970:LA,
  author =       "David Kindersley",
  title =        "Letterforms in the Arts",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "IV",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "342--352",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1970",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V4N4_1970_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Burnhill:1970:TEH,
  author =       "Peter Burnhill",
  title =        "Typographic Education: Headings in Text",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "IV",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "353--365",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1970",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V4N4_1970_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "A class in typography was presented with the problem
                 of designing a system for the allocation of intervals
                 of space on the vertical axis of the page which would
                 determine the grouping of a given set of textual
                 elements. A binary progression of space units was
                 evolved. The resulting system for paragraphs
                 interspersed with headings of first, second and third
                 order rank is discussed and illustrated.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1970:SE,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "{Shaw} Enough",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "IV",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "366--367",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1970",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "Commentary on George Bernard Shaw's proposed spelling
                 reform of English, and on his Shavian phonetic alphabet
                 for English. Reprinted from \booktitle{The Sunday
                 Times} (London), 8 March 1970.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V4N4_1970_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Beyer:1970:C,
  author =       "Ralph Beyer and Peter Burnhill and Nicolete Gray and
                 James Mosley and Michael Twyman and Berthold Wolpe and
                 {The Governors of the St.Bride Foundation} and David
                 Ford",
  title =        "Correspondence",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "IV",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "367--368",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1970",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V4N4_1970_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  keywords =     "Working Party on Typographic Teaching",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1970:BR,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Books Received",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "IV",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "369--376",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1970",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V4N4_1970_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Baudin:1970:RAAd,
  author =       "Fernand Baudin and Dirk Wendt",
  title =        "R{\'e}sum{\'e} des Articles [Abstracts of Journal
                 Articles in {French} and {German}]",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "IV",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "377--379",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1970",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V4N4_1970_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1970:Ad,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "The Authors",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "IV",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "380--380",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1970",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V4N4_1970_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1970:IVI,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Index to {Volume IV}",
  journal =      j-J-TYPOGR-RES,
  volume =       "IV",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "381--384",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1970",
  ISSN =         "0449-329X",
  ISSN-L =       "0449-329X",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V4N4_1970_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "J. Typogr. Res.",
  fjournal =     "The Journal of Typographic Research",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

%%% ====================================================================
%%% Journal renamed to Visible Language with volume V, number 1, in
%%% 1971, but volume number continues from its predecessor.  Volume
%%% numbers for volumes 1--24 are roman numerals; arabic numbers are
%%% used for volumes 25 onward.

@Article{Wrolstad:1971:VLJ,
  author =       "Merald E. Wrolstad",
  title =        "{{\booktitle{Visible Language}}}: The Journal for
                 Research on the Visual Media of Language Expression. A
                 Report from the {Editor}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "V",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "5--12",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1971",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Thu Feb 11 17:57:45 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V5N1_1971_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Why would a magazine with a great name like The
                 \booktitle{Journal of Typographic Research} decide to
                 change it? For one thing, having to add a footnote
                 every time the name is mentioned in order to explain
                 its actual range of interests finally got to us. As a
                 subscriber you will have to admit that no matter how
                 broadly we attempt to define ``typographic research,''
                 it no longer adequately describes the research efforts
                 in the field or the major concerns of this Journal.
                 ``Typographic research'' has become a label that has to
                 be stretched; ``visible language'' is a concept that
                 remains to be fulfilled.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Osley:1971:CAC,
  author =       "A. S. Osley",
  title =        "Calligraphy --- an Aid to Cartography?",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "V",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "13--32",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1971",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V5N1_1971_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Calligraphic analysis goes beyond general styles of
                 writing and kind of writing materials used; it attempts
                 to isolate the characteristic features of a script and
                 the scribe's personal performance. Specimens from
                 various periods of Gerard Mercator's cartographic work
                 are examined and compared, including a map recently
                 discovered that, after calligraphic analysis, can be
                 identified as almost certainly by Mercator. The
                 importance of calligraphic analysis for determining
                 cartographic attributions is discussed.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Bass:1971:DV,
  author =       "Rudi Bass",
  title =        "The Development of {Vidifont}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "V",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "33--48",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1971",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V5N1_1971_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Television news broadcasting requires alphanumeric
                 composition processes that do not depend on handsetting
                 or photographic preparation. Vidifont, a synthetic
                 video version of the CBS News 36 alphabet, was
                 especially designed for television requirements: (1)
                 proportional-width and proportionally spaced
                 letterforms for legibility and maximum character count,
                 and (2) a unique grid structure to reproduce ovoid
                 letter curves and angle strokes. The development of the
                 Vidifont is outlined and illustrated; esthetic values
                 in electronic letterform design are discussed.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Crofts:1971:CMO,
  author =       "Marjorie Crofts",
  title =        "Creating a {Munduruk{\'u}} Orthography",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "V",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "49--58",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1971",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V5N1_1971_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Munduruk{\'u}, a Tupi language of an Amazon Basin
                 Indian people, has had no written form. This article
                 describes the practical problems of establishing an
                 alphabet to match the spoken language as well as relate
                 to Portuguese, the language of Brazil; e.g., whether or
                 not to represent all phonemes, and basic questions on
                 what constitutes a word, or a sentence. Printed
                 materials in Munduruk{\'u} are illustrated.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Tracy:1971:TDC,
  author =       "Walter Tracy",
  title =        "Type Design Classification",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "V",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "59--66",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1971",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "See also previous work \cite{Noordzij:1970:BSC}.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V5N1_1971_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "To follow the article by Gerrit Noodzij (The Journal
                 of Typographic Research, IV [Summer 1970], 213--240)
                 which analyzed the German classification, an account is
                 given of the French and German classifications. It is
                 shown that all three schemes have the same structure
                 though the nomenclature is different. Hope is expressed
                 that the British classification will be acceptable in
                 the United States.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Carpenter:1971:CSB,
  author =       "Edmund Carpenter",
  title =        "Comment: Not Since {Babel}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "V",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "67--74",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1971",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Thu Feb 11 17:57:45 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V5N1_1971_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "We know almost nothing about the origin of language.
                 Anthropologists don't always admit this to
                 undergraduates, but among themselves (when they're not
                 trying to impress anyone) they acknowledge that we
                 don't know whether language dates from a million years
                 ago, or half a million, or fifty thousand. There are
                 lots of theories, but few facts-and the facts fit lots
                 of theories.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Lotz:1971:CRS,
  author =       "John Lotz",
  title =        "Comment: The Role of Script in Describing the
                 Languages of the World",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "V",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "75--81",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1971",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Thu Feb 11 17:57:45 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V5N1_1971_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Nesbitt:1971:C,
  author =       "Alexander Nesbitt and Gerrit Noordzij and John A.
                 Schappler",
  title =        "Correspondence",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "V",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "82--89",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1971",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Thu Feb 11 17:57:45 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "Discussion of \cite{Noordzij:1970:BSC} and
                 \cite{Wendt:1969:X,Vartabedian:1969:PFG,Zapf:1970:C,Nadler:1972:C}",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V5N1_1971_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1971:Aa,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "The Authors",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "V",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "90--90",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1971",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Thu Feb 11 17:57:45 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V5N1_1971_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Baudin:1971:RAAa,
  author =       "Fernand Baudin and Dirk Wendt",
  title =        "R{\'e}sum{\'e} des Articles [Abstracts of Journal
                 Articles in {French} and {German}]",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "V",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "92--92",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1971",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Thu Feb 11 17:57:45 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V5N1_1971_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1971:BNJ,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Back Numbers of {{\booktitle{The Journal of
                 Typographic Research}}}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "V",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "93--96",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1971",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Thu Feb 11 17:57:45 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V5N1_1971_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Cyrus:1971:LFS,
  author =       "Virginia J. Cyrus",
  title =        "Linguistic Features of Scribal Spacing",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "V",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "101--110",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1971",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V5N2_1971_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "In contrast to the regularity of the letterforms in
                 hand-produced Old English manuscripts, the scribal
                 spacings show great variation in both size and
                 positioning. Examination of the spacings in the
                 Tollemache manuscript of Alfred's Orosius reveals
                 extensive patterning which can be shown to correspond
                 with such linguistic features of the text as syntactic
                 structures as they are identified by immediate
                 constituent analysis. Thus, the manuscript provides
                 graphic evidence of non-segmental features of the
                 language which before were only indirectly inferable.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{OHara:1971:UHI,
  author =       "F. M. {O'Hara, Jr.}",
  title =        "Use of the Hyphen to Indicate Divided Words",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "V",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "111--124",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1971",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "See comments \cite{Tanselle:1972:C}.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V5N2_1971_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The unsystematic employment of hyphenation by early
                 printers led to the author's inspection of incunabula
                 and reproductions of manuscripts and incunabular
                 printing. These observations showed a gradual
                 standardization of the typographic form of the hyphen,
                 an evolution of the phonetic division of words from
                 arbitrary academic rules, and a slow development of the
                 universal employment of the hyphen to indicate divided
                 words. These trends in the history of printing suffered
                 a reversal during the sixteenth century, and it was not
                 until the late seventeenth century that hyphenating
                 practices as they are observed today were generally
                 established.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Troxel:1971:ARP,
  author =       "Donald E. Troxel",
  title =        "Automated Reading of the Printed Page",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "V",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "125--144",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1971",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V5N2_1971_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "This paper is primarily concerned with the automated
                 reading of the printed page resulting in a sequence of
                 character codes which can be further processed to make
                 the information available to a blind person in the form
                 of Grade II Braille, spelled speech, or synthesized
                 speech. Heuristics are described for automatic
                 threshold determination, font-size determination, line
                 and character acquisition, contour tracing, and the
                 recognition of punctuation and characters. As the
                 output of the reading machine for the blind is to be
                 absorbed directly by a human, the specifications for a
                 page reader were that the speed should be approximately
                 equal to normal speaking rates and that the reader
                 should make somewhat fewer mistakes than a human reader
                 would make. The actual speed achieved was approximately
                 75 words per minute, which does not quite meet the
                 speed requirement. However, the error rate
                 specification has been met with a measured error rate
                 of 0.07 per cent.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Cleland:1971:VSR,
  author =       "Donald L. Cleland",
  title =        "Vocalism in Silent Reading",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "V",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "145--157",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1971",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V5N2_1971_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "A continuing controversy has been going on as to
                 whether vocalism in silent reading should be inhibited,
                 encouraged, or just tolerated as part of the reading
                 process. Past experimentation is discussed. Reported
                 here is an investigation to determine the incidence of
                 vocalism during silent reading by two groups of
                 intermediate grade children: reading achievers and
                 reading retardates. A general conclusion is that
                 vocalism is a natural adjunct of the reading process
                 and that at approximate times all of us use it as a
                 secondary sensory reinforcement.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Pollak:1971:DFC,
  author =       "Michael Pollak",
  title =        "Durability of {Fifteenth-century} Type",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "V",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "159--188",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1971",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V5N2_1971_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "From a review of references to early typecasting
                 practices, the author computes the amount of labor
                 required to handcast 1,000 pieces of type in the
                 fifteenth century, and reaches a figure of fourteen
                 man-hours. As a means of determining the ability of the
                 type to withstand succeeding blows of the platen and
                 the other wear brought about by setting, cleaning, and
                 distributing the type, he applies this labor cost to
                 the publication of a fifteenth-century book, the works
                 of Flavius Josephus printed at Venice in 1486,
                 postulating different sizes of editions. Working on the
                 assumption that excessive labor costs per copy would
                 have made this book and others like it uneconomical to
                 produce, he concluded that incunable type was able to
                 withstand at least 10,000 to 20,000 blows of the platen
                 but suggests that its life expectancy was actually much
                 higher. He supplements his cost analysis by citing
                 other evidence to show than incunable type was fairly
                 durable.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Baudin:1971:RAAb,
  author =       "Fernand Baudin and Dirk Wendt",
  title =        "R{\'e}sum{\'e} des Articles [Abstracts of Journal
                 Articles in {French} and {German}]",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "V",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "189--191",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1971",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Thu Feb 11 17:57:45 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V5N2_1971_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1971:Ab,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "The Authors",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "V",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "192--192",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1971",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Thu Feb 11 17:57:45 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V5N2_1971_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1971:GIc,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "General Information",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "V",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "195--196",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1971",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Thu Feb 11 17:57:45 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V5N3_1971_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Marcus:1971:PCP,
  author =       "Aaron Marcus",
  title =        "A Prototype Computerized Page-design System",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "V",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "197--220",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1971",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V5N3_1971_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The graphic designer has need for an interactive
                 computerized design system to enable him to match the
                 capabilities of available computerized type-editing and
                 typesetting systems. This article describes a prototype
                 system devised to investigate both the problems and
                 capabilities of using computers for page design. The
                 two aspects of the investigation are the appropriate
                 representation of graphic material on a low resolution
                 television-like display and the development of
                 interactive features. The ability to add, delete, and
                 move blocks of symbolized type and illustration on the
                 display has the advantage that the computerized form of
                 the final design is immediately compatible with
                 computerized typesetting systems.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Gordon:1971:LNL,
  author =       "Arthur E. Gordon",
  title =        "Letter Names of the {Latin} Alphabet",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "V",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "221--228",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1971",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V5N3_1971_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Contemporary and earlier studies of the Latin language
                 have failed to present and discuss adequately letter
                 names of the Latin alphabet --- in contrast, for
                 example, with the Greek alpha, beta, gamma, etc.
                 Several theories, and their derivation, about the
                 letter names are presented. The ancient evidence ---
                 from the third/second century B.C. to the seventh
                 century A.D. --- is rather scant and not always clear.
                 While the names of the vowels and of all the consonants
                 except the continuants (F, L, M, N, R, S, X) seem
                 certain, the names of these continuants seem to have
                 undergone changes in the course of history and to be
                 clear only toward the end of antiquity (from the fourth
                 century A.D. on).",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Yasuhara:1971:STH,
  author =       "Makoto Yasuhara",
  title =        "Steps toward Handwriting Analysis and Recognition",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "V",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "229--248",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1971",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V5N3_1971_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "In order to introduce to the field of human
                 handwriting recognition formal concepts which
                 correspond to those of the analysis by synthesis method
                 in speech analysis, a dynamic model of handwriting
                 process is proposed. Discussion to support the proposed
                 scheme is presented both from the theoretical and from
                 the experimental points of view.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Fontein:1971:CCZ,
  author =       "Jan Fontein and Money L. Hickman",
  title =        "Calligraphy of {Ch'an} and {Zen} Monks",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "V",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "249--264",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1971",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V5N3_1971_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Although a dependence on words and letters was avoided
                 in the concepts of their sect, the Ch'an and Zen monks
                 produced a prodigious amount of written material, in
                 book form and in handwritten documents. Believed to
                 express the total personality of the writer, the
                 calligraphy (bokuseki) acquired a kind of mystique. The
                 highly personal calligraphy was not as strong an
                 influence in China as in Japan, where it established
                 the standard for excellence and was extensively
                 emulated in secular society. Representative examples
                 are shown and discussed.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Hartley:1971:EUT,
  author =       "James Hartley and Peter Burnhill",
  title =        "Experiments with Unjustified Text",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "V",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "265--278",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1971",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V5N3_1971_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Three separate experiments are described in which
                 various settings of unjustified text are compared: (1)
                 passages with line endings determined by syntactic
                 considerations were compared with passages set in a
                 standard unjustified form; (2) passages with
                 approximately one-third of the lines ending with
                 hyphenated formats were compared with the same
                 standards; (3) unjustified double-column formats of
                 different widths were compared with each other. No
                 significant differences in reading speed were found in
                 any of the three experiments, although a significant
                 sex difference was found in Experiment 3 when a
                 scanning method was used. No significant differences
                 were found in comprehension scores. Attitudes expressed
                 by students in Experiments 1 and 3 tended to favor the
                 shorter lines with more uneven endings.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Banks:1971:BRN,
  author =       "Colin Banks",
  title =        "Book Review: {E. Nicolette Gray, \booktitle{Lettering
                 as Drawing: The Moving Line} [volume 1] and
                 \booktitle{Contour and Silhouette} [volume 2]. London:
                 Oxford University Press, 1970. 96 pages each with many
                 black and white illustrations. 75 new pence.
                 Paperbacks}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "V",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "279--281",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1971",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Thu Feb 11 17:57:45 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V5N3_1971_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Champney:1971:C,
  author =       "Freeman Champney and Louis Marck",
  title =        "Correspondence",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "V",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "282--283",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1971",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Thu Feb 11 17:57:45 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "See \cite{Marck:1970:STU}. Louis Marck also comments
                 on the too-similar appearance of `b` and `h' in
                 Monotype Garamond (Series 156 Italic).",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V5N3_1971_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Baudin:1971:RAAc,
  author =       "Fernand Baudin and Dirk Wendt",
  title =        "R{\'e}sum{\'e} des Articles [Abstracts of Journal
                 Articles in {French} and {German}]",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "V",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "285--287",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1971",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Thu Feb 11 17:57:45 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V5N3_1971_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1971:Ac,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "The Authors",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "V",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "288--288",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1971",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Thu Feb 11 17:57:45 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V5N3_1971_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1971:GId,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "General Information",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "V",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "291--292",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1971",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Thu Feb 11 17:57:45 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V5N4_1971_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Coe:1971:AMW,
  author =       "Michael D. Coe",
  title =        "Ancient {Maya} Writing and Calligraphy",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "V",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "293--307",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1971",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V5N4_1971_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Maya hieroglyphic writing was carved on stone
                 monuments, written in bark-paper codices, and painted
                 upon funerary pottery. The stone inscriptions, formerly
                 thought to record only calendrical information, have
                 been found to contain dynastic histories. The codices
                 treat exclusively of ritual matters, while the texts
                 and pictures on the pottery are concerned with the
                 perilous voyage of the soul to the underworld. The
                 script evolved from a highly pictographic system into
                 one that had a strong phonetic-syllabic component. As
                 calligraphy, Maya writing was a basically painterly
                 art.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{GT:1971:DNJ,
  author =       "{Group Typo}",
  title =        "Design of a New {Japanese} Typeface: {Typos}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "V",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "309--317",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1971",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V5N4_1971_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The Japanese language is a formidable one for those
                 who are concerned with the design and the use of the
                 printed word. Because the Japanese language employs the
                 kanji, the hiragana, and the katakana for writing, the
                 task of designing a new typeface involves the design of
                 over 1,000 characters so that they will blend together
                 when used interchangeably in an almost unlimited number
                 of combinations. The theory and construction method
                 used to create Typo, a new Japanese typeface, are
                 discussed and illustrated in comparison with existing
                 characters.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Basu:1971:LMA,
  author =       "Hella Basu",
  title =        "Letterforms as a Medium for Artistic Expression",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "V",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "319--330",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1971",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V5N4_1971_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Although the major function of writing is transmitting
                 verbal communication, the variety and beauty of man's
                 letterforms indicate several important non-verbal
                 considerations. Pattern-forming properties of
                 letterforms can be explored as artistic expression
                 independent of verbal meaning, but optical elements
                 must be related to verbal ones. The author's
                 development of calligraphic ``visual aids'' for
                 classroom use is discussed, and a selection of these is
                 illustrated.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anderson:1971:CHC,
  author =       "Donald M. Anderson",
  title =        "{Cresci} and His Capital Alphabet",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "V",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "331--352",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1971",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V5N4_1971_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Renaissance art was marked by a vigorous adaptation of
                 classical themes, and in restyling roman capital
                 letters no one approached the excellence of Giovan
                 Francesco Cresci. In Il perfetto scrittore, parte
                 seconda, published in 1570, Cresci mastered the
                 combinations of classical elements with his own refined
                 style. In contrast to those who were obsessed with
                 divina propotione and who sought to interpret the roman
                 letters through compass and rule, Cresci's alphabets
                 were derived from ancient sources such as the
                 inscription of Trajan's column. The drift in Cresci's
                 thinking toward a closer allegiance to the classical
                 letters is shown through his selection of proportion;
                 his serifs show modification to forms closer to
                 calligraphy.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Robinson:1971:WSI,
  author =       "David Owen Robinson and Michael Abbamonte and Selby H.
                 Evans",
  title =        "Why Serifs are Important: the Perception of Small
                 Print",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "V",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "353--359",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1971",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V5N4_1971_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The use of serif type styles has continued to dominate
                 printing since the introduction of sans-serif type a
                 century and a half ago. Several theories are considered
                 to account for the continued popularity of the older
                 typefaces. It is suggested that the neurological
                 structure of the human visual system benefits from
                 serifs in the preservation of the main features of
                 letters during neural processing. A computer simulation
                 of visual processing supports this theory, and
                 suggestions are made concerning the function of serifs
                 in letters of different sizes.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Bauries:1971:RBG,
  author =       "Fred Bauries",
  title =        "Research in Brief: Graphic Trends in Consumer Magazine
                 Advertising, 1938--1968",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "V",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "360--364",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1971",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Thu Feb 11 17:57:45 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V5N4_1971_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Smith:1971:RBG,
  author =       "John M. Smith and Maxwell E. McCombs",
  title =        "Research in Brief: The Graphics of Prose",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "V",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "365--369",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1971",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Thu Feb 11 17:57:45 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V5N4_1971_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Banks:1971:BRE,
  author =       "Colin Banks",
  title =        "Book Review: {Edward Johnstone, \booktitle{Formal
                 Penmanship}. London: Lund Humphries, 1971. 160 pages of
                 text, 20 pages of plates. \pounds 5.80}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "V",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "370--372",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1971",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Thu Feb 11 17:57:45 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "See \cite{Gilman:1972:C}: Johnstone should be
                 Johnston.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V5N4_1971_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{vanKrimpen:1971:C,
  author =       "Huib van Krimpen and {The Educational Committee of A.
                 Typ. I.} and {Peter Burnhill}",
  title =        "Correspondence",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "V",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "373--376",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1971",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Thu Feb 11 17:57:45 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "Comments on the financial and copyright relations
                 between type designers and typefounders, on the
                 teaching of writing and lettering, and disapproval of
                 the journal name change.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V5N4_1971_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Baudin:1971:RAAd,
  author =       "Fernand Baudin and Dirk Wendt",
  title =        "R{\'e}sum{\'e} des Articles [Abstracts of Journal
                 Articles in {French} and {German}]",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "V",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "377--379",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1971",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Thu Feb 11 17:57:45 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V5N4_1971_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1971:Ad,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "The Authors",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "V",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "380--380",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1971",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Thu Feb 11 17:57:45 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V5N4_1971_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1971:IVV,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Index to {Volume V}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "V",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "381--384",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1971",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Thu Feb 11 17:57:45 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V5N4_1971_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1972:GIa,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "General Information",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VI",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "3--4",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1972",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Thu Feb 11 17:57:45 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V6N1_1972_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Powell:1972:OSS,
  author =       "Marvin A. {Powell, Jr.}",
  title =        "The Origin of the Sexagesimal System: Interaction of
                 Language and Writing",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VI",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "5--18",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1972",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V6N1_1972_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The origin of the sexagesimal system has been much
                 debated, but all past theories have neglected the
                 linguistic evidence of the ancient cuneiform lexica.
                 The problem or origin is twofold: (1) the origin of
                 counting with sixty as a base and (2) the origin of
                 sexagesimal place notation. The first problem is
                 linguistic and anthropological in nature and must be
                 studied through the ancient lexica. The second can be
                 elucidated by a combined analysis of the Sumerian
                 number words and the symbols used to represent them.
                 Such an analysis indicated that sexagesimal place
                 notation arose from an interaction between the
                 numerational framework of the Sumerian language and the
                 symbols used to write those numbers, but the sudden
                 appearance of place notation about 2050 B.C. indicates
                 that the final step toward the creation of place
                 notation was an act of conscious invention.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Seaman:1972:DVP,
  author =       "David W. Seaman",
  title =        "The Development of Visual Poetry in {France}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VI",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "19--44",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1972",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V6N1_1972_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Poems which contain visual elements in their
                 construction --- e.g., pattern poems and acrostics ---
                 are often considered isolated aberrations. By examining
                 literature in Europe and especially in France, one can
                 discern a fairly continuous tradition of visual poetry.
                 Beginning in antiquity and recurring in every period of
                 western civilization, visual stimuli in writing and
                 typography are applied to the composition of poetry.
                 Although at first they are usually incidental or
                 decorative, by the nineteenth century they are
                 considered valid attributes of serious poetry.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Furby:1972:DWP,
  author =       "Lita Furby",
  title =        "Development of Word Perception and Problem Solving
                 Strategies",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VI",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "45--58",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1972",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V6N1_1972_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "This study examines the nature of children's word
                 perception, focusing on both the developmental changes
                 in the perceptual process itself (in terms of the
                 ability to decenter) and the role these changes play in
                 determining choice of strategy in a problem solving
                 situation (anagrams). It also demonstrates the
                 importance of individual differences (in spatial
                 ability) as a source of information about developmental
                 processes and changes in perception and cognition.
                 Eight, eleven, and fourteen year-olds solve anagrams of
                 various types and took several aptitude tests. The
                 results give support to Piaget's formulation of
                 perceptual development and demonstrate the role of both
                 perceptual development and individual aptitude
                 differences in children's problem solving strategies.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Wells:1972:WBR,
  author =       "James Wells",
  title =        "The Work of {Bruce Rogers}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VI",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "59--78",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1972",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V6N1_1972_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "No designer has played a more influential role in the
                 revival of the typographic arts in America than Bruce
                 Rogers (1870--1957). His work spanned half a century;
                 its significant contributions is based on his
                 adaptation of historic styles to machine production
                 while maintaining the highest possible design and
                 technical standards. Rogers' approach was that of an
                 artist (rather than that of a scholar or a practicing
                 printer), while he demonstrated with remarkable
                 versatility --- from the playful limited editions to
                 the majesty of the Oxford Bible.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Lotz:1972:SBS,
  author =       "John Lotz",
  title =        "A Select Bibliography on Script and Language",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VI",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "79--80",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1972",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Thu Feb 11 17:57:45 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V6N1_1972_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Stauffacher:1972:HAT,
  author =       "Jack W. Stauffacher",
  title =        "Homage to {Alberto Tallone}, 1898--1960",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VI",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "81--89",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1972",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V6N1_1972_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Alberto Tallone was a printer/publisher/book
                 typographer/type designer with a keen eye for excellent
                 literature (a friend of Pablo Neruda) and fine
                 typography.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Tanselle:1972:C,
  author =       "G. Thomas Tanselle",
  title =        "Correspondence",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VI",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "90--91",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1972",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Thu Feb 11 17:57:45 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "See \cite{OHara:1971:UHI,Gilman:1972:C}.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V6N1_1972_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Baudin:1972:RAAa,
  author =       "Fernand Baudin and Dirk Wendt and Tony {\'E}vora",
  title =        "R{\'e}sum{\'e} des Articles [Abstracts of Journal
                 Articles in {French}, {German}, and {Spanish}]",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VI",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "92--95",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1972",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Thu Feb 11 17:57:45 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V6N1_1972_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1972:Aa,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "The Authors",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VI",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "96--96",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1972",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Thu Feb 11 17:57:45 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V6N1_1972_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Wrolstad:1972:ER,
  author =       "Merald E. Wrolstad",
  title =        "{Editor}'s Report",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VI",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "99--108",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1972",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Thu Feb 11 17:57:45 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "See comments \cite{Haugen:1973:C}.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V6N2_1972_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Solt:1972:TVC,
  author =       "Mary Ellen Solt",
  title =        "Typography and the Visual Concrete Poem",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VI",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "109--122",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1972",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V6N2_1972_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The visual concrete poet is concerned with the
                 relationship of typography to meaning. Constructive
                 poetry uses the lower-case, sans-serif letter almost
                 exclusively. Increasingly poets are finding this
                 practice too restrictive and are following the example
                 of Mallarm{\'e}, who used typography expressively. The
                 early manifestoes of concrete poetry emphasized
                 Mallarm{\'e}'s influence in the direction of spatial
                 syntax and ideogrammic construction. It needs to be
                 recognized that visual concrete poetry relates to all
                 the stages of ideogrammic development and that the kind
                 of ideogram the poet is presenting will influence his
                 typographical choices. If concrete poetry is to remain
                 a viable new genre, its visual potential must be
                 liberated rather than restricted.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{David:1972:PDL,
  author =       "Robert E. David",
  title =        "Proposal for a Diagrammatic Language for Design",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VI",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "123--137",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1972",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V6N2_1972_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Environmental design as a process is a communication
                 activity wherein the designer continuously formulates,
                 records, and presents developing ideas using his
                 vernacular, sketches, working drawings, and models. The
                 success of the design solution depends to a certain
                 extent on the sophistication of the communication tools
                 used; there is a significant lack of sophistication in
                 the tools used in the transition of ideas between the
                 initial verbal phases and the final visual phases. This
                 paper proposes a notational language of diagrammatic
                 elements to provide the designer with a communication
                 tool that permits him to visualize basic design ideas
                 at a high level of abstraction. The primitive elements
                 of this language represent a set of ideas that, in
                 various combinations, recurrently make up the basic
                 entities of various problems in environmental design.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Lamaitre:1972:ACM,
  author =       "?. Lama{\^\i}tre",
  title =        "{Albert Camus} and the Men of the Stone",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VI",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "138--138",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1972",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Thu Feb 11 17:57:45 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V6N2_1972_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "From the article: ``He [Camus] really impressed us on
                 his wedding day. I was touched by the way he got
                 married --- so simple, with three or four typographers
                 as the wedding procession.'' \ldots{} ``Camus spent
                 more time at the composing room than in the editorial
                 offices\ldots{}''",
  xxnote =       "Check; the author name is printed Lama{\^\i}tre, but
                 the gender is wrong: the name should likely be
                 Lema{\^\i}tre.",
}

@Article{Stern:1972:OPE,
  author =       "Henry R. Stern",
  title =        "The Orthographic Practices of {Elias Molee}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VI",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "139--149",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1972",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "See letter \cite{Haugen:1973:C}.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V6N2_1972_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "In proposing an artificial language for international
                 consideration, one must first have devised an efficient
                 orthographic system. After a brief introduction to the
                 concept of international languages and to Molee's
                 background and motivation, this paper describes the
                 orthographic techniques he employed in a series of
                 works over a period of 25 years. Upon examination,
                 these works show an unmistakable trend. The initial
                 efforts are characterized by innovation and
                 experimentation. In attempting to create an acceptable
                 phonetic alphabet, he first employed phonetic symbols,
                 variations of standard letters, and even letters he
                 designed himself. Later efforts, however, remain within
                 the framework of conventional symbols. This can be
                 explained by the necessity of gaining the favor and
                 support of printers. That Molee's efforts were in the
                 long run unsuccessful is due not to any inherent
                 weakness in his orthographic system but rather to the
                 general failure of artificial languages themselves.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Scott:1972:GPC,
  author =       "Myrtle Scott",
  title =        "Grapheme--Phoneme Correspondence in Beginning Reading
                 of Disadvantaged Five-Year-Olds",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VI",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "151--165",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1972",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "See comments and corrections \cite{Downing:1973:C}.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V6N2_1972_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "This study was designed to investigate the effect of
                 grapheme-phoneme correspondence on word acquisition in
                 beginning readers. Two groups of disadvantaged children
                 were taught word acquisition skills, one group using a
                 non-controlled grapheme-phoneme correspondence
                 orthography, standard English, while the other group
                 used a controlled grapheme-phoneme correspondence
                 orthography, the Initial Teaching Alphabet. No
                 differences were found between groups as a function of
                 orthography used. Significant differences did appear as
                 a function of level of word familiarity with familiar
                 words being identified more easily than unfamiliar
                 ones. Irregular words were identified significantly
                 more easily than regular ones, which was contrary to
                 the prediction, and was explained in terms of a model
                 of stages of development of word recognition skills.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1972:IYB,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "[1972 --- International Year of the Book]",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VI",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "166--166",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1972",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Thu Feb 11 17:57:45 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V6N2_1972_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Wendt:1972:EIU,
  author =       "Dirk Wendt and Hans Weckerle",
  title =        "On Effects of Indentation and Underlining in Reference
                 Work",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VI",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "167--171",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1972",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V6N2_1972_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "An experimental study with 252 10- to 12-year-old
                 pupils as subjects investigated the effects of
                 indentation and underlining of keywords in reference
                 work. It was assumed that indentation and underlining
                 would make it easier to recognize word shapes, and that
                 this effect would be stronger with the familiar shapes
                 of meaningful words than with nonsense words. Results
                 showed that only indentation made recognition faster,
                 but not underlining; and that this effect was equally
                 strong with meaningful and nonsense words. In total,
                 nonsense words were recognized 17\% slower than
                 meaningful material.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Coleman:1972:BBC,
  author =       "A. D. Coleman",
  title =        "{Bonnie Baldwin Collier}'s delightful
                 {{\booktitle{Thesis Box}}}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VI",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "172--172",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1972",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Thu Feb 11 17:57:45 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/v6n2_1972_e.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{vanKrimpen:1972:BRA,
  author =       "Huib van Krimpen and Fernand Baudin",
  title =        "Book Reviews: {Albert Kapr. \booktitle{Schriftkunst.
                 Geschichte, Anatomie und Sch{\o}nheit der lateinischen
                 Buchstaben}. Dresden: VEB Verlag der Kunst, 1971. 11
                 3/4 $ \times $ 8 1/2 inches, 468 pages, 465
                 illustrations, 321 type specimens. Price 70 MDN
                 (approx. \$18.00). W. P. Jaspert, W. T. Berry, A F.
                 Johnson, \booktitle{The Encyclopaedia of Typefaces},
                 4th ed. (London: Blandford Press, 1970)}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VI",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "173--181",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1972",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Thu Feb 11 17:57:45 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V6N2_1972_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1972:INI,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "{{\booktitle{ICOGRAPHIC: a New International Design
                 Quarterly}}}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VI",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "181--181",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1972",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Thu Feb 11 17:57:45 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V6N2_1972_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Nadler:1972:C,
  author =       "Morton Nadler and Dirk Wendt and Trilokesh
                 Mukherjee",
  title =        "Correspondence",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VI",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "182--187",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1972",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Thu Feb 11 17:57:45 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "See
                 \cite{Wendt:1969:X,Nesbitt:1971:C,vanKrimpen:1971:C}.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V6N2_1972_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Baudin:1972:RAAb,
  author =       "Fernand Baudin and Dirk Wendt and Tony {\'E}vora",
  title =        "R{\'e}sum{\'e} des Articles [Abstracts of Journal
                 Articles in {French}, {German}, and {Spanish}]",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VI",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "188--191",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1972",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Thu Feb 11 17:57:45 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V6N2_1972_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1972:Ab,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "The Authors",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VI",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "192--192",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1972",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Thu Feb 11 17:57:45 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V6N2_1972_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1972:GIc,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "General Information",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VI",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "195--196",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1972",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Thu Feb 11 17:57:45 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V6N3_1972_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Steiner:1972:AB,
  author =       "George Steiner",
  title =        "After the Book?",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VI",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "197--210",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1972",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "See replies \cite{Brain:1972:FRG}.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V6N3_1972_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The book as we know it has been a significant
                 phenomenon for only a relatively short span of history
                 --- about a century and a half --- only in certain
                 areas and in certain cultures. Today, the enveloping
                 matrix of our intellectual and emotional lives is not a
                 reader's climate. The status of the book is changing,
                 as is the make-up of the ``language-world'' we inhabit.
                 The written word has become a caption for the visual
                 and the musical image. Our verbal inheritance is caught
                 between the semi-literacy of the mass market and the
                 minutia of the specialist. The written word persists,
                 but new forms for its circulation will bring
                 alterations of our sensibilities and modification in
                 our habits of discovery.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Brain:1972:FRG,
  author =       "John V. Brain and Norman S. Fiering and John Freeman
                 and Leland E. Warren",
  title =        "Four Replies to {George Steiner}'s Address to the
                 {Ferguson Seminar in Publishing}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VI",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "211--228",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1972",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "See \cite{Steiner:1972:AB}.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V6N3_1972_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Responses to George Steiner with regard to the
                 following. The book as we know it has been a
                 significant phenomenon for only a relatively short span
                 of history --- about a century and a half --- only in
                 certain areas and in certain cultures. Today, the
                 enveloping matrix of our intellectual and emotional
                 lives is not a reader's climate. The status of the book
                 is changing, as is the make-up of the
                 ``language-world'' we inhabit. The written word has
                 become a caption for the visual and the musical image.
                 Our verbal inheritance is caught between the
                 semi-literacy of the mass market and the minutia of the
                 specialist. The written word persists, but new forms
                 for its circulation will bring alterations of our
                 sensibilities and modification in our habits of
                 discovery.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Greene:1972:MMO,
  author =       "Gordon K. Greene",
  title =        "From Mistress to Master: The Origins of Polyphonic
                 Music and as a Visible Language",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VI",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "229--253",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1972",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V6N3_1972_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Music is affected by the notation in which it is
                 recorded. The system of notation devised between 900
                 and 1200 A.D. in the West allowed composers to be
                 analytical about simultaneous sounds; subsequent
                 development of vocal and instrumental art music is a
                 direct outgrowth of that medieval interest in harmony
                 and the notation that allowed its studious
                 investigation. That notation employs principles
                 familiar today. A system for specifying rhythmic values
                 was introduces in the twelfth century, with the result
                 that separate voice parts could be distributed on an
                 expensive parchment page more economically. Score
                 arrangement returned with the mass production of paper.
                 A vast increase in the number of rhythmic signs around
                 1325 led composers to explore the limits of their
                 notation, with the result that much of the late
                 fourteeth-century repertory was written in an extremely
                 complex manner; composers became interested in the
                 visual appearance of a composition and designed staff
                 lines in the shape of a harp, a heart, a circle, etc.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Ohlgren:1972:VLO,
  author =       "Thomas H. Ohlgren",
  title =        "Visual Language in the {Old English
                 \booktitle{Cadmonian Genesis}}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VI",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "253--276",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1972",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V6N3_1972_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Although considerable scholarly attention has been
                 focused on the narrative as a literary form in medieval
                 literature, literary scholars have generally ignored
                 the extensive cycles of illuminations, or pictorial
                 narratives, which accompany some of these texts. This
                 paper considers the ways in which the artist of one
                 biblical narrative, the Old English Caefmonian Genesis
                 (Bodleian Library, MS Junius II), successfully created
                 a consecutive series of visual episodes which
                 correspond to the narrative sequence of the poetic
                 text. The artist and the poet formulated a progressive
                 chain of incidents, organized to tell a story. The
                 illustration, furthermore, reveal the artist's
                 awareness of the poem's content, theme, and style. The
                 drawings not only approximate visually the iconography
                 of the poem and highlight the poem's theme, but they
                 stimulate in a visual language the rhetorical structure
                 and stylistic features of the poem itself. Emphasis
                 will be placed on the artist's creation of visual
                 type-scenes and a symbolic color code. The paper begins
                 with a consideration of three types of literary
                 criticism through art.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1972:CRC,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "On the Cover: a Rubbing of a {Claudian} Bronze
                 Tablet",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VI",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "277--278",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1972",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Thu Feb 11 17:57:45 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V6N3_1972_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1972:EDP,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Experimental Design Pages",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VI",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "280--280",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1972",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Thu Feb 11 17:57:45 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V6N3_1972_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Gilman:1972:C,
  author =       "E. W. Gilman and Alf K. Ebsen and Peter Burnhill and
                 Roy Brewer and Colin Banks and Mark {Ash II} and Harry
                 Duncan",
  title =        "Correspondence",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VI",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "281--284",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1972",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Thu Feb 11 17:57:45 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "See
                 \cite{Tanselle:1972:C,Banks:1971:BRE,Boyle:1970:EGH}.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V6N3_1972_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Baudin:1972:RAAc,
  author =       "Fernand Baudin and Dirk Wendt and Tony {\'E}vora",
  title =        "R{\'e}sum{\'e} des Articles [Abstracts of Journal
                 Articles in {French}, {German}, and {Spanish}]",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VI",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "285--287",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1972",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Thu Feb 11 17:57:45 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V6N3_1972_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1972:Ac,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "The Authors",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VI",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "288--288",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1972",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Thu Feb 11 17:57:45 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V6N3_1972_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Gough:1972:OSR,
  author =       "Philip B. Gough",
  title =        "One Second of Reading",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VI",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "291--320",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1972",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V6N4_1972_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Two general topics are discussed: (1) the sequence of
                 events that transpire in one second of reading, to
                 suggest the nature of the processes that link them; and
                 (2) the relation of this description to the acquisition
                 of reading. Reading involves a rapid succession of
                 intricate events --- formation of visual icon,
                 letter-by-letter identification, and association with
                 meaning through transposition into abstract phonemic
                 representation --- carried out with amazing rapidity
                 and coordination in our complex information processing
                 system. When first approaching reading, the child lacks
                 the character recognition device (the scanner) and the
                 device to convert the characters, once recognized, into
                 systematic phonemic representations (the decoder).
                 Specification of the mechanism by which letters are
                 mapped onto entries in our mental lexicon is the
                 fundamental problem of reading research.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Marcus:1972:TEC,
  author =       "Susan Marcus",
  title =        "The Typographic Element in Cubism, 1911--1915: Its
                 Formal and Semantic Implications",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VI",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "321--340",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1972",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V6N4_1972_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Between 1911 and 1915 Braque and Picasso experimented
                 with formal considerations of the typographic element.
                 The two-dimensional quality of alphabetical and
                 numerical symbols complemented the artists' attempt to
                 find a new means for depicting three-dimensional
                 objects within the format of the canvas. The
                 typographic element assisted in the evolution of
                 collage by encouraging the replacement of painted
                 symbols with actual objects pasted to the canvas. The
                 idea of a letter-word-number form as a sign
                 representing a concept to which the sign bears no
                 physical resemblance also provided semantic
                 implications that these artists explored. In working
                 with the typographic element, the cubists acknowledged
                 a common interest shared with contemporaries in
                 literature and science.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Ovink:1972:CRT,
  author =       "G. W. Ovink",
  title =        "Changing Responsibilities of the Typographic
                 Designer",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VI",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "341--354",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1972",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V6N4_1972_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "At our present level of audio-visual output, we are
                 faced with a sensory overload. The typographic designer
                 must help cut this ``mental pollution'' by insisting on
                 less and better-designed print. He must increase his
                 understanding of both the readers' and the clients'
                 attitudes and responses --- while maintaining his
                 unique contribution as a graphic designer. Primarily
                 through broadened education and research awareness he
                 must develop as a general ``informatician.'' The
                 typographic designer is not playing his rightful role
                 in the development of new printing technology. He must
                 assert leadership for flexible development of the new
                 processes, based on his responsibility as the reader's
                 representative and on the age-old traditions of graphic
                 communication.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Bedno:1972:PDV,
  author =       "Ed Bedno",
  title =        "Program for Developing Visual Symbols",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VI",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "355--363",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1972",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V6N4_1972_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "A programmed procedure involving discrete visual and
                 verbal steps to stimulate the creative processes
                 involved in visual design is presented. The program was
                 used by students in a design school as a guide to the
                 design of visual symbols. The resulting level of
                 performance was generally quite high. Results tend to
                 indicate that this procedure is an accelerated and
                 efficient method for extending the student's awareness
                 of the possibility of conscious creativity.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1972:DVS,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Design a visual symbol for `visible language' --- Win
                 a ten-year subscription to {{\booktitle{Visible
                 Language}}}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VI",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "364--364",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1972",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Thu Feb 11 17:57:45 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V6N4_1972_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Bourdon:1972:CWA,
  author =       "David Bourdon",
  title =        "Cover: Words about {Ed Ruscha}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VI",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "365--368",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1972",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V6N4_1972_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Foster:1972:BRF,
  author =       "Jeremy J. Foster",
  title =        "Book Reviews: {Frank Smith, \booktitle{Understanding
                 Reading: a Psycholinguistic Analysis of Reading and
                 Learning to Read}, New York: Holt, Rinehart \& Winston,
                 1971. xiv + 239 pages, \$4.95 paper. John Gilliland,
                 \booktitle{Readability}. London: University of London
                 Press, 1972. 127 pages. 80p.}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VI",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "369--373",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1972",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Thu Feb 11 17:57:45 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V6N4_1972_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Greenfield:1972:TEW,
  author =       "Patricia M. Greenfield and Jerome S. Bruner",
  title =        "The Training Embodied in Written Language",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VI",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "374--374",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1972",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Thu Feb 11 17:57:45 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "Excerpt from the authors' \booktitle{Work with the
                 Wolog}, Psychology Today (July 1971), pages 78--79.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V6N4_1972_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1972:GId,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "General Information",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VI",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "375--376",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1972",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Thu Feb 11 17:57:45 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V6N4_1972_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Baudin:1972:RAAd,
  author =       "Fernand Baudin and Dirk Wendt and Tony {\'E}vora",
  title =        "R{\'e}sum{\'e} des Articles [Abstracts of Journal
                 Articles in {French}, {German}, and {Spanish}]",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VI",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "377--379",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1972",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Thu Feb 11 17:57:45 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V6N4_1972_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1972:Ad,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "The Authors",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VI",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "380--380",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1972",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Thu Feb 11 17:57:45 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V6N4_1972_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1972:IVV,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Index to {Volume VI}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VI",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "381--384",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1972",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Thu Feb 11 17:57:45 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V6N4_1972_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1973:WBM,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Have We Bitten Off More Than We Can Chew? {A}
                 Reappraisal of {{\booktitle{Visible Language}}} for Its
                 25th Issue",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VII",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "5--18",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1973",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "Commentary on the journal by numerous letter
                 writers.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V7N1_1973_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Olson:1973:GLP,
  author =       "Richard A. Olson",
  title =        "{Greek} Letterforms on the {Parthian} Drachms",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VII",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "19--40",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1973",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V7N1_1973_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "One of the most unusual coinages in antiquity was the
                 coinage of the Parthian empire, largest of the later
                 Hellenistic empires. The Parthians were a non-Greek
                 people who used Greek as their first official language
                 of state and as the predominant language on their
                 coins. Their most common denomination, the silver
                 drachm, bore Greek legends for almost half a
                 millennium, and the letterforms underwent a significant
                 transformation in the process. Since the coinage
                 constitutes the largest body of primary source material
                 extant concerning ancient Parthia, that transformation
                 is of significant interest to the classification
                 historian.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Tritt:1973:LCS,
  author =       "Carleton S. Tritt",
  title =        "The Language of Capitalization in {Shakespeare}'s
                 First Folio",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VII",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "41--50",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1973",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V7N1_1973_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The traditional approaches to Elizabethan
                 capitalization --- conventional noun grouping and
                 contextual emphasis --- fail to deal adequately with
                 the many inconsistencies in the age's practice of
                 capitalization. In addition they do not disclose the
                 Elizabethan use of the capital letter as a linguistic
                 indicator of the various emotional connotations of
                 words. By using a representative sample of 11 of the 36
                 plays in Shakespeare's first folio, it is possible to
                 show through patterns of capitalization frequency how
                 the compositors of the folio used the capital letter to
                 indicate connotations of emotional charge, elevation,
                 uniqueness, and poetic respectability in a variety of
                 words and word groupings.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Poggenpohl:1973:VLE,
  author =       "Sharon H. Poggenpohl",
  title =        "{Visible Language}: an Experimental Course",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VII",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "51--61",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1973",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V7N1_1973_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "An experimental course, Visible Language, at the
                 Institute of Design in Chicago is discussed. The course
                 consists of five problems which are presented in terms
                 of the problem statement and intention, together with
                 examples of solutions from first-year students. The
                 problems range from spontaneous visual language
                 response to perceptual experience, through content-form
                 explorations, ending with a cooperative venture in
                 communication.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Proust:1973:ROE,
  author =       "Marcel Proust",
  title =        "``{Reading}, in its original essence\ldots{}''",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VII",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "62--62",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1973",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "From the author's \booktitle{On Reading} (translated
                 and edited by Jean Autret and William Burford). New
                 York: Macmillan, 1971; p. 31.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V7N1_1973_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Timko:1973:DTT,
  author =       "Henry G. Timko",
  title =        "The Discrimination of Three Types of Graphic Stimuli",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VII",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "63--72",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1973",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V7N1_1973_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Forty 4-year-olds and forty 6-year-olds were tested on
                 a matching-to-sample discrimination task to determine
                 the relationship between social class status and the
                 visual perception of graphic stimuli which were matched
                 according to critical feature transformations. English
                 letters, letter-like forms, and line-drawings of faces
                 with embedded letters were equally divided into two
                 confusability levels and three task levels. Analysis of
                 variance on error scores revealed differences between
                 age groups, stimulus types, confusability levels, and
                 task levels. Social class differences were observed on
                 highly confusable English letters among 6-year-olds but
                 not among the 4-year-olds. No significant age by social
                 class differences were found on letter-like forms or
                 faces.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Hochuli:1973:BRE,
  author =       "Jost Hochuli",
  title =        "Book Review: {Edward M. Catich's \booktitle{The Origin
                 of the Serif} Davenport, Iowa: The Catfish Press, St.
                 Ambrose College, 1968. 8 1/2 $ \times $ 11 1/4 inches,
                 xii + 310 pages. \$24.00}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VII",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "73--91",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1973",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "See letter \cite{Palladino:1974:C}.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V7N1_1973_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Baudin:1973:RAAa,
  author =       "Fernand Baudin and Dirk Wendt and Tony {\'E}vora",
  title =        "R{\'e}sum{\'e} des Articles [Abstracts of Journal
                 Articles in {French}, {German}, and {Spanish}]",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VII",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "93--95",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1973",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V7N1_1973_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1973:Aa,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "The Authors",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VII",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "96--96",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1973",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V7N1_1973_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1973:GIb,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "General Information",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VII",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "99--100",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1973",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V7N2_1973_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Hewes:1973:EFR,
  author =       "Gordon W. Hewes",
  title =        "An Explicit Formulation of the Relationship Between
                 Tool-Using, Tool-Making, and Emergence of Language",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VII",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "101--127",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1973",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V7N2_1973_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "If man's propositional language did not begin with
                 speech, but with a manual gesture or sign-language
                 system, a plausible model can be built in which
                 tool-making and tool-using play an important part in
                 language emergence. Even in modern speaking cultures,
                 we learn to use tools or weapons mainly by observation
                 of their use by others, and by signs and gestures ---
                 rather than through speech. The motor and neural
                 elements involved in manipulation of objects and in
                 gestural communication are very similar. The
                 fundamental visual basis of human cognition is
                 stressed.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Walker:1973:QB,
  author =       "Martin Walker",
  title =        "{{\tt Qwerty birthday}}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VII",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "128--128",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1973",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "A hundred years ago last week Christopher Latham
                 Sholes sold the idea of a production typewriter to
                 Remington, the American gun and sewing machine
                 worker.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V7N2_1973_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Friedman:1973:VIE,
  author =       "Daniel Friedman",
  title =        "A View: Introductory Education in Typography",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VII",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "129--144",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1973",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V7N2_1973_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Design schools which deal with typography are plagued
                 with inviable conventions, the phase out of typography
                 as a handcraft, and an inaccessibility to the
                 potentials of the newer, more complex, typesetting
                 systems. Typographic form is being taught in terms of
                 outdated mechanics and popular fashions; no teaching
                 methodology exists which will transcend the technical
                 and stylistic and deal only with the generically
                 perceptual or visual. The author shows examples of a
                 simple typography exercise regarding simplicity and
                 complexity, rhythmic structure, coherency, convention,
                 unpredictability, legibility and readability.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Downing:1973:LAE,
  author =       "John Downing",
  title =        "Is Literacy Acquisition Easier in Some Languages Than
                 in Others?",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VII",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "144--154",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1973",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V7N2_1973_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "It is frequently asserted that the Chinese logographic
                 writing system is more difficult to learn than the
                 English alphabetic system. This view seems to be based
                 chiefly on the belief that the large number of Chinese
                 characters is a heavy burden on the student. But this
                 may be a misconception for two reasons: (1) there are
                 far more items to be learned in the English system than
                 is generally recognized; (2) the sheer number of
                 characters to be learned is not in itself an important
                 psychological factor. What is more important is the
                 extent of redundancy in the system. Numerous
                 alternatives may conceal the nature of the written code
                 from the beginner and cause confusion. This and other
                 variables in the writing system may prevent the child
                 from perceiving that writing and print are indeed
                 ``visible language.''",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Barber:1973:FEW,
  author =       "E. J. W. Barber",
  title =        "Formal Economy of Written Signs",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VII",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "155--166",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1973",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V7N2_1973_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Those portions of a sign's shape which are
                 distinctive, yet in themselves valueless, can be viewed
                 as forming a system. Such systems have ranged
                 historically from the very loose to the very tight.
                 When the possibilities of arranging these elements are
                 also considered, the great range in economy of design
                 becomes even more apparent. Our own roman script, in
                 fact, is rather inefficient it these terms; Morse Code,
                 on the other hand, is quite efficient, though not
                 perfect. It might prove useful to develop other scripts
                 based on these principles of internal economy. But
                 economy of form is not the same as efficiency of use:
                 it is merely one possible component of efficiency, and
                 must be carefully distinguished as such.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Hartley:1973:RBS,
  author =       "James Hartley and Susan J. Timson and Peter
                 Burnhill",
  title =        "Research in Brief: Subjective Preference and Retrieval
                 of Information from Reference Materials",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VII",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "167--170",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1973",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "Adapted from the introduction to the author's
                 \booktitle{Archives in the Ancient World}, Cambridge,
                 Mass.: Harvard University Press.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V7N2_1973_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Visual typographic access to listings of resources is
                 the subject of this research.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Posner:1973:EAA,
  author =       "Ernest Posner",
  title =        "Excerpt: Archives in the {Ancient World}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VII",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "171--178",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1973",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V7N2_1973_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Focusing on archives in Greece, Rome, Egypt and
                 Meopotamia, the article compares archival criteria with
                 the present day practice and finds similarities
                 including: (1) law, (2) administrative action, (3)
                 accounting, (4) land records and ownership, (5) control
                 over people with regard to servitude and taxation and
                 (6) business transactions.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Moran:1973:CFR,
  author =       "James Moran",
  title =        "Comment: The Future Role of the Printing Historical
                 Society",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VII",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "179--180",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1973",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V7N2_1973_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "No abstract.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Standard:1973:BRO,
  author =       "Paul Standard",
  title =        "Book Review: {A. S. Osley: \booktitle{LUMINARIO. An
                 Introduction to the Italian Writing-Books of the 16th
                 and 17th Centuries}. xiii + 173 pp. with 116
                 illustrations; plus checklist of 105 first edns; bibl.
                 of 113 items, \& full index; clothbound sm. folio with
                 paper wrapper. Nieuwkoop\slash Netherlands: Miland
                 Publishers, 1972. Price \pounds 21.50 or \$56.50}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VII",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "181--188",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1973",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V7N2_1973_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Praz:1973:SC,
  author =       "Mario Praz",
  title =        "A Secret of Calligraphy",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VII",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "189--189",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1973",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "Extract from the author's \booktitle{Mnemosyne: The
                 Parallel between Literature and the Visual Arts}.
                 Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1970; pp.
                 25--27.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V7N2_1973_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Baudin:1973:RAAb,
  author =       "Fernand Baudin and Dirk Wendt",
  title =        "R{\'e}sum{\'e} des Articles [Abstracts of Journal
                 Articles in {French} and {German}]",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VII",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "190--191",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1973",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V7N2_1973_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1973:Ab,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "The Authors",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VII",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "192--192",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1973",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V7N2_1973_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1973:APP,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Announcement: MIT Press to Publish
                 {{\booktitle{Visible Language}}}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VII",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "195--195",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1973",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V7N3_1973_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1973:GIc,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "General Information",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VII",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "197--198",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1973",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V7N3_1973_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Harary:1973:T,
  author =       "Frank Harary",
  title =        "Typographs",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VII",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "199--208",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1973",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "This article was received for publication on January
                 11, 1970, at which time the name of this journal was as
                 in reference [2] (Journal of Typographic Research). It
                 was circulated in preprint form and inspired the
                 insightful and interesting paper: J. A. Bondy,
                 \booktitle{The ``graph theory'' of the Greek alphabet}.
                 \booktitle{Graph theory and applications} (Y. Alavi, et
                 al., eds.), Berlin: Springer, 1972. Pp. 43--54. This
                 article was prepared with the assistance of Linda
                 Bidelman.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V7N3_1973_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Typographs are defined as graphs derived from letters.
                 A method for classification of letters by their
                 underlying graphical structure is illustrated. A
                 classification of the upper-case roman letters is
                 presented, and tables of typographs are compiled as
                 well for the roman numerals and the lower-case script
                 letters. The possibility of devising new alphabets is
                 mentioned.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Blesser:1973:CRB,
  author =       "B. Blesser and R. Shillman and C. Cox and T. Kuklinsky
                 and J. Ventura and M. Eden",
  title =        "Character Recognition Based on Phenomenological
                 Attributes",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VII",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "209--223",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1973",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V7N3_1973_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "A theoretical approach is suggested for describing
                 upper-case letters not in terms of the physical
                 attributes of their archetypes but in terms of more
                 general descriptions of their underlying
                 representations. A method is presented for finding
                 these general descriptions through the study of
                 ambiguous characters. Functional attributes are the
                 describers of the underlying representations of
                 letters. The relations between the physical attributes
                 of the input character and the functional attributes
                 that specify its identity are given in part by
                 graphical context rules which incorporate the stylistic
                 consistency within the character itself and its
                 neighbors. The implications of our theory of characters
                 to the areas of computerized character recognition and
                 type design are noted.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Golomb:1973:FBF,
  author =       "Solomon W. Golomb",
  title =        "Forth and Back and Forth",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VII",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "224--224",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1973",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "Excerpted from an article by the author in the
                 \booktitle{Harvard Bulletin}, March 1972.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V7N3_1973_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Douglass:1973:RBB,
  author =       "Malcolm P. Douglass",
  title =        "Reading Between and Beyond the Lines",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VII",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "225--234",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1973",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "Adapted from the author's keynote address to the
                 Fortieth Annual Claremont Reading Conference
                 (Claremont, Calif. 91711) in February 1973.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V7N3_1973_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Rather than be bound by traditional assumptions about
                 reading --- e.g., that learning to read is a difficult
                 task for a child and counter to his natural learning
                 processes --- we should view reading holistically. A
                 child's earliest attempts at handling visible language
                 symbols parallel his earliest efforts to speak and to
                 listen, and these attempts emerge naturally as a part
                 of normal human development. We can teach reading only
                 indirectly. Our efforts should nurture the spontaneous
                 nature of language learning and should provide the
                 climate and opportunity for a child to write and to
                 read in the broadest possible context --- including the
                 ``reading'' of symbols, gestures, works of art, etc.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Viehmeyer:1973:GLC,
  author =       "L. Allen Viehmeyer",
  title =        "{Gothic} Letterforms and {{\booktitle{Codex
                 Vindobonensis}}}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VII",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "235--246",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1973",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V7N3_1973_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Traditionally the Gothic bishop Wulfila (c. 311--c.
                 383) is credited with the development of Gothic
                 alphabetic letters. The Gothic documents which have
                 come down to us from the fifth and early sixth century
                 exhibit letterforms and scribal practices which have
                 led to various hypotheses about the source(s) of the
                 Gothic letterforms. Although the existence of Gothic
                 alphabets in Codex Vindobonensis has been long known,
                 the lack of an adequate appraisal of the alphabets has
                 led to their neglect. An appraisal is offered here
                 which attaches great significance to these alphabets as
                 evidence of an early phase in the development of Gothic
                 letterforms, and hence of prime importance for a
                 derivation of the Gothic alphabet.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Cushman:1973:CST,
  author =       "Donald R. Cushman",
  title =        "The Cue Summation Theory Tested with Meaningful Verbal
                 Information",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VII",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "247--260",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1973",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V7N3_1973_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "No previous studies pertaining to Hartman's Cue
                 Summation Theory (``Redundant information
                 simultaneously presented by the audio and the visual
                 channels results in greater efficiency in learning than
                 does the same information in either channel alone.'')
                 could be found which utilized meaningful verbal
                 information as stimulus material. Students were
                 presented fitting this criterion and were tested for
                 affective responses and cognitive recall. Comparisons
                 of results were made between three separate
                 presentation procedures: audio along, visual along, and
                 combined audiovisual. Comparisons of affective
                 responses did not indicate significant differences, but
                 analyses of cognitive data showed the combined
                 audiovisual treatment resulting in half the number of
                 errors as either the audio or the visual treatments
                 alone.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Venturi:1973:ELV,
  author =       "Robert Venturi and Denise Scott Brown and Steven
                 Izenour",
  title =        "Excerpt: Learning from {Las Vegas}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VII",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "261--270",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1973",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "Excerpted from the authors' \booktitle{Learning from
                 Las Vegas} (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1972), xviii +
                 188 pages, \$25.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V7N3_1973_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "A class of postmodern thinking is excerpted with
                 particular attention to the sign value of the
                 environment.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Neruda:1973:OT,
  author =       "Pablo Neruda",
  title =        "Ode to Typography",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VII",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "271--275",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1973",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "Translated from the Spanish by Carlos Lozano; it
                 appeared in the \booktitle{Chicago Review}, Vol. 17,
                 No. 1 (1964).",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V7N3_1973_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "A poem describing typographic aesthetics and
                 significance. A brief description of an organization
                 and its mandate.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Downing:1973:C,
  author =       "John Downing",
  title =        "Correspondence",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VII",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "276--277",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1973",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "See \cite{Scott:1972:GPC}.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V7N3_1973_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Baudin:1973:RAAc,
  author =       "Fernand Baudin and Dirk Wendt",
  title =        "R{\'e}sum{\'e} des Articles [Abstracts of Journal
                 Articles in {French} and {German}]",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VII",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "278--279",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1973",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V7N3_1973_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1973:Ac,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "The Authors",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VII",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "280--280",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1973",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V7N3_1973_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1973:GId,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "General Information",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "283--284",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1973",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V7N4_1973_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Hoffman:1973:VSI,
  author =       "William E. Hoffman",
  title =        "Vision, Sign, and Inference",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "285--309",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1973",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V7N4_1973_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "In this paper I defend the thesis that perceiving ---
                 and by implication, vision --- is inferential or
                 semiotic. Whenever a person sees an object, that
                 object's stimulation of the perceiver functions as a
                 sign that is interpreted in the conscious response of
                 the perceiver; the stimulation functions as a premise
                 from which the perceiver infers a conclusion which is a
                 conscious response. The argument has two basic steps.
                 (1) Perception is a three-termed relationship between
                 the object perceived, a mediating element, and a
                 conscious response; certain facts about how we perceive
                 with the minor sense are taken into account, and cases
                 of identical stimuli resulting in different responses
                 are suggested as evidence that perception is mediated.
                 (2) This mediating element takes the form of a sign
                 which is interpreted by the conscious response, or a
                 set of premises for which the conscious response is a
                 conclusion; some of Charles Sanders Peirce's ideas
                 about perception and signs are developed --- especially
                 his concept of a percept and a perceptual judgment, and
                 his classification of signs. There is an important
                 similarity between the perceptual world taken as a
                 system of signs and the system of signs we ordinarily
                 think of as visible language. Just as we learn to read,
                 we learn to perceive.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Coleman:1973:G,
  author =       "A. Coleman",
  title =        "Graphicacy",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "310--310",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1973",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "Excerpted from the author's note in the December 1972
                 \booktitle{Cartographic Journal}, Journal of the
                 British Cartographic Society.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V7N4_1973_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Kindersley:1973:SC,
  author =       "David Kindersley",
  title =        "Space Craft",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "311--324",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1973",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V7N4_1973_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The proper fit or spacing of letters has been next to
                 impossible using the type-bearing metal rectangular
                 forms required by typographic engineering; rather, it
                 has required the letter-by-letter attention of an
                 artist/letterer. The advent of film composition and
                 computer technology makes possible again the proper
                 coordination of spacing and design of letterforms. In
                 typography, space and letter are one. Optically
                 adjusted text spacing will require attention to the
                 subtleties of each letter's optical center and the
                 inner forces involved in our eyes' perception of these
                 letterforms. The author's Optical Letter Spacer is
                 described, and its application for reading research is
                 discussed.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Lehman:1973:HLM,
  author =       "C. L. Lehman",
  title =        "Handwriting Legibility: a Method of Objective
                 Evaluation",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "325--344",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1973",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V7N4_1973_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "A rationale and method is presented for objective
                 evaluation of handwriting according to legibility
                 criteria for the roman alphabet and its slanted
                 version, italic: letter angle, letter length, spacing
                 between letters, and the shaping of counter spaces.
                 Inaccurate performance of letters according to these
                 criteria reduces legibility in our roman-reading
                 culture in proportion to deviation from the system of
                 visual order. Measurement procedures and a flowchart
                 description of the computer process are given.
                 Preliminary findings of a being made between the
                 commonly taught printscript and a simple italic hand
                 are noted and identified for potential use in
                 modification of curriculum design and teaching
                 practices.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Pollack:1973:PDI,
  author =       "Michael Pollack",
  title =        "The {Prophetess Deborah} and the Invention of
                 Printing",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "345--350",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1973",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V7N4_1973_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "A colophon in one of the earliest dated imprints in
                 the Hebrew language (1475) extols the mystery and power
                 of the newly invented printing press. Seemingly
                 unnoticed by printing and bibliographical scholars
                 working outside the area of Hebraica, the colophon is
                 translated into English and its poetic composition
                 discussed.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Wright:1973:RBU,
  author =       "Patricia Wright",
  title =        "Research in Brief: Understanding Tabular Displays",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "351--359",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1973",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V7N4_1973_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Alternative representations of tabular information is
                 presented.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Conway:1973:CSG,
  author =       "Patricia Conway",
  title =        "Cover: Subway Graffiti in {New York City}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "360--362",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1973",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "From an article by the author, \booktitle{Subway
                 Graffiti: The Message from Underground}.
                 \booktitle{Print}, XXVII (May\slash June 1973),
                 25--32.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V7N4_1973_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Banks:1973:BRA,
  author =       "Colin Banks",
  title =        "Book Review: {Allen Hutt. \booktitle{Fournier: The
                 Compleat Typographer}. London: Frederick Muller Ltd,
                 1973 \pounds 4.50}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "363--364",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1973",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "The author of this book, Allen Hutt, died in August,
                 1973.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V7N4_1973_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Haugen:1973:C,
  author =       "Einar Haugen and Louis Marck and David Abercrombie",
  title =        "Correspondence",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "365--369",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1973",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "See \cite{Stern:1972:OPE,Wrolstad:1972:ER}.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V7N4_1973_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Baudin:1973:RAAd,
  author =       "Fernand Baudin and Dirk Wendt",
  title =        "R{\'e}sum{\'e} des Articles [Abstracts of Journal
                 Articles in {French} and {German}]",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "370--371",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1973",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V7N4_1973_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1973:Ad,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "The Authors",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "372--372",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1973",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V7N4_1973_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1973:IVV,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Index to {Volume VI}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "373--376",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1973",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V7N4_1973_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1974:GIa,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "General Information",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VIII",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "3--4",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1974",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Fri Feb 12 07:31:41 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V8N1_1974_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Herrick:1974:TAS,
  author =       "Earl M. Herrick",
  title =        "A Taxonomy of Alphabets and Scripts",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VIII",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "5--32",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1974",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V8N1_1974_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "This paper describes a taxonomy or system of
                 classification to describe alphabets and to show the
                 various degrees of formal similarity which they bear to
                 one another. The principles of this taxonomy, largely
                 borrowed from the biological sciences, are briefly
                 stated; three taxonomic levels, corresponding to three
                 degrees of similarity, are then defined. For each
                 level, the paper describes the kinds and degrees of
                 similarity which alphabets must have to be included
                 within one taxon; these similarities are illustrated by
                 several different kinds of taxa and some of the
                 alphabets which belong to them. Several problems in the
                 comparison of writing systems which will require
                 further research are mentioned.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "The Appendix that begins on page 30 discusses the
                 rearrangement of vowels and consonants in words in
                 Sanskrit (and its descendants).",
}

@Article{Haugen:1974:RSS,
  author =       "Einar Haugen",
  title =        "The Rune Stones of {Spirit Pond, Maine}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VIII",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "33--64",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1974",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V8N1_1974_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The author reports on his official investigation of
                 the inscription on three rune stones discovered in 1971
                 by Walter J. Elliott near Spirit Pond, Maine (USA). In
                 determining the authenticity of the stones as Viking
                 Age artifacts, three steps were involved: (1)
                 transcription of the runes, (2) transliteration into
                 the Latin alphabet, and (3) interpretation of the
                 meaning of the inscriptions. The relationship of runes
                 (as alphabetic symbols) to the history of Scandinavian
                 languages is outlined; special problems of these
                 inscriptions are discussed: (1) the runes are not those
                 used in the eleventh or later centuries, (2) spelling
                 and the use of ``runic'' numerals are inconsistent with
                 runic and scribal practice, (3) the grammatical form is
                 unrecognizable as Old Norse, (4) peculiarities relate
                 directly to the Kensington Stone inscription in
                 Minnesota. Conclusion: the inscriptions could not have
                 been carved by Scandinavian Vikings in the Middle Ages,
                 and probably date since 1932.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Turner:1974:EGM,
  author =       "E. G. Turner",
  title =        "Excerpt: {Greek} Manuscripts of the {Ancient World}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VIII",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "65--82",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1974",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Fri Feb 12 07:31:41 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V8N1_1974_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Reineck:1974:DBW,
  author =       "Gay Beste Reineck",
  title =        "Design in Brief: Word\slash Forms",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VIII",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "85--88",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1974",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Fri Feb 12 07:31:41 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V8N1_1974_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Palladino:1974:C,
  author =       "Robert J. Palladino",
  title =        "Correspondence",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VIII",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "89--93",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1974",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Fri Feb 12 07:31:41 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "See \cite{Hochuli:1973:BRE}.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V8N1_1974_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Baudin:1974:RAAa,
  author =       "Fernand Baudin and Dirk Wendt",
  title =        "R{\'e}sum{\'e} des Articles [Abstracts of Journal
                 Articles in {French} and {German}]",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VIII",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "94--95",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1974",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Fri Feb 12 07:31:41 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V8N1_1974_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1974:Aa,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "The Authors",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VIII",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "96--96",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1974",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Fri Feb 12 07:31:41 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V8N1_1974_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1974:GIb,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "General Information",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VIII",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "99--100",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1974",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Fri Feb 12 07:31:41 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V8N2_1974_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Barganz:1974:POR,
  author =       "Robert A. Barganz",
  title =        "Phonological and Orthographic Relationships of Reading
                 Performance",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VIII",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "101--122",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1974",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V8N2_1974_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "This study investigated the use of an intermediate
                 level of orthographic representation based on the
                 theoretical framework of transformational-generative
                 grammar. A general objective was to determine whether a
                 system of semantic correspondence was utilized when
                 irrelevant phonetic aspects of orthography were
                 encountered by good and poor readers from a fifth-grade
                 population. A 2 x 2 x 4 factorial design was employed
                 to investigate the effects of reading ability (good and
                 poor), word reality (real and pseudo), and mode of
                 presentation for stimuli and response items (oral and
                 written). Good readers performed better than poor
                 readers at a statistically significant level ($ p <
                 0.0005$) on those tasks which required recognizing
                 regularities on a deep level. When regularities were
                 recognized on a surface level, these differences
                 between good and poor readers diminished. Good readers
                 appeared to display a search technique which abandons a
                 simpler level of correspondence in favor of one more
                 efficient, one which precludes grapheme/phoneme
                 correspondences for one directed toward semantic
                 correspondence.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Bormuth:1974:LPE,
  author =       "John R. Bormuth",
  title =        "Literacy Policy and the Emerging Technology of
                 Readability",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VIII",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "123--135",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1974",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V8N2_1974_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The procedures for predicting and adjusting the
                 comprehensibility of printed prose have steadily
                 progressed from the status of an art, through that of a
                 quasi-science, and are now emerging as a scientific
                 technology having considerable generality and
                 precision. Of special interest is the fact that this
                 body of knowledge has much potential for enhancing the
                 effectiveness of a nation's efforts to achieve a
                 desirable level of literacy in its population while, at
                 the same time, reducing the costs of those efforts.
                 This paper outlines some of the arguments that favor
                 accelerating the development of this technology in the
                 developed nation and the founding of the technology in
                 the mother tongues of developing nations.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1974:BAG,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "[{Boston} area gravestone]",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VIII",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "136--136",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1974",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Fri Feb 12 07:31:41 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V8N2_1974_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Duval:1974:IOP,
  author =       "Francis Duval and Ivan Rigby",
  title =        "Inscriptions of Our Past",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VIII",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "137--150",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1974",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V8N2_1974_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "A selection of inscriptions on American gravestones
                 from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries are
                 illustrated. A brief introduction comments on the
                 urgent need for their recording before further damage
                 is inflicted upon them.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Shillman:1974:BCR,
  author =       "R. Shillman and C. Cox and T. Kuklinski and J. Ventura
                 and M. Eden and B. Blesser",
  title =        "A Bibliography in Character Recognition: Techniques
                 for Describing Characters",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VIII",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "151--166",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1974",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V8N2_1974_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "A bibliography is presented in the field of character
                 recognition. Many of the references are from the fields
                 of engineering and psychology and deal with various
                 techniques for describing machine and hand-printed
                 characters.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Raben:1974:HCL,
  author =       "Joseph Raben",
  title =        "The Humanist in the Computer Lab",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VIII",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "167--177",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1974",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V8N2_1974_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The attempts made so far to utilize computers in
                 studying the humanities have resulted in a fundamental
                 analysis of the subject areas themselves rather than in
                 any significant results. The problems of inputting and
                 outputting, of determining what processes may
                 appropriately be employed, and of developing new
                 processes not derived from the customary numerical
                 approaches which presently dominate computer thinking
                 --- all these have retarded what had been expected to
                 be a dramatic advance into a new order of humanistic
                 criticism. The most substantial accomplishments to date
                 have been the rationalized lists of words
                 (dictionaries, indexes, and concordances) for which the
                 computer's capacity to sort rapidly without fatigue or
                 error has accelerated production of these traditional
                 aids to scholarship. A new breed of humanistic scholar
                 now evolving --- highly trained genuinely relevant to
                 his studies --- will contribute to the creation of new
                 programming languages specially designed for this word,
                 assist in the training of others who follow, and help
                 to guide computer-assisted instruction beyond the
                 mechanistic mode in which it currently operates.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Sutherland:1974:PSS,
  author =       "Eric Sutherland",
  title =        "[Photograph of {{\booktitle{Sentence Structures}}}]",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VIII",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "178--178",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1974",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Fri Feb 12 07:31:41 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V8N2_1974_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Lettieri:1974:EWC,
  author =       "Larry Lettieri",
  title =        "Excerpt: Which Computer Printer When?",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VIII",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "179--185",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1974",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Fri Feb 12 07:31:41 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V8N2_1974_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Discussion of serial, dot-matrix, chain, and drum
                 printers.",
}

@Article{Banks:1974:BRR,
  author =       "Colin Banks",
  title =        "Book Review: {Ruari McLean. \booktitle{Victorian Book
                 Design and Colour Printing}. London: Faber \& Faber,
                 1973. \pounds 15}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VIII",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "187--188",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1974",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Fri Feb 12 07:31:41 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V8N2_1974_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Baudin:1974:RAAb,
  author =       "Fernand Baudin and Dirk Wendt",
  title =        "R{\'e}sum{\'e} des Articles [Abstracts of Journal
                 Articles in {French} and {German}]",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VIII",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "189--191",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1974",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Fri Feb 12 07:31:41 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V8N2_1974_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1974:Ab,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "The Authors",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VIII",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "192--192",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1974",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Fri Feb 12 07:31:41 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V8N2_1974_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1974:GIc,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "General Information",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VIII",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "195--196",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1974",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Fri Feb 12 07:31:41 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V8N3_1974_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Beiman:1974:CPS,
  author =       "Abbie W. Beiman",
  title =        "Concrete Poetry: a Study in Metaphor",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VIII",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "197--223",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1974",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V8N3_1974_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Various characteristics of concrete poetry have been
                 examined but little attention has been focused on this
                 art form's contribution to literature. Indeed, the
                 concrete poem exemplifies a dramatic variation in the
                 most basic element of poetry: figurative language.
                 Traditionally, figurative language has established a
                 relationship between the tangible objects around man
                 and the intangibles which he seeks to know. The most
                 common form of such figurative yokings has been the
                 metaphor, a rope that creates a tension between the
                 similarities and dissimilarities of the juxtaposed
                 elements. With concrete poetry the focus of that rope
                 is no longer just the abstract and spiritual leg of the
                 metaphor, but the sensory perception of the literal and
                 concrete as well.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Longuet-Higgins:1974:LM,
  author =       "H. C. Longuet-Higgins",
  title =        "The Language of Music",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VIII",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "224--224",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1974",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Fri Feb 12 07:31:41 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "Excerpted from the author's ``\booktitle{The Language
                 of Music},'' \booktitle{The Times Literary Supplement},
                 November 20, 1970, pp. 1351--1352.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V8N3_1974_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Frye:1974:RB,
  author =       "Northrop Frye",
  title =        "The Renaissance of Books",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VIII",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "225--240",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1974",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V8N3_1974_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The article attempts to deal with the place of the
                 book among the instruments of communication in modern
                 society. The paperback revolution is characterized as a
                 change in the conception of the book from cultural
                 monument to intellectual tool. The cultural context of
                 this change is discussed and the effect of radio and
                 more particularly television on twentieth-century
                 society is briefly consulted. The book, the author
                 points out, can not only be read but unread, consulted
                 at will as a stationary focus for the community. The
                 book is the technological instrument that makes
                 democracy possible, and public access to written
                 documents the principle that keeps it functioning.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Pearson:1974:WRL,
  author =       "P. David Pearson and Michael L. Kamil",
  title =        "Word Recognition Latencies as a Function of Form
                 Class, Stem Length, and Affix Length",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VIII",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "241--246",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1974",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V8N3_1974_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "This study investigated the effects of form class
                 (nouns or verbs), stem length (3--10 letters per word)
                 and affix length of inflicted verbs (`{\o},' \-s,'
                 `-ed,' or `-ing') on the recognition latency of
                 visually presented stimuli. Stem length proved to be a
                 significant source of variation for all words and for
                 the noun stimuli separately, but not for the verb
                 stimuli. Subsequent analysis of the verb data revealed
                 that stem length was a significant source of variation
                 only on the first block of trials and that the
                 additional time required for processing affixes is
                 reduced between the first and fourth block of trials.
                 The data fit a letter-by-letter interpretation of the
                 recognition process, modified by a possible morphemic
                 segmentation strategy for affixes.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Gray:1974:LS,
  author =       "Nicolete Gray",
  title =        "Lettering and Society",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VIII",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "247--260",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1974",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V8N3_1974_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Lettering is omnipresent in our daily lives and takes
                 a great variety of forms; it involves two different
                 types of reading behavior: private and voluntary,
                 public and involuntary. There is little physical
                 similarity between the two. Thought of as a medium, the
                 physical qualities of lettering --- color, form and
                 dimension --- regain importance. Lettering can transmit
                 not only the meaning of the words but also an attitude
                 towards those words. Criteria for which public
                 lettering should be judged are presented. Socially,
                 public lettering should enrich our environment through
                 creative variety of all appropriate letter styles. In
                 lettering education both the application of geometric
                 principles and the study of the past are important. The
                 past can provide models, ideas, and inspiration toward
                 the many directions lettering can be extended; no
                 legible letter is obsolete.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Crouwel:1974:PEL,
  author =       "Wim Crouwel",
  title =        "A Proposition for Education in Letterforms and
                 Handwriting",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VIII",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "261--264",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1974",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V8N3_1974_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Education should provide the means to find a personal
                 form of expression through letterforms; it should not
                 be restricted to an established system for copying
                 existing styles. A new starting point for creating
                 letterforms (as well as for design in general) ---
                 based on a system of regular pattern in the widest
                 sense --- would create a system allowing the greatest
                 freedom and flexibility. Utility and self-expression
                 are equally important in teaching a child to write ---
                 and, at the same time, to recognize patterns and the
                 basic rules of form and shape.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Ehri:1974:RBP,
  author =       "Linnea C. Ehri and Lee S. Wilce",
  title =        "Research in Brief: Printed Intonation Cues and Reading
                 in Children",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VIII",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "265--274",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1974",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V8N3_1974_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Eighty third- and fourth-graders read one of four
                 types of printed texts: standard print; print in which
                 word size was varied to reflect aspects of speech
                 information (three stress-pitch levels); print in which
                 word size reflected differences in the grammatical form
                 class of words; and print in which word size was varied
                 randomly. Reading speed and comprehension with standard
                 print were compared to performances with each of the
                 other texts. Results revealed that the intoned text was
                 read faster than the standard text by third-graders but
                 not by fourth-grades. No other major effects were
                 observed. Findings though preliminary are consistent
                 with the view that less experienced readers transform
                 graphic to aural input before deriving a semantic
                 interpretation.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Clay:1974:RBO,
  author =       "Marie M. Clay",
  title =        "Research in Brief: Orientation to the Spatial
                 Characteristics of the Open Book",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VIII",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "275--282",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1974",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V8N3_1974_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "One of the first code-breaking activities for the
                 beginning reader concerns the arbitrary conventions of
                 how books are presented. The orientation to the spatial
                 characteristics of visible language was observed in 4
                 five-year-old identical girls through the developmental
                 progression of their hand behavior while reading.
                 Preliminary theoretical explanations are offered in
                 terms of bilateral nervous systems, handedness and
                 reading, and perceptual strategies for visual analysis
                 of stimuli.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Wendt:1974:KBA,
  author =       "Dirk Wendt and Fernand Baudin",
  title =        "{Kurzfassung der Beitr{\"a}ge} [Abstracts of Journal
                 Articles in {German} and {French}]",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VIII",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "283--285",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1974",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Fri Feb 12 07:31:41 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V8N3_1974_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1974:Ac,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "The Authors",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VIII",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "287--287",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1974",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Fri Feb 12 07:31:41 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V8N3_1974_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1974:GId,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "General Information",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VIII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "291--292",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1974",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Fri Feb 12 07:31:41 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V8N4_1974_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Gelb:1974:RWD,
  author =       "I. J. Gelb",
  title =        "Records, Writing, and Decipherment",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VIII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "293--318",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1974",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V8N4_1974_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Written records together with material remains derived
                 from excavations form the main bases for our
                 understanding of past civilizations and their
                 underlying language systems. There is no systematic
                 treatment of written records, and little attention has
                 been paid to the interrelationship between ancient
                 writing and language. Full systems of writing express
                 language at two levels --- morphological and phonetic
                 --- which give rise to three basic writing systems
                 types --- logo-syllabic, syllabic, and alphabetic. Four
                 categories of decipherment --- based on our relative
                 knowledge of the writing system and the language ---
                 are discussed: known writing/known language; unknown
                 writing/known language; known writing/unknown language;
                 and unknown writing/unknown language. From a
                 cryptanalytic point of view there are two general
                 decipherment methods: (1) utilization of external
                 information to determine probable contents (e.g.,
                 bilingual texts,) and (2) internal information from an
                 analysis of the text itself (structure and typology).
                 The assumption of the underlying language is critical
                 for deciphering procedures and provides the test of
                 successful decipherment.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Germain:1974:FSI,
  author =       "Edward Germain",
  title =        "Four Surrealist Images",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VIII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "319--332",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1974",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V8N4_1974_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Surrealism has consistently asserted its desire to
                 comprehend the essence of thought --- a statement
                 usually read in aesthetic terms by art and literary
                 critics or in clinical terms by psychological critics.
                 If this statement is taken more literally, certain
                 overlooked insights arise, including the hypothesis
                 that the surrealists' search for an ultimate synthesis
                 may itself reflect a structure of the mind.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Marcus:1974:IVS,
  author =       "Aaron Marcus",
  title =        "An Introduction to the Visual Syntax of Concrete
                 Poetry",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VIII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "333--360",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1974",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "See comments \cite{Mayer:1975:Ca,Kinniburg:1975:C}.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V8N4_1974_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Many different forms of concrete poetry have emerged
                 in the past twenty years. One way to appreciate,
                 describe, and compare these works is to examine them in
                 terms of their visual syntax. This includes emphasis on
                 figure-field relationships, implied depths, spatial
                 structure, and movement. Examples are presented which
                 illustrate basic types of visual organization and are
                 analyzed to relate their visual syntax to their total
                 meaning. This initial classification could be
                 elaborated and supplemented to provide a basis for a
                 semiotic of concrete poetry.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{damen:1974:ETT,
  author =       "herman damen",
  title =        "excerpt: towards a three-dimensional pouitry",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VIII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "361--368",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1974",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Fri Feb 12 07:31:41 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V8N4_1974_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "The article text is entirely in lowercase.",
}

@Article{Kostka:1974:AG,
  author =       "Robert Kostka",
  title =        "Aspects of Graffiti",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VIII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "369--375",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1974",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V8N4_1974_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "As a natural part of our environment, graffiti is both
                 spontaneous and functional --- free from design
                 conventions and often the sole communication weapon of
                 an oppressed people. It can be a personal
                 identification or it can mark the boundaries for an
                 urban street gang. Its history is probably as old as
                 writing itself. Graffiti has adapted personal
                 expression to whatever space, writing tool, surface, or
                 viewing requirements the environment demands.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Baudin:1974:RAAd,
  author =       "Fernand Baudin and Dirk Wendt and Felix Beltran",
  title =        "R{\'e}sum{\'e} des Articles [Abstracts of Journal
                 Articles in {French}, {German}, and {Spanish}]",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VIII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "376--378",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1974",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Fri Feb 12 07:31:41 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V8N4_1974_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1974:Ad,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "The Authors",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VIII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "380--380",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1974",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Fri Feb 12 07:31:41 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V8N4_1974_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1974:IVV,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Index to {Volume VIII}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "VIII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "382--384",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1974",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Fri Feb 12 07:31:41 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V8N4_1974_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1975:GIa,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "General Information",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "IX",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "3--4",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1975",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V9N1_1975_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1975:BC,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Brief Communications",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "IX",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "5--6",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1975",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V9N1_1975_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "The pages are output on a 100dpi Mead Dijit (Direct
                 Image by Jet Ink Transfer) device.",
}

@Article{Venezky:1975:CRL,
  author =       "Richard L. Venezky",
  title =        "The Curious Role of Letter Names in Reading
                 Instruction",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "IX",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "7--23",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1975",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "See comments \cite{Arnheim:1975:C}.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V9N1_1975_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "For about two thousand years educators assumed without
                 question that learning the letter names in their proper
                 sequence was a prerequisite for literacy. Learning the
                 ABC's became synonymous with learning to read. But
                 today there is disagreement over the value of early
                 letter-name training. Some claim that it aids letter or
                 word discrimination; some claim that it aids attaching
                 sound to letter, and some claim that it interferes with
                 both of these tasks. An analysis of the letter names
                 and of experimental and pedagogic evidence lends little
                 support to the claims of letter-naming benefits. In
                 several countries --- including the United State, the
                 Soviet Union, and Israel --- letter-name knowledge has
                 been found to interfere with learning to attach sound
                 to letter. But letter-name knowledge has also been
                 shown to be one of the best single predictors of
                 reading success, and no matter what is shown
                 experimentally about the utility of letter names, they
                 are efficient labels for the letters and an inseparable
                 element in the popular concept of reading
                 instruction.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Steig:1975:CDB,
  author =       "William Steig",
  title =        "{C D B!}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "IX",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "24--24",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1975",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "Reprint of letter cartoons from the author's book of
                 the same title, New York: Windmill Books, Inc., Simon
                 \& Schuster, Inc. (1968).",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V9N1_1975_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{King:1975:RDW,
  author =       "Terrance J. King",
  title =        "Radial Design in {Wallace Stevens}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "IX",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "25--46",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1975",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V9N1_1975_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "In some early cases of Stevens poems there is evidence
                 of a typographical pattern I call ``radial design,'' a
                 device in which the poet selects a central unit (such
                 as a word) and on both sides evenly arranges a pattern
                 of other units. Radial design is no accident. One finds
                 not only a definite historical consistency in the way
                 the pattern develops but also a tight continuity
                 between it and ideas about language and perception
                 expressed in the poems themselves. Stevens' overall aim
                 is to impose this fixed, spatial structure upon the
                 sequential flow of a poem in order to suspend the
                 representational function of its language and thus
                 compel us to observe words as things in themselves.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Dole:1975:CWD,
  author =       "William Dole and Gerald Nordland",
  title =        "The Collages of {William Dole}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "IX",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "47--56",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1975",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V9N1_1975_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "William Dole's painted collages are formal
                 compositional inventions, balancing pictorial elements
                 and sensitive saturations of color-form with
                 unintelligible signs --- the calligraphy of type,
                 symbol, diagram, and handwriting --- which seduce one's
                 eyes and provoke uncertain readings. The artist also
                 comments on his own work.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Hauser:1975:PRL,
  author =       "Robert A. Hauser",
  title =        "Photographic Restoration of Letterforms",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "IX",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "57--66",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1975",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V9N1_1975_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The creation, for exhibition purposes, of a
                 photographically restored facsimile of a damaged
                 nineteenth-century lithograph is discussed, with
                 emphasis on the varieties of deterioration that can
                 affect letterforms and on the principles of
                 conservation and restoration. The paper follows the
                 sequence of deterioration and conservation of the
                 artwork, looking at the typographic restoration in
                 detail. Some discussion about the archival nature of
                 the print and museum conservation in general is a
                 necessary prerequisite to understand the preferences
                 for choosing the ultimate photographic restoration
                 processes used to restore the missing letterforms,
                 which is the primary concern of the article.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Groff:1975:RBS,
  author =       "Patrick Groff",
  title =        "Research in Brief: Shapes as Cues to Word
                 Recognition",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "IX",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "67--71",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1975",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V9N1_1975_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The theory that ``shape'' provides a useful learning
                 cue for a child's early recognition of a word had been
                 maintained by various writers, but it has not been
                 verified by research. An analysis of similar shapes for
                 high-frequency words also argues against using shape as
                 a cue for word recognition. The broader concept of word
                 shape (or contours) is considered and deeper research
                 suggested.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Charyn:1975:AFL,
  author =       "Jerome Charyn",
  title =        "{Azazian} is a frenetic language \ldots{}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "IX",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "72--72",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1975",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "Except from the author's book, \booktitle{Eisenhower,
                 My Eisenhower}, New York: Holt, Rinehart \& Winston.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V9N1_1975_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Doblin:1975:ESA,
  author =       "Jay Doblin and Inder Agrawal and Marianna Porter and
                 Robert Peterson",
  title =        "Excerpt: Simplifying the {ABC}'s",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "IX",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "73--86",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1975",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "Excerpted from an article in the January\slash
                 February 1974 issue of \booktitle{Industrial Design}
                 magazine.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V9N1_1975_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "How efficient is the roman alphabet? Not very in an
                 age when man-to-man and man-to-machine exchanges are so
                 vital to our communication processes. The efficiency of
                 the alphabet is discussed in terms of information
                 theory, and a new system of letterform design --- an
                 extension of the familiar seven-stroke electronic
                 numerals --- is proposed.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  keywords =     "BASIC letterform; Braille alphabet; Evans--Epps
                 letterform",
}

@Article{Nesbitt:1975:CDL,
  author =       "Alexander Nesbitt",
  title =        "Comment: The Designer and Language",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "IX",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "87--89",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1975",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V9N1_1975_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "A brief commentary on the subject by a designer and
                 educator.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{sandberg:1975:AT,
  author =       "willem sandberg",
  title =        "art and typography",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "IX",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "90--90",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1975",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V9N1_1975_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "The text is entirely in lowercase.",
}

@Article{Mayer:1975:Ca,
  author =       "Peter Mayer and James Mosley and Hermann Zapf",
  title =        "Correspondence",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "IX",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "91--92",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1975",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "Commentary on the phrase ``26 (more or less) soldiers
                 (of lead).'', plus Zapf's disapproval of the cover, and
                 threat to resign from the Advisory Board. See response
                 to Zapf \cite{Mayer:1975:Cb}.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V9N1_1975_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Baudin:1975:RAAa,
  author =       "Fernand Baudin and Dirk Wendt and Felix Beltran",
  title =        "R{\'e}sum{\'e} des Articles [Abstracts of Journal
                 Articles in {French}, {German}, and {Spanish}]",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "IX",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "93--95",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1975",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V9N1_1975_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1975:Aa,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "The Authors",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "IX",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "96--96",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1975",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V9N1_1975_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1975:GIb,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "General Information",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "IX",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "99--100",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1975",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V9N2_1975_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Conley:1975:VSP,
  author =       "Tom Conley",
  title =        "Verbal Shape in the Poetry of {Villon} and {Marot}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "IX",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "101--122",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1975",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V9N2_1975_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Generally speaking lyrics written in the early years
                 of the printing press cannot be read in editions other
                 than their own. A visual aesthetic informing the poetic
                 texture of Fran{\c{c}}ois Villon and Cl{\'e}ment Marot
                 is essential to an understanding of their work: Le
                 Grant Testament of 1489 in gothic font and the physical
                 shape of the epitaphs and rondeaux of the Adolescence
                 Cl{\'e}mentine use in a differential manner the absence
                 of volume on the page's two-dimensional surface to
                 elaborate a human drama of three dimensions. Thus their
                 dialogue between voice and space or discourse and
                 figure is always an open one, showing in its
                 punctuation the areas of mediation and desire that
                 generate great lyric poetry.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Antonsen:1975:IWS,
  author =       "Elmer H. Antonsen",
  title =        "The Inscription of the {Whetstone} from {Str{\o}m}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "IX",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "123--132",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1975",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V9N2_1975_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The runic inscription on the Whetstone from Str{\o}m
                 in Norway is of particular interest because it
                 represents the earliest attestation of a work-song in
                 the Germanic languages. Archeologists cannot aid in the
                 dating of this inscription, since no other objects were
                 found with the whetstone. Previous attempts to fix a
                 date on the basis of runic and linguistic evidence have
                 relied on ad hoc assumptions concerning phonological
                 developments and the relative age of certain runic
                 variants. It is shown that the inscription can be
                 interpreted without such ad hoc hypotheses and the
                 work-song must date from approximately 450--500 A.D. at
                 the latest, rather than from the beginning of the
                 seventh century as previously assumed.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Herrick:1975:LAB,
  author =       "Earl M. Herrick",
  title =        "Letters with Alternative Basic Shapes",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "IX",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "133--144",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1975",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V9N2_1975_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "In many written languages there are letters each of
                 which may be embodied by marks having more than one
                 basic shape. For each occurrence of such a letter, the
                 shape of the mark used to embody it is normally
                 selected according to the circumstances in which the
                 letter occurs. Thus, some alternative basic shapes are
                 appropriate to certain places in a word or another part
                 of a text; some are used by different dialects; some
                 belong to different co-scripts (subdivisions of a
                 script that each have basic shapes for all of its
                 letters); some are used by certain typefaces or styles
                 of handwriting. This paper discusses these several
                 kinds of variation among basic shapes, and gives
                 examples from several scripts.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Suen:1975:HEB,
  author =       "Ching Y. Suen",
  title =        "Handwriting Education --- a Bibliography of
                 Contemporary Publications",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "IX",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "145--158",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1975",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V9N2_1975_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "This bibliography presents some contemporary
                 references related to handwriting education. The varied
                 collection is aimed at providing the researcher with
                 extensive up-to-date source materials on handwriting
                 instruction, systems and practices, instruments,
                 quality and methods of evaluation.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{ODonnell:1975:MRC,
  author =       "Thomas D. O'Donnell",
  title =        "{Maurice Roche}: Cr{\^a}ne, Carne",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "IX",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "159--172",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1975",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V9N2_1975_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Maurice Roche has distinguished himself from the more
                 traditional nouveau roman through the role he accords
                 to language and through the phenomenon of
                 intertextuality in his three novels, Compact, Circus,
                 and Codex. His approach to both phenomena is well
                 illustrated by the pun ``carne/cr{\^a}ne'' to which he
                 constantly returns in Circus. The cr{\^a}ne, suggesting
                 death, and the carne, suggesting sexuality, may be seen
                 as the traditional polarities of the eros/thanatos
                 axis, and substantiate an anagrammatic reading of
                 Circus' title: cri, or death, and cu(l)s, or sex. The
                 pun, as the intersection of two or more signs, becomes
                 for Roche the intersection of two or more sign systems:
                 the spoken word, the written word, and the layout of
                 the printed page. It is in his refusal to accept the
                 linearity of a novelistic text that Roche is the most
                 avant-garde.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{AIGA:1975:DPP,
  author =       "{American Institute of Graphic Arts}",
  title =        "The Development of Passenger\slash Pedestrian Oriented
                 Symbols for Use in Transportation-Related Facilities",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "IX",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "173--185",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1975",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V9N2_1975_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The American Institute of Graphic Arts in cooperation
                 with the United States Department of Transportation,
                 Office of Facilitation, has created 34 passenger and
                 pedestrian oriented symbols for use in
                 transportation-related facilities. The intent of the
                 project was to produce a consistent and interrelated
                 group of symbols to bridge the language barrier and
                 simplify basic messages at domestic and international
                 travel facilities. The working process attempted to
                 take full advantage of strong forms only where no
                 satisfactory concepts existed. The report includes
                 detailed descriptions of the process employed to create
                 the symbols as well as guidelines for their use.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Mayer:1975:Cb,
  author =       "Peter Mayer and Ken Komai",
  title =        "Correspondence",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "IX",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "186--188",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1975",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "See \cite{Marcus:1974:IVS,Mayer:1975:Ca}.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V9N2_1975_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Baudin:1975:RAAb,
  author =       "Fernand Baudin and Dirk Wendt",
  title =        "R{\'e}sum{\'e} des Articles [Abstracts of Journal
                 Articles in {French} and {German}]",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "IX",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "189--191",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1975",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V9N2_1975_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1975:Ab,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "The Authors",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "IX",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "192--192",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1975",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V9N2_1975_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1975:GIc,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "General Information",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "IX",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "195--196",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1975",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V9N3_1975_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Steinberg:1975:RBS,
  author =       "Danny D. Steinberg and Miho T. Steinberg",
  title =        "Reading Before Speaking",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "IX",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "197--224",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1975",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V9N3_1975_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "It is generally believed children are not ready to
                 read until about 5 years and that speech production is
                 a necessary and desirable basis for teaching
                 methodology. In this study, a four-phase program ---
                 Alphabet Familiarization: Alphabet Identification;
                 Word, Phrase, and Sentence Identification; and Text
                 Reading --- was administered to a subject, beginning at
                 6 months of age. Significant reading skills were
                 acquired during the subject's pre-speech period. By
                 three and a half years the subject read short sentences
                 fluently, and by 8 years, his speech and accuracy
                 equaled eleventh graders. A mongoloid child who was
                 administered the program at a later age (at 5 year) now
                 reads 48 words and 5 phrases and sentences. It is
                 concluded that most current notions on reading
                 readiness and on the role of speech production in
                 teaching methodology require reconsideration.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Moxley:1975:AWS,
  author =       "Roy A. {Moxley, Jr.}",
  title =        "Acquisition of Writing Skills",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "IX",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "225--248",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1975",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V9N3_1975_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Acquisition of writing skills is viewed as a reduction
                 of alternatives. Various levels and aspects of early
                 writing are examined --- including mirror-image
                 reversals --- in terms of a selection from an
                 adjustable number of alternatives. It is argued that
                 allowing information processing to proceed in adaptive
                 stages will result in writing skills that are more
                 accurate, complete, and individualized.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Mendel:1975:LTI,
  author =       "Mark Mendel",
  title =        "Line Transmitter Installation --- a Poem in the
                 Environment",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "IX",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "249--262",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1975",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V9N3_1975_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Ojos Numerosos is a poem of twenty-three three-line
                 stanzas. It was written to be painted on the sides of
                 buildings, on viaducts, and on other urban surfaces
                 where graffiti is typically found. The verses are in
                 random series and are interchangeable within the poem.
                 They form a chain in the experience of the person
                 moving about town. People confront this poem as they do
                 graffiti or corporate-graffiti/advertising every day.
                 Poetry predates writing and printing. The recent
                 tradition of poetics as a possession of the educated
                 elite grew from its confinement to the printed page; I
                 want this poem to fit the viaduct as the sonnet was
                 once felt to fit the page. This is the sprayed word ---
                 the continuous simultaneous transmission of a poem into
                 the environment.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Kristeller:1975:MRR,
  author =       "Paul Oskar Kristeller",
  title =        "Methods of Research in Renaissance Manuscripts",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "IX",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "263--275",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1975",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V9N3_1975_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The use and study of manuscripts brings us into direct
                 physical contact with the past, both enriching our
                 original source material and opening new research
                 dimensions and perspectives. Unfortunately, manuscript
                 references in text editions or secondary studies are
                 often wrong, incomplete, or antiquated. Meticulous,
                 first-hand searching out of individual references is
                 most important, as is direct inspection of the
                 manuscript or its reproduction. Whenever practical, it
                 is advisable to scan or read completely and
                 systematically all available printed catalogues and
                 handwritten inventories. Special difficulties in
                 finding pertinent manuscripts --- even in familiar
                 collections --- are discussed. Each manuscript is a
                 unique research resource --- deserving careful
                 preservation, adequate cataloging, and greater
                 accessibility.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anno:1975:EAA,
  author =       "Mitsumasa Anno",
  title =        "Excerpt from {{\booktitle{Anno's Alphabet: An
                 Adventure in Imagination}}}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "IX",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "276--276",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1975",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "Photographs from the author's book, New York: Thomas
                 Y. Crowell Company.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V9N3_1975_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Mountford:1975:CMA,
  author =       "John Mountford",
  title =        "Comment: The Medial Aspect of Language: a Linguistic
                 Framework for Literacy",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "IX",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "277--281",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1975",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V9N3_1975_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "This is a brief article defining the branches of the
                 discipline of linguistics.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Kinniburg:1975:C,
  author =       "Ian A. G. Kinniburg",
  title =        "Correspondence",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "IX",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "282--285",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1975",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "See \cite{Marcus:1974:IVS}.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V9N3_1975_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "The letter is illustrated with unusual world map
                 projections.",
}

@Article{Baudin:1975:RAAc,
  author =       "Fernand Baudin and Dirk Wendt",
  title =        "R{\'e}sum{\'e} des Articles [Abstracts of Journal
                 Articles in {French} and {German}]",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "IX",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "285--287",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1975",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V9N3_1975_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1975:Ac,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "The Authors",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "IX",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "288--288",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1975",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V9N3_1975_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1975:GId,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "General Information",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "IX",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "291--292",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1975",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V9N4_1975_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Watt:1975:WPC,
  author =       "W. C. Watt",
  title =        "What Is the Proper Characterization of the Alphabet?
                 {I}. {Desiderata}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "IX",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "293--327",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1975",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V9N4_1975_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "To a point an alphabet can be viewed as a ``language''
                 and described by a ``grammar''; however, since for any
                 such language many different grammars are possible, to
                 take the ``linguistic'' analog seriously is to want to
                 find criteria for judging which ``correct'' grammar is
                 ``best.'' If we grant that the alphabet's users have
                 some systematic mental representation of the alphabet,
                 then the basis for this judgment is clear: that grammar
                 is best which best approximates to the system that
                 people have in their heads. To show how psychological
                 evidence bears on this question, two sophisticated
                 ``linguistic'' analyses of the alphabet are examined;
                 the conclusion is drawn that the evidence points toward
                 another analysis.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1975:RC,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "The Research Connection",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "IX",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "328--328",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1975",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V9N4_1975_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Ascher:1975:QVL,
  author =       "Marcia Ascher and Robert Ascher",
  title =        "The Quipu as a Visible Language",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "IX",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "329--356",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1975",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V9N4_1975_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The Inca are often cited as a civilization ``without
                 writing.'' But writing is more than a record of
                 language sounds placed upon familiar materials. The
                 media of the Inca were devices made of cotton cords
                 that are called quipus. This introduction to the quipu
                 is based upon a recent study of most of the world's
                 known quipus now spread throughout three continents and
                 concentrates on what we infer to be the way the
                 physical elements of quipus are combined to create a
                 symbolic structure; i.e., the representation of
                 numbers, the expression of N-dimensional arrays, and
                 hierarchical configurations. A discussion of the
                 connections between the quipus and civilization
                 includes: (1) cotton as a material which carried its
                 own message for the Inca; (2) reflections of the quipu
                 in non-media domains of Inca civilization; and (3) the
                 purpose of writing in early civilization.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Robson:1975:OWW,
  author =       "Ernest M. Robson",
  title =        "An Orthographic Way of Writing {English} Prosody",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "IX",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "357--372",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1975",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V9N4_1975_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "An alphabetic process for cueing readers to speak the
                 three dimensions of sound in speech has been
                 constructed: fundamental frequency, duration, and
                 intensity. A scanning model based on differences in the
                 apparent levels of the three dimensions is presented.
                 Considerations of the information in an alphabetic
                 approach are discussed.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Feagler:1975:RTN,
  author =       "Dick Feagler",
  title =        "{RTA} --- The Transit Network?",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "IX",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "373--374",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1975",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "Comment on the logos of the Regional Transit Authority
                 and the Radio Corporation of America.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V9N4_1975_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Arnheim:1975:C,
  author =       "Rudolf Arnheim and Peter Mayer",
  title =        "Correspondence",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "IX",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "375--377",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1975",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "Arnheim comments on the orientation of roman capitals,
                 and Mayer on letternames \cite{Venezky:1975:CRL}.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V9N4_1975_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Baudin:1975:RAAd,
  author =       "Fernand Baudin and Dirk Wendt",
  title =        "R{\'e}sum{\'e} des Articles [Abstracts of Journal
                 Articles in {French} and {German}]",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "IX",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "378--379",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1975",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V9N4_1975_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1975:Ad,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "The Authors",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "IX",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "380--380",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1975",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V9N4_1975_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1975:IVI,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Index to {Volume IX}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "IX",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "381--384",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1975",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:00 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V9N4_1975_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1976:GIa,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "General Information",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "X",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "3--4",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1976",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Sat Feb 13 06:40:49 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V10N1_1976_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Wrolstad:1976:MVL,
  author =       "Merald E. Wrolstad",
  title =        "A Manifesto for Visible Language",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "X",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "5--40",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1976",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "See comments \cite{Hewes:1976:C}.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V10N1_1976_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Mounting research evidence from the sciences, the
                 humanities, and the visual arts prompts this call for a
                 reassessment of some of the basic operating principles
                 of language study. Linguistic research has not
                 adequately clarified the relationship among three
                 components: our inner organization of language
                 (comlang) and its expression as visible language and as
                 audible language. The visible and the audible language
                 systems are discrete; one system cannot be interpreted
                 in terms of the other, and it is not the fit between
                 systems which is of first importance but how each
                 operates independently. Language is of a piece with
                 total human development. Research is reported which
                 indicates that a closer affinity exists between man's
                 internal information processing network and the visible
                 language system --- both for the way we handle language
                 today and for the way in which our behavioral patterns
                 were established during the origin and early
                 development of language. An appeal is issued for
                 additional research and theory to study the critical
                 issues.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Gaskell:1976:NLR,
  author =       "Phillip Gaskell",
  title =        "Nomenclature of the Letterforms of Roman Type",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "X",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "41--51",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1976",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "See comments \cite{Hewes:1976:C}.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V10N1_1976_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "While the organization of nomenclature for the
                 elements of letterforms has had a long history, there
                 is today no fully codified system. This paper attempts
                 to define all of the necessary terms for naming the
                 parts of the printed images of roman types in one
                 self-consistent system, and to illustrate their use.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  keywords =     "arm; ascender; ascender line; bar; base line; body;
                 bowl; bracketed; calligraphic; capital line; capitals;
                 contraction; contrast; counter; descender; descender
                 line; diagonal; diphthong; ear; face; fount; hair-line;
                 inscriptional; kern; ligature; link; majuscules; mean
                 line; minuscules; sanserif; serif; set; shoulder; slab;
                 sort; spur; stem; stress; stroke; tail; terminal;
                 titling''; typeface; weight; x-height",
}

@Article{Oldenburg:1976:AGC,
  author =       "Claes Oldenburg",
  title =        "Alphabet Goodhumor --- Cloth Study, 1972--73",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "X",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "52--52",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1976",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Sat Feb 13 06:40:49 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "Photograph of art work.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V10N1_1976_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{White:1976:ASA,
  author =       "John J. White",
  title =        "The Argument for a Semiotic Approach to Shape Writing:
                 The Case of {Italian} Futurist Typography",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "X",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "53--86",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1976",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V10N1_1976_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Using futurist poetic experiments as its demonstration
                 object, this paper explores what advantages a semiotic
                 approach has in the investigation of shaped writing.
                 The examples considered are seen to belong to the class
                 of iconic signs, and the concept of iconicity is shown
                 to offer both a more systematic and differentiating
                 method of analyzing their constituent parts than the
                 traditional mimetic model did. Consideration is given
                 to the way in which Gestalt psychology has modified the
                 definition of iconicity to take account of codes of
                 recognition and graphic conventions. Examples of such
                 codes and conventions are explored and attention is
                 paid to the signaling of new codes within an innovative
                 work. Finally, the relationship between the
                 signification of dynamism in futurist painting and
                 poetry is compared in order to show how a semiotic
                 model is able to distinguish between iconic,
                 conventionalized, and codified elements; particular
                 attention is paid here to the accommodation of iconic
                 effects to the medium of print.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{vanKrimpen:1976:BRJ,
  author =       "Huib van Krimpen",
  title =        "Book Review: {Jan Tschichold on Typography: Jan
                 Tschichold, \booktitle{Ansgew{\"a}hlte Anfs{\"a}tze
                 {\"u}ber Fragen der Gestalt des Buches und der
                 Typographie} (Selected Essays on Book Design and
                 Typography). Basel: Birkh{\"a}user Verlag, 1975; ISBN
                 3-7643-0711-0, 23 Swiss Francs}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "X",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "87--90",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1976",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Sat Feb 13 06:40:49 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V10N1_1976_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Baudin:1976:RAAa,
  author =       "Fernand Baudin and Dirk Wendt",
  title =        "R{\'e}sum{\'e} des Articles [Abstracts of Journal
                 Articles in {French} and {German}]",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "X",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "91--93",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1976",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Sat Feb 13 06:40:49 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V10N1_1976_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1976:Aa,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "The Authors",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "X",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "95--95",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1976",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Sat Feb 13 06:40:49 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V10N1_1976_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1976:BS,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "{Burma Shave}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "X",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "96--96",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1976",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Sat Feb 13 06:40:49 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "Photograph of widely-seen advertising sign from Frank
                 Rowsome, Jr., \booktitle{The Verse by the Side of the
                 Road: The Story of the Burma-Shave Signs and Jingles},
                 The Stephen Greene Press (Brattleboro, Vermont
                 05310).",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V10N1_1976_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1976:GIb,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "General Information",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "X",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "99--100",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1976",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Sat Feb 13 06:40:49 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V10N2_1976_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Wanat:1976:RR,
  author =       "Stanley F. Wanat",
  title =        "Reading Readiness",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "X",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "101--127",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1976",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V10N2_1976_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The nature and assessment of reading readiness are
                 considered through an examination of factors in reading
                 readiness, and through an examination of purposes and
                 principles in reading readiness assessment. Skills in
                 extant reading readiness tests are identified, and
                 subskill categories derived from research on reading
                 readiness, reading acquisition, and reading achievement
                 are considered. These skills include attention and
                 automaticity; linguistic awareness; understanding of
                 the task; letter, letter-sequence, word, and
                 word-sequence skills; and flexibility in reading.
                 Effects of instructional factors on reading readiness
                 are also considered. The providing of information for
                 instructional decision-making is identified as the
                 major purpose of reading readiness assessment. Twelve
                 principles for the design and use of reading readiness
                 tests are developed, and twelve major categories of
                 factors that should be considered in an assessment of
                 reading readiness are identified. It is argued that
                 reading readiness should be conceptualized and assessed
                 in terms of the specific reading skill or skills
                 demanded by the task confronting the learner.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Zenker:1976:S,
  author =       "Helmut Zenker",
  title =        "{Sunday}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "X",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "128--128",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1976",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Sat Feb 13 06:40:49 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "Excerpted from Alan Riddell, \booktitle{Typewriter
                 Art}, London: London Magazine Editions, 1975.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V10N2_1976_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Nelson:1976:JMC,
  author =       "T. M. Nelson and C. J. Ladan",
  title =        "Judgment of Meaningfulness of {Chinese} Characters by
                 {English}-Speaking Observers",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "X",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "129--143",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1976",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V10N2_1976_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Liu and Chuang (1970) obtained measures of
                 meaningfulness for 1,200 Chinese characters from
                 ratings made by literate Chinese. A sample of these
                 characters rated by persons unfamiliar with Chinese
                 showed that the amount of perceptual information
                 conveyed to English-speaking observers correlates with
                 Liu and Chuang's index for Chinese-speaking
                 individuals. For English-speaking observers,
                 meaningfulness appears more closely related to visual
                 form characteristics than is the case for the Chinese
                 reader. Results of the study provide a further
                 hypothesis: that the Chinese language evolved according
                 to a visual ``simplicity'' principle. Results also
                 suggest that conclusions from some experiments
                 involving Chinese characters as stimuli may be limited
                 by ignorance of the role that visual dimensions play in
                 discrimination of language forms.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Segalen:1976:CCP,
  author =       "Victor Segalen",
  title =        "[{Chinese} characters and poem]",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "X",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "144--144",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1976",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Sat Feb 13 06:40:49 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "Excerpt from the author's \booktitle{Stele du chemin
                 de l'ame}, The Greenwood Press (San Francisco, CA
                 94133), 1976.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V10N2_1976_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Orth:1976:LND,
  author =       "Bernard Orth and Hans Weckerle and Dirk Wendt",
  title =        "Legibility of Numerals Displayed in a $ 4 \times 7 $
                 Dot Matrix and Seven-Segment Digits",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "X",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "145--155",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1976",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V10N2_1976_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Conventional and especially designed numerals in 4 x 7
                 dot matrices and 7-segment displays were
                 tachistoscopically presented to, and identified by,
                 human observers. The number of errors made in this
                 identification task were analyzed as a measure of
                 legibility in terms of information transmission. It is
                 shown that the representation of digits in such
                 matrices can be improved by appropriate design.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Parker:1976:HFC,
  author =       "George A. Parker",
  title =        "How to find characters per pica for caps",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "X",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "156--156",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1976",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Sat Feb 13 06:40:49 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V10N2_1976_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Ranta:1976:PPG,
  author =       "Jerrald Ranta",
  title =        "Palindromes, Poems and Geometric Form",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "X",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "157--172",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1976",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "Reprinted from the author's article in
                 \booktitle{College English}, XXXXVI (October 1974),
                 161--172, National Council of Teachers of English.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V10N2_1976_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Emphasizing the similarities between the form of the
                 palindrome and the forms of certain modern American
                 short poems, I urge the recognition of a unique kind of
                 little-studied, modern, cyclic, poetic form which,
                 lacking an established term, I call ``palindromic''
                 form. Widely used by twentieth-century American poets,
                 this kind of form is distinguishable from the
                 better-known, traditional kinds of poetic form, though
                 it sometimes occurs in combination with them. Cedric
                 Hubbell Whitman's discussion of ring composition and
                 hysteron proteron in the Iliad reveals the classical
                 origin of this form and suggests that its larger class
                 is geometric form.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Marcus:1976:CPP,
  author =       "Aaron Marcus and Joe Rothrock",
  title =        "A Course in Poetry and Printing",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "X",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "173--182",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1976",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V10N2_1976_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "An experimental course was devised in which students
                 with backgrounds in poetry and in the graphic arts
                 worked to discover essential relationships between
                 verbal and visual poetic statement. The course
                 organization utilized a university environment to the
                 fullest and is offered as a prototypical case study.
                 Students participated in a series of multidisciplinary
                 guest lectures and in studio-based development of
                 creative projects. Their work eventually moved beyond
                 the more traditional views of the poetry-printing
                 dialectic conceived for the course and resembled more
                 the creative speculation of avant-garde art.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Banks:1976:BRF,
  author =       "Colin Banks",
  title =        "Book Review: {F. E. Pardoe, \booktitle{John
                 Baskerville}. London: Muller, 1976; ISBN 0-584-10354-9;
                 \pounds 9.50}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "X",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "183--188",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1976",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Sat Feb 13 06:40:49 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V10N2_1976_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Wrolstad:1976:EN,
  author =       "Merald E. Wrolstad",
  title =        "{Editor}'s Note",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "X",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "188--188",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1976",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Sat Feb 13 06:40:49 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V10N2_1976_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The typeface you are now reading is Baskerville. In
                 fact, since our first issue in 1967, the basic text and
                 display typeface used in this journal has been
                 Baskerville. The modification of a basic typeface is
                 illustrated in the variations of Baskerville produced
                 by the four different composing systems we have used
                 during this period: Volumes I through VIII were
                 produced on hot-metal composing machines --- Volumes I
                 and II by Linotype, Volumes III through VIII by
                 Monotype. Volumes IX and X were produced on
                 phototypesetting equipment --- Volume IX, Number I, on
                 the VariTyper by Addressograph Multigraph Corporation,
                 and all numbers since then on Monophoto equipment.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Baudin:1976:RAAb,
  author =       "Fernand Baudin and Dirk Wendt",
  title =        "R{\'e}sum{\'e} des Articles [Abstracts of Journal
                 Articles in {French} and {German}]",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "X",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "189--190",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1976",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Sat Feb 13 06:40:49 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V10N2_1976_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1976:Ab,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "The Authors",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "X",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "192--192",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1976",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Sat Feb 13 06:40:49 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V10N2_1976_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1976:GIc,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "General Information",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "X",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "195--196",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1976",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Sat Feb 13 06:40:49 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V10N3_1976_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Littlewood:1976:ISB,
  author =       "A. R. Littlewood",
  title =        "An `Ikon of the Soul`: The {Byzantine} Letter",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "X",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "197--226",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1976",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V10N3_1976_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Byzantine epistolographic concepts are a natural
                 development of the concepts of classical antiquity, and
                 especially of the Second Sophistic, that were adapted
                 to fit the requirements of Christian ontology. The
                 surviving letters were intended not always to convey
                 information, for which the courier or ``living letter''
                 was often responsible, but usually to fulfill the
                 obligations and genuine needs of friendship and to
                 serve as much prized pieces of literary art in their
                 own right. In the one case the letter was deemed an
                 ``ikon of the soul,'' creating an illusion of the
                 presence of the writer and thereby demanding tokens of
                 his individual characteristics. In the other it was
                 required to be original within the strict framework
                 imposed by the imitation of ancient models; and by
                 adherence to changing stylistic canons it came both to
                 foster obscurity and to embrace subject-matter not
                 commonly associated with the letter.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Gomringer:1976:PMS,
  author =       "Eugen Gomringer",
  title =        "Poetry as a Means for the Structuring of a Social
                 Environment",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "X",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "227--241",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1976",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "Translated by Mark E. Cory.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V10N3_1976_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "From the outset, the movement of concrete poetry has
                 regarded the poet as a conscious participant in a team
                 of designers dedicated to the aesthetic restructuring
                 of society. To participate, the poet had to study
                 fields not normally associated with poetry, e.g.,
                 architecture, advertising graphics, and typography. His
                 contribution in turn has been to provide craftsmen in
                 other fields with models for the solution of their own
                 verbal problems. The goal of such a poetry involves
                 entertainment, but goes beyond the immediacy of this
                 game-activity to include an awakening of aesthetic
                 sensibility, especially to the world of type, print,
                 and sound. A review of the interrelationships between
                 concrete poetry, industrial design, and the plastic
                 arts over the past fifteen years illustrates the sort
                 of team work necessary if poets are to have an active
                 voice in our contemporary society.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Panian:1976:U,
  author =       "Ed Panian",
  title =        "Untitled",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "X",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "242--242",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1976",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Sat Feb 13 06:40:49 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "Signatories of the Declaration of Independence.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V10N3_1976_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Weiss:1976:S,
  author =       "Jack Weiss",
  title =        "Statements 76",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "X",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "243--246",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1976",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V10N3_1976_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "To honor the American Bicentennial, the Society of
                 Typographic Arts in Chicago organized the exhibition
                 Statements 76 ``to revitalize the words that inspired
                 the American Revolution.'' Appropriate quotations from
                 that historic period were the dominant element in a
                 wide variety of media --- from sculpture to a patchwork
                 quilt.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Otto:1976:OHE,
  author =       "Wayne Otto and Cathy Stallard",
  title =        "One Hundred Essential Sight Words",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "X",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "247--252",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1976",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V10N3_1976_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Sight word lists have been used since before 20 BC and
                 have changed forms many times. Today sight word lists
                 are numerous and are widely and variously used. They
                 differ in terms of source, intended purpose and/or
                 audience, and criteria for including specific words.
                 Despite these differences, there is much agreement that
                 they do reflect the most basic words in our language
                 and that there is a high degree of commonality among
                 them. This report identifies the one hundred sight
                 words which appeared in sixteen major sight word
                 lists.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "The 100 words are: a; about; after; again; all; an;
                 and; any; are; at; away; be; big; but; by; came; come;
                 could; did; do; down; for; from; get; go; good; got;
                 had; has; have; he; her; here; him; his; how; I; if;
                 in; is; it; just; know; like; little; look; made; make;
                 me; my; new; no; not; now; of; off; old; on; one; our;
                 out; over; put; right; said; saw; say; see; she; so;
                 some; take; that; the; them; then; there; they; think;
                 this; three; to; too; two; up; us; want; was; we; went;
                 were; what; when; where; who; will; with; would; you;
                 your",
}

@Article{Perrin:1976:DIK,
  author =       "Stephen G. Perrin",
  title =        "{Declaration of Independence} Kit",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "X",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "253--256",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1976",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "Excerpted permission from the author's
                 \booktitle{Rutabaga in Eight Languages}",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V10N3_1976_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "This ``poem'' is a spoof on the nature of the alphabet
                 and writing.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Johnson:1976:MPH,
  author =       "Dale D. Johnson and Richard L. Venezky",
  title =        "Models for Predicting How Adults Pronounce Vowel
                 Digraph Spellings in Unfamiliar Words",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "X",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "257--268",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1976",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V10N3_1976_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "This study explored the relationships between type and
                 token frequencies and contextual position effects in
                 pronunciation of written English. Specifically, the
                 major question was whether or not vowel cluster
                 pronunciation preferences of adult readers were more
                 affected by frequency of occurrence than by graphemic
                 environment. Two opposing hypotheses were tested
                 regarding four vowel diagraph spellings. Six synthetic
                 words were constructed for each vowel cluster according
                 to contextual and word position constraints. The
                 subjects were 51 undergraduates whose task was to read
                 the synthetic words and note how they pronounced the
                 underlined vowel cluster. Three models were constructed
                 to assess the hypotheses and to predict responses for
                 each vowel cluster. The models were a final consonant
                 model, a variant type-token model, and an invariant
                 principal response model. Several data analysis
                 techniques were used. The final consonant model was
                 superior to the other two models, but it was found that
                 other factors, not yet assessed, were present in the
                 results.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Greengold:1976:C,
  author =       "Jane Greengold and Chris Tanz",
  title =        "``{Correspondences}''",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "X",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "269--276",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1976",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V10N3_1976_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "``Correspondences'' explores the correspondence
                 between concrete poetry and conceptual art; between
                 postal language and ordinary language; between
                 sending/receiving letters and private theater. The
                 article presents part of an actual correspondence
                 between friends/poet-artists attending to the act and
                 experience of corresponding, and making the language of
                 correspondence visible.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Hewes:1976:C,
  author =       "Gordon W. Hewes and Alan Lomax and Martyn Hitchcock
                 and Philip Gaskell",
  title =        "Correspondence",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "X",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "277--283",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1976",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Sat Feb 13 06:40:49 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "See
                 \cite{Wrolstad:1976:MVL,Gaskell:1976:NLR,Herrick:1977:C}.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V10N3_1976_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Wrolstad:1976:SOM,
  author =       "Merald E. Wrolstad",
  title =        "[{Statement} of Ownership, Management and Circulation
                 of \booktitle{Visible Language}]",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "X",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "283--283",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1976",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Sat Feb 13 06:40:49 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V10N3_1976_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "The report says 1588 average copies per issue for past
                 twelve months.",
}

@Article{Baudin:1976:RAAc,
  author =       "Fernand Baudin and Dirk Wendt and Ana Fisch",
  title =        "R{\'e}sum{\'e} des Articles [Abstracts of Journal
                 Articles in {French}, {German}, and {Spanish}]",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "X",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "284--287",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1976",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Sat Feb 13 06:40:49 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V10N3_1976_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1976:Ac,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "The Authors",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "X",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "288--288",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1976",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Sat Feb 13 06:40:49 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V10N3_1976_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1976:GId,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "General Information",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "X",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "291--292",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1976",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Sat Feb 13 06:40:49 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V10N4_1976_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Venezky:1976:ISI,
  author =       "Richard L. Venezky",
  title =        "An Introduction to This Special Issue",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "X",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "293--294",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1976",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Sat Feb 13 06:40:49 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V10N4_1976_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Jaquith:1976:DAP,
  author =       "James Jaquith",
  title =        "Digraphia in Advertising: The Public as Guinea Pig",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "X",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "295--308",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1976",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "See comments \cite{Herrick:1977:C}.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V10N4_1976_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Orthographic conventions adopted by advertisers for
                 many consumer products depart significantly from
                 ordinary standards of correctness. e.g., ARRID, BISKIT,
                 MIX, DETANE, KLEEN, WHEY-FERS. This paper analyzes more
                 than 1,500 expressions of this practice and suggests
                 that advertising spelling (1) constitutes the graphic
                 analog of what linguists call diglossia, (2) has
                 influenced the criteria by which English readers judge
                 correctness in spelling, and (3) is made possible by
                 special properties of the graphic-phonological system
                 with which English is written.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Secrist:1976:IEO,
  author =       "Robert H. Secrist",
  title =        "Internalization of {English} Orthographic Patterns",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "X",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "309--322",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1976",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V10N4_1976_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "This paper examines (1) the patterns of regularity
                 underlying the largely superficial chaos of English
                 orthography, (2) the extent --- or the lack --- of
                 internalization of both these patterns and the graphic
                 representations of specific phonemes in different
                 environments, (3) the reactions of literate native
                 speakers as to the relative ``rightness'' or
                 naturalness of the different phoneme-grapheme
                 correspondences in these situations, and (4) the
                 reactions of these informants to recognition tests
                 involving alternative solutions to certain special
                 problems involved in English spelling reform --- such
                 as lexicographic separation of agnates, polymorphic
                 representation of inflectional affixes, and graphic
                 distinction of homophones.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Kerek:1976:PRS,
  author =       "Andrew Kerek",
  title =        "The Phonological Relevance of Spelling Pronunciation",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "X",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "323--338",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1976",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V10N4_1976_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Although commonly viewed as an isolated, haphazard,
                 and hit-or-miss, chancy affair, spelling-pronunciation
                 is in fact capable of patterning and may yield profound
                 phonological effects in at least two ways. It may
                 induce the restructuring of the underlying form of
                 morphemes within an orthographic paradigm, and thus
                 trigger a redistribution of functional loads in the
                 phonemic system; this often happens through a
                 ``reversal'' of historical changes that are no longer
                 operative. Spelling-pronunciation may also repeatedly
                 block (and hence weaken) synchronic phonological rules,
                 thus often resulting in the phonetic surfacing of
                 underlying or near-underlying phonemic forms; in this
                 way it not only slows down phonological change, but may
                 in the long run alter the phonetic character of a
                 language. Although it commonly obliterates etymological
                 distinctions, as a mechanism of iconicity
                 spelling-pronunciation promotes spelling-sound
                 isomorphism and thus tends to reduce purposeless
                 variety in language. Widespread literacy has rendered
                 the influence of orthography on phonology a significant
                 external variable which linguistic description can no
                 longer ignore.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Gates:1976:MTL,
  author =       "Arthur I. Gates and Esther H. Chase",
  title =        "Methods and Theories of Learning to Spell Tested by
                 Studies of Deaf Children",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "X",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "339--350",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1976",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V10N4_1976_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Research is reported on the reading and spelling
                 ability of children congenitally deaf. In comparison
                 with their other linguistic abilities and with normal
                 children of similar reading experience, deaf children
                 (1) greatly excel in spelling ability, and (2) possess
                 extraordinary word-perception ability. Both abilities
                 appear due to a peculiarly effective type of perceiving
                 which relies on a visual reaction to words. For normal
                 children learning to spell, much may be gained by
                 visual study of the word and mastering the habit of
                 writing the word.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Venezky:1976:NHE,
  author =       "Richard L. Venezky",
  title =        "Notes on the History of {English} Spelling",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "X",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "351--365",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1976",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/spell.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V10N4_1976_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "To introduce the non-specialist in English linguistics
                 to the diversity and complexity of influences which
                 have shaped modern English spelling, three problems in
                 the history of English spelling are presented. The
                 first traces the evolution of the hard and soft
                 pronunciations of word-initial `c' and centers on
                 historical reconstruction of proto-Old English forms,
                 Old English, Old French, and Latin sound changes, and
                 soft pronunciations of word-initial `c' and centers on
                 reconstruction of prehistoric Old English forms, Old
                 English, Old French, and Latin sound changes, and
                 Anglo-Norman scribal practices. The second problem
                 concerns the avoidance of sequences of short down
                 strokes (minims) as a motivating factor in certain role
                 of the English chancery scribes in reforming English
                 spelling along classical lines is examined.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Webster:1976:EAS,
  author =       "Noah Webster",
  title =        "Excerpt from {{\booktitle{The American Spelling
                 Book}}}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "X",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "366--376",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1976",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Sat Feb 13 06:40:49 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V10N4_1976_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Baudin:1976:RAAd,
  author =       "Fernand Baudin and Dirk Wendt and Ana Fisch",
  title =        "R{\'e}sum{\'e} des Articles [Abstracts of Journal
                 Articles in {French}, {German}, and {Spanish}]",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "X",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "377--380",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1976",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Sat Feb 13 06:40:49 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V10N4_1976_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1976:Ad,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "The Authors",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "X",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "380--380",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1976",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Sat Feb 13 06:40:49 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V10N4_1976_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1976:IVX,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Index to {Volume X}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "X",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "381--384",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1976",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Sat Feb 13 06:40:49 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V10N4_1976_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1977:GIa,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "General Information",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XI",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "3--4",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1977",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Sat Feb 13 08:32:58 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V11N1_1977_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Rawski:1977:SSS,
  author =       "Conrad H. Rawski",
  title =        "The Scientific Study of Subject Literatures",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XI",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "5--23",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1977",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V11N1_1977_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The paper addresses fundamental questions concerning
                 the nature, genesis, and function of a subject
                 literature --- all knowledge records pertaining to a
                 subject. A generalizable notion of a subject literature
                 is developed and discussed in the terms of object,
                 content, and use, and their interrelationships. The
                 main areas of a scientific study of subject literatures
                 are indicated. Structural interpretation is shown to be
                 a promising strategic assumption for basic theoretical
                 efforts and analytic research. The results of such
                 studies aimed at explanation are examined as to their
                 practical significance.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1977:SR,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Stereogrammic Relations",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XI",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "24--24",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1977",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Sat Feb 13 08:32:58 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V11N1_1977_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Gurtler:1977:CGF,
  author =       "Andr{\'e} G{\"u}rtler and Christian Mengelt",
  title =        "{Cyrillic Gothic}: Formal Modifications in the Design
                 of a {Russian} Sans-serif Typeface",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XI",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "25--36",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1977",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V11N1_1977_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Four series for text and display composition were
                 designed for a new Cyrillic sans-serif typeface.
                 Historic and existing Cyrillic typefaces are assessed.
                 Illustrations show the modification of individual
                 characters toward an over-all consistent design of the
                 entire alphabet.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Walker:1977:CWS,
  author =       "Laurence Walker",
  title =        "Comprehension of Writing and Spontaneous Speech",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XI",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "37--51",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1977",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V11N1_1977_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The purpose of this study was to explore a difference
                 between reading comprehension and the comprehension of
                 spontaneous speech which an earlier investigation by
                 the present author had suggested. It was hypothesized
                 that, because of channel differences and because of
                 differences in the linguistic structure of formal
                 writing and extemporaneous speech, reading
                 comprehension was a more precise form of language
                 processing than listening to this type of material.
                 Data to test this hypothesis were obtained by
                 administering a test of precision in literal
                 comprehension to a sample of undergraduate students who
                 had been exposed either to passages of spontaneous
                 speech or equivalent written passages. Statistical
                 analysis of the data revealed a significant difference
                 between the mean scores of the listening group and the
                 mean score of both an untimed reading group and a
                 reading group whose reading time had been matched to
                 the time available to the listeners. It was concluded
                 that normal reading comprehension, at least at the
                 literal level in mature readers, was shown to be a more
                 precise form of language processing than listening to
                 spontaneous speech.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1977:VLS,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Visible language as speech written down",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XI",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "52",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1977",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Sat Feb 13 08:32:58 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V11N1_1977_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Walklin:1977:LAC,
  author =       "Carol Walklin",
  title =        "Letters, Art, and Children",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XI",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "53--62",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1977",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V11N1_1977_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Letterforms provide a natural and useful medium for
                 teaching visual awareness, creativity and many basic
                 art education ideas to young children. The work of
                 English children is illustrated showing their
                 experimentation with letter symbols, handwriting, word
                 shapes and printed textures.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Quirk:1977:SNW,
  author =       "Randolph Quirk",
  title =        "Setting New Word Records",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XI",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "63--74",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1977",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Sat Feb 13 08:32:58 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V11N1_1977_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Bonavia:1977:CWW,
  author =       "David Bonavia",
  title =        "{China}'s War of Words",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XI",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "75--78",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1977",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "Reprinted from \booktitle{Far Eastern Economic
                 Review}, March 4, 1977, pp. 20--21.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V11N1_1977_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "This brief article examines problems associated with
                 language reform in China.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Banks:1977:BRC,
  author =       "Colin Banks",
  title =        "Book Review: {Catalogue of the Edward Clark Library
                 (with typographical notes by Harry Carter and an essay
                 on the Printing of Illustrations by Frank P. Restall).
                 P. J. W. Kilpatrick, general editor. Edinburgh:
                 privately printed for Napier College of Commerce and
                 Technology, Lothian Regional Council, 1976. Two
                 volumes, 685 pages, 74 illustrations. ISBN
                 0-902703-12-9}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XI",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "79--86",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1977",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Sat Feb 13 08:32:58 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V11N1_1977_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Baudin:1977:RAAa,
  author =       "Fernand Baudin and Dirk Wendt and Ana Fisch",
  title =        "R{\'e}sum{\'e} des Articles [Abstracts of Journal
                 Articles in {French}, {German}, and {Spanish}]",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XI",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "87--89",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1977",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Sat Feb 13 08:32:58 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V11N1_1977_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1977:Aa,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "The Authors",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XI",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "90--90",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1977",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Sat Feb 13 08:32:58 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V11N1_1977_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1977:CAI,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Cumulative Author Index for {Volumes I--X}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XI",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "91--96",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1977",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Sat Feb 13 08:32:58 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V11N1_1977_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1977:DC,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Diagram of Contents",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XI",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "2--3",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1977",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Sat Feb 13 08:32:58 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V11N2_1977_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Marcus:1977:EM,
  author =       "Aaron Marcus",
  title =        "At the Edge of Meaning",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XI",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "4--21",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1977",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V11N2_1977_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The use of video, computer graphics, and holographic
                 communication suggest that a diagrammatic,
                 three-dimensional typography is an appropriate means of
                 visible language to express the potential of these
                 media. This special issue of Visible Language explores
                 some aspects of such an approach to visible language.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Franke:1977:OCP,
  author =       "Herbert W. Franke",
  title =        "Observations Concerning Practical Visual Languages",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XI",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "22--32",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1977",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V11N2_1977_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Normal means of communication --- human languages ---
                 are very well suited to a description of linear order.
                 As one makes use of the verbal system in almost all
                 spheres of culture, there follows involuntarily an
                 orientation to certain regularities. One tends to
                 recognize chronological and casual orders and to
                 overlook other types of connections. According to
                 modern knowledge other relationships have at least as
                 much importance in our world, e.g., reciprocity
                 effects, feedback, and cyclical process. For the
                 description of all so-called network connections, one
                 needs a more visual coding system. In the verbal realm
                 a complex system exists that is distinguished by its
                 applicability to a great number of conditions, but
                 there are only starting points in the visual sector. It
                 is to be expected that there will gradually come into
                 existence a normal visual grammar. In this way, new
                 visual languages may develop which are as practical as
                 verbal languages. Starting points can be seen in
                 diagrams for automata that are used in general automata
                 theory. As a step in this direction examples should be
                 examined which have already proven successful in
                 scientific realms, namely representation by graphs and
                 by Venn diagrams.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Howe:1977:SR,
  author =       "Nelson Howe",
  title =        "To the Sincere Reader",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XI",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "32--32",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1977",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V11N2_1977_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "An experimental diagrammatic image to score a poetry
                 performance is presented.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Ockerse:1977:D,
  author =       "Thomas Ockerse",
  title =        "Documentracings",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XI",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "33--37",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1977",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V11N2_1977_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Two documentracings are presented. Documentracing
                 record time-space events or objects through collecting
                 fragments in a programmed manner.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Knowlton:1977:CPG,
  author =       "Ken Knowlton and Leon Harmon",
  title =        "Computer-Produced Grey Scales",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XI",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "38--49",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1977",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V11N2_1977_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Pictorial output from computers is usually binary ---
                 that is, microscopically black or white at a point
                 owing to the physical processes involved. A number of
                 techniques have been developed in the past to derive
                 subjective grey values using binary-output devices.
                 Several new extensions of these techniques are reported
                 here. The basic procedure is to quantize space into
                 cells which are filled with different sizes and shapes
                 of black areas on a white background (or vice versa).
                 We include several examples which result from judicious
                 selection of patterns or from rules which divide cells
                 into particular classes of black and white regions.
                 Some of the results raise intriguing questions about
                 the physiology and psychology of vision.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Kostelanetz:1977:N,
  author =       "Richard Kostelanetz",
  title =        "On Numbers",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XI",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "50--51",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1977",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V11N2_1977_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "A visual poetic presentation is presented.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Price:1977:S,
  author =       "Jonathan Price and Joel Katz",
  title =        "Signs",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XI",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "52--67",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1977",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V11N2_1977_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The signage encountered in the urban environment
                 constitutes the material for an authentic American
                 poetry. The collaborators of the verbi-visual poem
                 ``Signs'' describe and analyze their contributions to
                 the final work.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Cumming:1977:SSS,
  author =       "Robert Cumming",
  title =        "``{Sentence} Structures'' and ``A Structure''",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XI",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "68--69",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1977",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Sat Feb 13 08:32:58 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V11N2_1977_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Finlay:1977:S,
  author =       "Ian Hamilton Finlay",
  title =        "`{Sundial}'",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XI",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "70--70",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1977",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V11N2_1977_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "A poem is located three-dimensionally on street
                 furniture.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Sky:1977:PW,
  author =       "Alison Sky",
  title =        "The Public Word",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XI",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "71--80",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1977",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V11N2_1977_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The priorities moulding the development of word/images
                 constructed specifically to function within the public
                 domain and those accepted as ``art'' have been very
                 different and separate issues. This article is
                 concerned with the possibility of developing a new
                 public language --- an alternative to the one now
                 existing which is largely consecrated to consumption.
                 An examination is made of billboard advertisements and
                 movie marquee slogans. Graffiti is presented as an
                 example of language inversion, establishing it as an
                 intrusion on the high pressure message of advertising
                 and potentially the closest thing to a public poetry.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Baudin:1977:RTE,
  author =       "Fernand Baudin",
  title =        "Reflection on the Theme: At the Edge of Meaning",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XI",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "81--92",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1977",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V11N2_1977_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "In a changing typographic world, the one constant is
                 writing --- the rational ordering, recording and
                 communicating of intelligent thought. Governments and
                 institutions no longer feel any concern about the
                 teaching of writing. Universities, not only art and
                 design schools, should assume a new responsibility for
                 instruction in the planning of every material as well
                 as intellectual aspect of handwritten, mechanized or
                 computerized writing.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Friedman:1977:SBD,
  author =       "Daniel Friedman",
  title =        "A Study in Basic Design and Meaning",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XI",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "93--101",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1977",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V11N2_1977_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Work and commentary from a basic design course created
                 to explore and control visual perception is
                 presented.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Kenedy:1977:WDS,
  author =       "R. C. Kenedy",
  title =        "{Wortgebilde Durch Spiel und Kombinatorik}: Or, Why
                 {Duchamps} Loved Words",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XI",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "102--127",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1977",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V11N2_1977_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Meaningful art criticism in not possible unless the
                 terms of language-description are successfully applied
                 to the art historian's themes. Because there is no
                 generally valid scheme of metalinguistics to embrace
                 the different means of communicating visual language
                 information, for its special purposes this study
                 resurrects Saussure's distinction between the lexical
                 and the arbitrary in order to examine the intellectual
                 implications of Marcel Duchamp's oeuvre. The argument
                 examines the rhetorical features of visual form in
                 discussing the work and attempts to suggest broader
                 issues, of sociopolitical significance, through their
                 analysis.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1977:AB,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Abstract\slash Biography",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XI",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "128--134",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1977",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Sat Feb 13 08:32:58 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V11N2_1977_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Baudin:1977:RAAb,
  author =       "Fernand Baudin and Dirk Wendt and Ana Fisch",
  title =        "R{\'e}sum{\'e} des Articles [Abstracts of Journal
                 Articles in {French}, {German}, and {Spanish}]",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XI",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "135--139",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1977",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Sat Feb 13 08:32:58 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V11N2_1977_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1977:DN,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Design Notes",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XI",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "140--140",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1977",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Sat Feb 13 08:32:58 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V11N2_1977_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1977:PN,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Production Notes",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XI",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "141--141",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1977",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Sat Feb 13 08:32:58 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V11N2_1977_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Wrolstad:1977:BM,
  author =       "Merald E. Wrolstad",
  title =        "[Back matter]",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XI",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "142--143",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1977",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Sat Feb 13 08:32:58 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V11N2_1977_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1977:GIc,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "General Information",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XI",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "243--245",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1977",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Sat Feb 13 09:11:17 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V11N3_1977_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Hellerstein:1977:PCG,
  author =       "Nina S. Hellerstein",
  title =        "{Paul Claudel} and {Guillaume Apollinaire} as Visual
                 Poets: {{\booktitle{Id{\'e}ogrammes occidentaux}}} and
                 {{\booktitle{Calligrammes}}}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XI",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "245--270",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1977",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V11N3_1977_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Paul Claudel and Guillaume Apollinaire both
                 experimented with visual forms in an effort to
                 incorporate a more synthetic and immediate experience
                 into their poetry. The letters of the Id{\'e}ogramme
                 and the shapes of the Calligramme do not reproduce
                 reality as much as they translate the fundamental
                 images and world-view of the authors into the visual
                 mode. In both cases the linearity of writing symbolizes
                 movement and time while the larger unit, word or
                 sentence-shape, imposes a more immobile, spatial form
                 upon this movement. For both authors, in spite of
                 differences, this synthetic aspect of visual logic
                 expresses the structure of the real world, which is a
                 dynamic and simultaneous interaction of multiple
                 phenomena, yet is constant evolution.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{McCarthy:1977:CLA,
  author =       "Lenore McCarthy",
  title =        "A Child Learns the Alphabet",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XI",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "271--284",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1977",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V11N3_1977_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "This study chronicles the process in which a young
                 child teaches herself to write the letters of the
                 alphabet. The letters which she chose to learn may be
                 classified into categories containing distinctive
                 features of circles: O, C, Q; straight lines: L, I, T,
                 E, F, H; lines and loops: B, P, R; and angles: M, N, Z,
                 K, V, W. The four stages through which the child
                 progressed before she was able to recall the graphic
                 form of a letter which only the letter name was
                 mentioned were: Stage I, the letter must be visible so
                 that the child could copy the form; Stage II, the
                 distinctive features of a letter written in the air
                 facilitated recognition of the graphic form; Stage III,
                 the verbal description of the letter enabled the child
                 to write the letter; and Stage IV, the name of the
                 letter was sufficient information to enable the child
                 to produce the letter. Implications for further
                 research and possible teaching methods are
                 recommended.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Allington:1977:EGS,
  author =       "Richard L. Allington and Michael Strange",
  title =        "Effects of Grapheme Substitutions in Connected Text
                 Upon Reading Behaviors",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XI",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "285--297",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1977",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V11N3_1977_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "It has been suggested that good readers make better
                 use of semantic/syntactic information than do poor
                 readers and that the former group uses relatively less
                 graphic information compared to the latter group. To
                 test these hypotheses, minor visual alterations were
                 inserted in words in connected text. Fifteen good and
                 15 poor readers at the fourth grade level orally read
                 two of these altered passages. Results indicated the
                 good readers' rate of reading was significantly faster
                 and that this group made fewer miscalls in overall word
                 identification. However, there were no differences in
                 ratio of textually acceptable miscalls, and poor
                 readers' responses to altered words seemed less bound
                 to graphic cues than those of the good readers. Neither
                 comparison supported the above hypothesis.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1977:DPF,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Decorative page from {{\booktitle{Festschrift of
                 Originals}}} given to and in honor of {Paul A. Bennett}
                 by {The Typophiles, New York City}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XI",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "298--298",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1977",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Sat Feb 13 09:11:17 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V11N3_1977_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Bank:1977:CAB,
  author =       "Arnold Bank",
  title =        "Calligraphy of {Arnold Bank}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XI",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "299--306",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1977",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V11N3_1977_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The following selection of work is from the recent
                 exhibition --- Arnold Bank: Artist, Scholar, Teacher
                 --- held at the Hunt Library, Carnegie-Mellon
                 University, Pittsburgh. Arnold Bank is a calligrapher
                 and has been a professor of design at Carnegie-Mellon
                 since 1962. The exhibition was coordinated by Ann
                 Skoog, librarian of the Fine and Rare Book Room of the
                 Hunt Library.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Hatherly:1977:RR,
  author =       "Ana Hatherly",
  title =        "The Reinvention of Reading",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XI",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "307--320",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1977",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V11N3_1977_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The concrete poetry movement started simultaneously in
                 Europe and in Brazil. Although they agreed on
                 fundamentals, the Brazilians/Portuguese --- with a
                 background in traditional poetry --- were concerned
                 with spatialization of the text and its relation to
                 music, while the Europeans --- with a background in
                 graphics and architecture --- were more influenced by
                 the plastic arts. For both the concrete poem becomes a
                 relational field of functions yielding tensions of
                 word-things in space-time, and extending the boundaries
                 of reading beyond the traditional literary limits. The
                 author illustrates and discusses her own
                 ``image-texts'' --- studies in the illegibility or
                 ambiguity of writing and the disintegration of
                 language.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Nesbitt:1977:DLI,
  author =       "Alexander Nesbitt",
  title =        "The Designer and Language {II}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XI",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "321--324",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1977",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Sat Feb 13 09:11:17 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V11N3_1977_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Wrolstad:1977:SOM,
  author =       "Merald E. Wrolstad",
  title =        "[{Statement} of Ownership, Management and Circulation
                 of \booktitle{Visible Language}]",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XI",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "324--324",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1977",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Sat Feb 13 09:11:17 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V11N3_1977_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "The report says 1679 average copies per issue for past
                 twelve months.",
}

@Article{Bigelow:1977:BRD,
  author =       "Charles A. Bigelow",
  title =        "Book Review: {David Kindersley. \booktitle{Optical
                 Letter Spacing for New Printing Systems}. London:
                 Wynkyn de Worde Society, 1976. 4-1/2 $ \times $ 11
                 inches. 40 pp., 45 figs. ISBN 0-85331-360-1.
                 (Distributed by Lund Humphries Publishers Ltd.)}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XI",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "325--329",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1977",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Sat Feb 13 09:11:17 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V11N3_1977_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Herrick:1977:C,
  author =       "Earl M. Herrick and Laurence Urdang",
  title =        "Correspondence",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XI",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "330--332",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1977",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Sat Feb 13 09:11:17 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "See \cite{Hewes:1976:C,Jaquith:1976:DAP}.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V11N3_1977_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Baudin:1977:RAAc,
  author =       "Fernand Baudin and Dirk Wendt and Ana Fisch",
  title =        "R{\'e}sum{\'e} des Articles [Abstracts of Journal
                 Articles in {French}, {German}, and {Spanish}]",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XI",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "333--335",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1977",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Sat Feb 13 09:11:17 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V11N3_1977_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1977:Ac,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "The Authors",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XI",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "336--336",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1977",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Sat Feb 13 09:11:17 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V11N3_1977_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Barthes:1977:LRR,
  author =       "Roland Barthes",
  title =        "Letter to {Randolph Runyon}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XI",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "338--338",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1977",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Sat Feb 13 09:31:17 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V11N4_1977_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Ungar:1977:BES,
  author =       "Steven Ungar",
  title =        "Beyond the Empire of Signs",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XI",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "338--338",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1977",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Sat Feb 13 09:31:17 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V11N4_1977_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Barthes:1977:ELS,
  author =       "Roland Barthes",
  title =        "Excerpt: {{\booktitle{L'Empire des Signes}}}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XI",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "339--340",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1977",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V11N4_1977_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "No abstract.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Caplan:1977:NLB,
  author =       "Jay Caplan",
  title =        "Nothing But Language: on {Barthes}'s
                 {{\booktitle{Empire of Signs}}}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XI",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "341--362",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1977",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V11N4_1977_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "No abstract.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "The last several pages of this article form the first
                 column of pages of succeeding articles: what confusing
                 nonsense!",
}

@Article{Conley:1977:BES,
  author =       "Tom Conley",
  title =        "{Barthes}'s {{\booktitle{Exc{\`e}s}}}: The Silent
                 Apostrophe of {S/Z}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XI",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "355--385",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1977",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V11N4_1977_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Despite the elaborate coding of a rhetorical analysis
                 exploiting Marxist and Lacanian views of the printed
                 letter in all its materiality, S/Z represses the hidden
                 chi which both generates and destroys the narrative of
                 Balzac's ``Sarrasine.'' Barthes may omit reference to
                 this character of the text because its energies might
                 violate his systems of interpretation. Based as they
                 are on a privilege of castration, they veil the
                 dumbfounding assault of the letters which would
                 otherwise obliterate his interpretive gesture. Through
                 an alternative reading of ``Sarrasine,'' we imply that
                 the chi purloined from S/Z indicates how Barthes sees
                 as the basis of all {\'e}criture at zero-degree a font
                 of repression.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Gallop:1977:B,
  author =       "Jane Gallop",
  title =        "``B S''",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XI",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "364--387",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1977",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V11N4_1977_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Contemporaneous with the composition of his book S/Z,
                 Roland Barthes wrote Sade, Fourier, Loyola. Reducing
                 this second book to three figures (SFL: the
                 abbreviation used by Barthes and others to refer to
                 this text), as Barthes reduces the Balzac story
                 ``Sarrasine'' to three figures, S/Z, and following the
                 example of what Barthes does with those figures as
                 signifiers in the center of S/Z, we tease out a similar
                 dynamic in the diacritical relation of SFL to other
                 possible groups of letters, a dynamic resonant with
                 what we find being played out on other levels of the
                 book (semantic, thematic, ideological), so that the
                 insistence of the letter marks our point of disruptive
                 entry into Barthes's well-defended system.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Runyon:1977:FAD,
  author =       "Randolph Runyon",
  title =        "Fragments of An Amorous Discourse: Canon in Ubis",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XI",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "387--389",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1977",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V11N4_1977_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The cover of Roland Barthes's recent Fragments d'un
                 discours amoureux presets a puzzle for the reader: a
                 fragment of a painting of Tobias and the Angel, it
                 constitutes an opaque glaze, a scumble, through which
                 the reader scans the text that follows. The
                 configuration created by that frame seems to form the
                 letter R. A prolonged gaze discloses prefigurations of
                 Roland's childhood in the Apocryphal story on which the
                 painting is based, makes possible a reading of Goethe's
                 Werther as a parallel to that noncanonical legend, and
                 reveals Barthes's name inscribed within a short story
                 of Balzac. Alternatively playing the roles of Tobias,
                 angel and fish, Barthes and the reader engage in
                 canonical imitation, a reunion of readers and lovers.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Ungar:1977:WLB,
  author =       "Steven Ungar",
  title =        "From Writing to the Letter: {Barthes} and
                 Alphabetese",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XI",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "390--400",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1977",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V11N4_1977_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Roland Barthes's career as a critic can be measured by
                 the various definitions and functions which he has
                 given to writing. While his earliest works emphasized
                 its social and institutional dimensions, he has more
                 recently sought to develop a revised version of
                 Saussurian semiology into a social critique which he
                 terms semioclastics. In his 1970 preface to the
                 alphabet of the fashion designer Ert{\'e}, Barthes
                 finds a semiotic system which allows him to combine
                 these interests in an extended commentary of the
                 alphabetical letter and on alphabetism as an autonomous
                 semiotic entity.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

%%% TO DO: V11N4_1977_E.pdf stops at page 400, so there are about 30
%%% pages unaccounted for, and thus still unchecked.  The typesetting of
%%% much of this issue is bizarre, with overlapping articles, and
%%% uncertain titling.

@Article{Baudin:1977:RAAd,
  author =       "Fernand Baudin and Dirk Wendt and Ana Fisch",
  title =        "R{\'e}sum{\'e} des Articles [Abstracts of Journal
                 Articles in {French}, {German}, and {Spanish}]",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XI",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "430--430",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1977",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Sat Feb 13 09:31:17 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V11N4_1977_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1977:GId,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "General Information",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XI",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "430--430",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1977",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Sat Feb 13 09:31:17 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V11N4_1977_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1977:Ad,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "The Authors",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XI",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "432--432",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1977",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Sat Feb 13 09:31:17 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V11N4_1977_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1977:IVX,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Index to {Volume XI}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XI",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "432--??",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1977",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Sat Feb 13 09:31:17 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V11N4_1977_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

%%% PDF file V12N1_1978_E has jumbled pages

@Article{Massaro:1978:SMR,
  author =       "Dominic W. Massaro",
  title =        "A Stage Model of Reading and Listening",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XII",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "3--26",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1978",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V12N1_1978_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Language processing is the abstracting of meaning from
                 a physical signal such as a printed text of sequence of
                 speech sounds. The goal of an information-processing
                 model is to describe how language is processed, not
                 simply what the reader or listener must know to
                 understand language. Language processing is viewed as a
                 sequence of internal processing stages or operations
                 that occur between the language stimulus and meaning.
                 The operations of a particular stage take time and
                 transform the information in some way, making the
                 transformed information available to the following
                 stage of processing. In the present model the storage
                 component describes the nature of the information at a
                 particular stage of processing whereas the functional
                 component describes the operations of a stage of
                 processing. The information-processing model is used
                 heuristically to incorporate data and theory from a
                 variety of studies of language processing.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Pastore:1978:PAC,
  author =       "Richard E. Pastore",
  title =        "Phonemes and Alphanumeric Characters: Possible
                 Components of Parallel Human Communications Systems",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XII",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "27--42",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1978",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V12N1_1978_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Alphanumeric characters and phonemes can be viewed as
                 information codes used by human communication systems.
                 If such communication systems were designed to be
                 effective, then we should expect to find certain
                 characteristics which should be manifested in the
                 nature of the physical representations of the
                 information codes and in the perception of these codes.
                 These characteristics are discussed in terms of their
                 importance to communication systems in general and
                 their manifestations in human audible and visible
                 language. When viewed from the perspective of such
                 communication systems, we should expect to find many
                 parallels in the perception of alphanumeric characters
                 and phonemes. This paper examines some of these
                 parallels, drawing upon our knowledge of human
                 perception.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Frith:1978:PMP,
  author =       "Uta Frith",
  title =        "From Print to Meaning and from Print to Sound, or How
                 to Read Without Knowing How to Spell",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XII",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "43--54",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1978",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V12N1_1978_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Two groups of 12-year-olds, both of normal
                 intelligence and reading age, were compared. One group
                 consisted of good spellers, the other of poor spellers.
                 The two groups were equally good at reading single
                 words and sentences. However, they differed on other
                 reading tasks, notably with nonsense words and other
                 tasks involving conversion of print into sound. The
                 differences indicated that the poor spellers were
                 proficient at going from print directly to meaning, but
                 were impaired at converting print to sound. In
                 contrast, the good spellers shower mastery of both
                 aspects of reading, converting print to meaning and
                 converting print to sound.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Baron:1978:USS,
  author =       "Jonathan Baron and June Hodge",
  title =        "Using Spelling--Sound Correspondences Without Trying
                 to Learn Them",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XII",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "55--70",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1978",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V12N1_1978_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Adult subjects learned spoken responses to nonsense
                 words written in an artificial alphabet.
                 Correspondences between letters and phonemes were
                 hidden by the use of right-to-left correspondences.
                 Even though subjects did not notice the existence of
                 correspondences, they were able to decode new nonsense
                 words in the same alphabet. In a second experiment,
                 nonsense words written with hidden correspondences were
                 read more quickly than nonsense words without
                 correspondences. A third experiment suggested that this
                 effect was due to the fact that similar words had
                 similar responses. In general, the results suggest that
                 correspondences can be used without the use of special
                 correspondences, but when this occurs, people use
                 examples rather than knowledge of the correspondences
                 themselves.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Martin:1978:VRD,
  author =       "James G. Martin and Richard H. Meltzer and Carol B.
                 Mills",
  title =        "Visual Rhythms: Dynamic Text Display for Learning to
                 Read a Second Language",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XII",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "71--80",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1978",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V12N1_1978_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "A method is described in which sentences are presented
                 in a dynamic visual display. A television monitor is
                 used to present simultaneously the visual and auditory
                 versions of a sentence, with each of its successive
                 visual and auditory syllables yoked in parallel; the
                 onset of each visual syllable is synchronized with the
                 onset of each syllable as it is heard through the
                 auditory channel. The result is a sentence which
                 ``grows'' left-to-right across the screen, one syllable
                 at a time, in ``visual rhythm.'' In an experiment, the
                 subjects were three groups of secondary-school students
                 learning Spanish as a second language. In training
                 sessions, the rhythmic group saw the sentences in
                 ``visual rhythm,'' the unrhythmic group saw the same
                 sentences but in static visual display, and the control
                 group had no exposure to either visual-auditory
                 display. Before and after training, all groups provided
                 pre-test and post-test measures of oral reading
                 fluency. The dependent measure was pre-test to
                 post-test relative change in judged reading fluency.
                 The results favored the rhythmic group.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Levy:1978:SAD,
  author =       "Betty Ann Levy",
  title =        "Speech Analysis During Sentence Processing: Reading
                 and Listening",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XII",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "81--102",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1978",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V12N1_1978_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The present paper is concerned with the role of speech
                 recoding during reading. Specifically, it examines
                 information processing with respect to where reading
                 and listening might come to share common mechanisms
                 during comprehension. The paper is divided into four
                 sections. The first section contains a review of
                 evidence related to the issue of whether speech
                 recoding is necessary prior to lexical access. The
                 weight is against this view. The second section of the
                 paper explores an alternative view --- namely that
                 speech recoding occurs in working memory, where word
                 units are held in a speech form until comprehension of
                 phrases or sentences occurs. Section three describes an
                 experiment which shows that disrupting word information
                 in memory does not lead to semantic comprehension
                 failure. These results suggest that reading does not
                 occur by converting visual signals into a speech code
                 until comprehension occurs. Finally, general discussion
                 centers on models of visual language processing.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1978:B,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Biography",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XII",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "103--103",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1978",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Mon Feb 15 06:08:39 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V12N1_1978_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1978:Aa,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Acknowledgements",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XII",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "104--104",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1978",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Mon Feb 15 06:08:39 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V12N1_1978_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1978:RAA,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "R{\'e}sum{\'e} des Articles [Abstracts of Journal
                 Articles in {French}, {German}, and {Spanish}]",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XII",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "105--110",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1978",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Mon Feb 15 06:08:39 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V12N1_1978_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Wrolstad:1978:GI,
  author =       "Merald E. Wrolstad",
  title =        "General Information",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XII",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "111--112",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1978",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Mon Feb 15 06:08:39 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V12N1_1978_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

%%% v12 n2 has a journal redesign, with a table of contents showing only
%%% first author family names and initial page numbers.  Page numbers
%%% appear on the left edge, but are sometimes truncated to the last one
%%% or two digits in the PDF file.  The page layout of all of volume 12
%%% is landscape.  Pages with author biographies and comments sometimes
%%% precede the title page, but are included in the page range.

@Article{Bormuth:1978:VVL,
  author =       "John Bormuth",
  title =        "Value and Volume of Literacy",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XII",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "118--161",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1978",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V12N2_1978_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "This study set out to determine the volume and
                 monetary value of literacy and to trace their growth
                 over the past generation. The literacy consumed was
                 taken to be the information that people exchange via
                 the written word, and the literacy production industry
                 was seen as having three major components --- one that
                 produces materials, another that distributes them, and
                 a third that teaches people to read and write. Various
                 product counts were used to index the volume of output
                 for each production component, and the time that people
                 spend reading and writing was used to index the volume
                 of literacy consumed. These unit counts were examined
                 individually within each component, comparing them to
                 population size to determine their growth during the
                 period studied. Then dollar values were assigned to
                 these unit measures, and a national literacy account
                 was formed, first, to estimate the total monetary value
                 of the nation's literacy and, second, to estimate the
                 net value of literacy and the benefit-cost ratio of the
                 literacy program and to examine their trends. It was
                 possible to infer from these data that a large and
                 growing fraction of the population has reached a high
                 and increasing level of literacy, that literacy has
                 been worth many times what it cost to produce, that
                 literacy is one of the nation's most important economic
                 activities, that personal and social investments in
                 literacy have been rising, but that the nation has yet
                 to reach the point where it would consider itself
                 literate.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Arnheim:1978:SAG,
  author =       "Rudolf Arnheim",
  title =        "Spatial Aspects of Graphological Expression",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XII",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "162--170",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1978",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V12N2_1978_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The spatial character of a piece of writing or reading
                 is perceptually twofold. Writing and reading establish
                 a close bodily and mental relation between a writer or
                 reader and the surface on which letters are formed.
                 This relation involves two different attitudes.
                 Attitude I, an orthographic relationship to letters, is
                 dominated by vision and evokes a sense of rising and
                 conquering or its opposite, stability. Attitude II, a
                 horizontal relationship, is dominated by action and
                 evokes the senses of near and far, outgoing and
                 withholding, active and passive. In the process of
                 writing or reading the attitudes fuse, combining a
                 detached self with a self that actively engages in
                 reaching a goal.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Cowie:1978:BCA,
  author =       "Frederick J. Cowie",
  title =        "{Boniface} (c. 675--754): Archbishop, Legate, and
                 {Postmaster General}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XII",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "171--182",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1978",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V12N2_1978_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Boniface was the prime mover in the transalpine Church
                 during the eighth century, forming dioceses in Germany
                 while reorganizing and reforming those in Bavaria and
                 Frankland. To accomplish this, he made use of a
                 communion of believers, including Anglo-Saxons, Franks,
                 Germans and Italians. Among the participants were
                 monks, nuns, counts, kings and popes. To keep this
                 spiritalis communio alive and healthy, Boniface had to
                 devise a communication system which covered all of
                 Roman Christendom. His postal service consisted
                 primarily of highly educated priests, performing the
                 duties of mailmen, delivery men and
                 ambassadors-at-large. This network of envoys formed a
                 ``barbarian'' answer to the Roman cursus publicis,
                 while laying the groundwork for the missi dominici of
                 Charlemagne's empire.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Hartley:1978:ELL,
  author =       "James Hartley and Peter Burnhill and Lindsey Davis",
  title =        "The Effects of Line Length and Paragraph Denotation on
                 Retrieval of Information from Prose Text",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XII",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "183--194",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1978",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V12N2_1978_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Grade-school children read either two-column (each
                 column 20 ems) of a single-column (42 ems) of text in
                 one of four ways that indicated new paragraphs.
                 Students were assigned to find missing words to measure
                 the readability of the various systems. The results
                 suggest that a two-column layout with traditional
                 paragraphing denotation is preferable to a
                 single-column in terms of cost-effectiveness; however,
                 an extreme line-length does not place an undue strain
                 on the reader.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Duffelmeyer:1978:VCP,
  author =       "Frederick Duffelmeyer",
  title =        "The Vowel Cluster: Pronunciation Preferences of
                 Proficient and Non-Proficient Adult Readers",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XII",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "195--200",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1978",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V12N2_1978_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The purpose of this research was to determine whether
                 the results of a study conducted by Johnson and Venezky
                 (1976) are generalizable to non-proficient adult
                 readers. One hundred eight college undergraduates for
                 whom grade-equivalent scores on a standardized reading
                 test were available were administered the same
                 pronunciation test used by Johnson and Venezky. The
                 pronunciation test data of the subjects whose
                 grade-equivalent scores placed them in either the upper
                 (proficient readers) or lower (non-proficient readers)
                 quartiles were subsequently analyzed. The proficient
                 reader results coincided with the Johnson and Venezky
                 results, but the non-proficient reader results did not.
                 These data were interpreted as suggesting that the
                 vowel cluster pronunciation preferences of adult
                 readers vary as a function of reading competency.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Foster:1978:LLR,
  author =       "Jeremy Foster",
  title =        "Locating Legibility Research: a Guide for the Graphic
                 Designer",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XII",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "201--205",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1978",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V12N2_1978_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "A review of legibility research published between 1972
                 and 1976 yielded 285 references. The journals which
                 most frequently contain reports on legibility research
                 are indicated. A list of those journals likely to be
                 most useful to the designer wishing to keep abreast of
                 the literature is provided.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Weber:1978:BRW,
  author =       "Rose-Marie Weber",
  title =        "Book Review: What did {I} write? {Marie M. Clay.
                 \booktitle{What Did I Write?} Auckland: Heinemann
                 Educational Books, 1975. 7 1/2 $ \times $ 9 inches. 78
                 pp.}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XII",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "206--209",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1978",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Mon Feb 15 06:25:40 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V12N2_1978_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Baudin:1978:AFD,
  author =       "Fernand Baudin and Dirk Wendt and Ana Fisch",
  title =        "Abstracts: {Fran{\c{c}}ais}; {Deutsch};
                 {Espa{\~n}ol}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XII",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "211--219",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1978",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Mon Feb 15 06:25:40 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V12N2_1978_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1978:Ab,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Authors",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XII",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "220--221",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1978",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Mon Feb 15 06:25:40 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V12N2_1978_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1978:GI,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "General Information",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XII",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "222--222",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1978",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Mon Feb 15 06:25:40 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V12N2_1978_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Wrolstad:1978:SOM,
  author =       "Merald E. Wrolstad",
  title =        "[{Statement} of Ownership, Management and Circulation
                 of \booktitle{Visible Language}]",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XII",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "222--222",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1978",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Mon Feb 15 06:25:40 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V12N2_1978_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "The report says 1784 average copies per issue for past
                 twelve months.",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1978:C,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Colophon",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XII",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "222--222",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1978",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Mon Feb 15 06:25:40 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V12N2_1978_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "This issue is set in 9 on 12 Press Roman by IBM
                 Selectric to facilitate the drop-down paragraphing.
                 Wide tables and wide-measure reading examples suggested
                 the major shift in format. Design by Ed Fisher Jr.,
                 Pittsburgh.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

%%% V12N3_1978_E.pdf is missing from the Web site, so the contents
%%% of this issue cannot yet be checked, corrected, and completed.

@Article{Hedges:1978:CWM,
  author =       "Inez Hedges",
  title =        "Cinematic Writing of {Maurice Roche}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XII",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "??--??",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1978",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V12N3_1978_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Abstract not available.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Hubert:1978:PVP,
  author =       "Ren{\'e}e Riese Hubert",
  title =        "{Ponge}: Visual and Poetic Writing",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XII",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "??--??",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1978",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V12N3_1978_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Abstract not available.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Andermatt:1978:WLL,
  author =       "Verna Andermatt",
  title =        "Writing the Letter: Lower-Case of h{\'e}l{\`e}ne
                 cixous",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XII",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "??--??",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1978",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V12N3_1978_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Abstract not available.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{McKenna:1978:DHP,
  author =       "A. J. McKenna",
  title =        "{Derrida} and His Precursors",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XII",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "??--??",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1978",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V12N3_1978_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Abstract not available.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Conley:1978:S,
  author =       "Tom Conley",
  title =        "{Serres} ({{\'E}})",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XII",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "??--??",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1978",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V12N3_1978_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Abstract not available.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Lydon:1978:LLM,
  author =       "Mary Lydon",
  title =        "Love Letters: {Michel Butor} and Visible Language",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XII",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "??--??",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1978",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V12N3_1978_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Abstract not available.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Ames:1978:MLD,
  author =       "S. S. Ames",
  title =        "{Mallarm{\'e}}'s Letters in {Duras}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XII",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "??--??",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1978",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V12N3_1978_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Abstract not available.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Rodriguez:1978:RWV,
  author =       "L. S. Rodriguez",
  title =        "Readable\slash Writable\slash Visible",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XII",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "??--??",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1978",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V12N3_1978_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Abstract not available.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

%%% PDF file V12N4_1978_E has jumbled pages

@Article{Anonymous:1978:ABa,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "{Advisory Board}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "388--388",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1978",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Mon Feb 15 06:51:21 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V12N4_1978_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Wrolstad:1978:GIS,
  author =       "Merald E. Wrolstad",
  title =        "General Information. {Subscription} Rates. {Reprints}
                 and Back Copies. {Manuscripts}. {Letters} to the
                 Editor. {Advertising}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "389--389",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1978",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Mon Feb 15 06:51:21 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V12N4_1978_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Marcel:1978:URE,
  author =       "Tony Marcel",
  title =        "Unconscious Reading: Experiments on People Who Do Not
                 Know They Are Reading",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "391--404",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1978",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "See correction in figure layout
                 \cite{Anonymous:1979:ERT}.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V12N4_1978_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The work reported in this paper is theoretically,
                 methodologically and practically relevant for reading
                 in particular and perception in general. It is relevant
                 theoretically because it forces a distinction between
                 conscious and unconscious processes. It is relevant
                 methodologically because it suggests the importance of
                 investigating perceptual processes in an indirect way.
                 It is relevant practically because assessment of
                 reading ability often relies on oral performance and
                 this many turn out not always to reflect what we mean
                 by ``reading.''",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Cosmos:1978:TVS,
  author =       "Spencer Cosmos",
  title =        "Toward a Visual Stylistics: Assent and Denial in
                 {Chaucer}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "406--427",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1978",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V12N4_1978_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "In this essay I describe a distribution among various
                 expressions meaning ``yes'' and ``no'' in the poetry of
                 Geoffrey Chaucer. Although it is true that the
                 distinctions receive phonological as well as graphic
                 expression, it is nevertheless my argument that the
                 systemic character of the contrasts belongs
                 fundamentally and essentially to visible rather than to
                 audible language. I demonstrate this by showing that
                 variations in the spelling of these expressions,
                 distinguishing no from nay and yes from yea, are quite
                 explicably systematic in the highly literate poetry of
                 Chaucer, but in free variation in records preserving
                 the oral traditions of alliterative verse. The
                 implication of this research which I believe will most
                 interest students of writing is this: if it is true
                 that these contrasts --- which are expressed both in
                 writing and speech --- are systemic only in writing,
                 then the visible form of expression must be afforded
                 the status of language in every significant sense of
                 that term as used in modern linguistics. In this
                 research we have, in other words, further evidence that
                 writing and speech are not simply alternative modes of
                 expressing language, but rather that each is quite
                 fully and integrally a language in its own right.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Cox:1978:GCP,
  author =       "Charles H. {Cox III} and Barry A. Blesser and Murray
                 Eden",
  title =        "Graphical Context of Printed Characters",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "428--447",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1978",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V12N4_1978_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The notion of a grammar together with the concept of
                 contextual modification of meaning have proved to be
                 powerful means for studying verbal communication. It is
                 natural to seek to apply these methods to other modes
                 of communication. Not surprisingly, attempts along this
                 line have already been made. For example, Eden and
                 Halle (1959, 1961) first presented a grammar for
                 cursive English writing in 1959. He decomposed words
                 into strokes and further decomposed strokes into
                 segments. Rankin and co-workers (1965, 1966, 1970)
                 presented a generative grammar for Chinese ideograms.
                 This grammar, when used in conjunction with a lexicon
                 of basic shapes, was capable of generating 80\% of the
                 ideograms in Mattheus' (1960) dictionary. More
                 recently, Rosenfeld (1975) has explored Web grammars as
                 a means for representing general two-dimensional
                 images.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Mosenthal:1978:WRR,
  author =       "Peter Mosenthal and Sean Walmsley and Richard
                 Allington",
  title =        "Word Recognition Reconsidered: Toward a Multi-Context
                 Model",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "448--468",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1978",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V12N4_1978_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "A significant yet poorly understood question in the
                 literature of reading research is what is meant by the
                 process of ``decoding'' or ``word recognition.'' Of
                 particular interest are the differences between good
                 and poor readers with respect to these skills. Although
                 much research has been conducted in an attempt to
                 define ``decoding'' and ``word recognition,'' this
                 research has been quite fragmented. This stems partly
                 from the fact that this research has focused equally on
                 a few variables at a time --- e.g., word frequency,
                 word length, word meaningfulness and word imagery ---
                 and has failed to control for the interaction between
                 these variables. Another reason is that there has been
                 little attempt to operationalize systematically what it
                 means to say a word has been ``decoded.'' Most
                 operational definitions of decoding have emphasized
                 identification or reproduction of physical aspects of a
                 word; e.g., speed by which words can be pronounced,
                 recognized or compared under various tachistoscopic
                 time-frame conditions.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Baudin:1978:RAAd,
  author =       "Fernand Baudin and Dirk Wendt and Ana Fisch",
  title =        "R{\'e}sum{\'e} des Articles [Abstracts of Journal
                 Articles in {French}, {German}, and {Spanish}]",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "469--474",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1978",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Mon Feb 15 06:51:21 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V12N4_1978_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Wrolstad:1978:AB,
  author =       "Merald E. Wrolstad",
  title =        "{Advisory Board}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "475--475",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1978",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Mon Feb 15 06:51:21 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V12N4_1978_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1978:IVX,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Index to {Volume XII}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "476--479",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1978",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Mon Feb 15 06:51:21 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V12N4_1978_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1978:CNB,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Credits. {Note}. {Back} numbers",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "480--480",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1978",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Mon Feb 15 06:51:21 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V12N4_1978_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

%%% v13 reverts to conventional portrait, but the PDF scans
%%% are two-up landscape.  No months or seasons are present on the
%%% cover page.

@Article{Lehman:1979:TLC,
  author =       "Charles Lehman",
  title =        "Teaching and Learning The Craft of Handwriting",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIII",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "4--15",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1979",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V13N1_1979_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Handwriting is a traditional craft in its own right
                 with its own criteria of quality. Successful selection
                 of appropriate tools, techniques and letter designs for
                 modern handwriting education requires a collaboration
                 of experienced classroom teachers, educational
                 researchers and traditional craftsmen to share their
                 understanding of the developing psychology of the
                 learner, the historical and modern development of
                 handwriting models and the techniques and materials
                 needed for personal proficiency in performing the
                 craft. The result of such collaboration can be found in
                 writings of some calligraphers and in the instructional
                 programs currently used in some schools.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Graves:1979:LCS,
  author =       "Donald H. Graves",
  title =        "Let Children Show Us How to Help Them Write",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIII",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "16--28",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1979",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "See \cite{Ebsen:1980:C}.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V13N1_1979_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Preliminary findings are presented from a current
                 two-year MIE case study observing the development of
                 primary children's composing, spelling, and motor
                 behaviors during the writing process. Handwriting is
                 influenced by all phases of the writing process and
                 problems unique to different stages of the writer's
                 development. Children's earliest efforts at writing
                 resemble their speech habits in their lack of
                 organization. Later, when children choose their own
                 writing topics, the language for expression, and
                 written format, the compositions become more
                 successful. Handwriting is one component of writing
                 that illustrates the nature of children's decision
                 making processes. Teachers attempt to guide the
                 children's craft to greater clarity in drawing letters,
                 word order, word separation, page placement, and later,
                 in rewriting and use of prosodic techniques.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Macleod:1979:DAT,
  author =       "Iain Macleod and Peter Procter",
  title =        "A Dynamic Approach to Teaching Handwriting Skills",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIII",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "29--42",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1979",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "See \cite{Ebsen:1980:C}.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V13N1_1979_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "A computer-based system for teaching handwriting
                 skills has been developed, using a graphic display
                 screen and a hand-held ``pen.'' The system is such that
                 exercises can be completed only by executing the
                 required sequence of strokes in the specified order and
                 direction and within a preset accuracy. In the simplest
                 presentation, a thin guideline is displayed for each
                 stroke in turn. The computer responds to correct pen
                 movements by leaving a thicker track behind. Incorrect
                 pen movements are ignored and a blinking spot calls
                 attention to the point where the pen should be. The
                 resultant visual pattern is the teacher's well-formed
                 example rather than the student's actual strokes, thus
                 reinforcing the appearance of the desired result rather
                 than the student's possibly ill-formed attempts. The
                 system emphasizes the process used in creating cursive
                 writing as well as the appearance of the product and,
                 in one application, has been used to teach fluent
                 signatures to intellectually handicapped students.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Rhodes:1979:CDN,
  author =       "Chris Rhodes",
  title =        "Considerations for the Design of a New Pen Range",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIII",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "43--48",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1979",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V13N1_1979_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Basic questions that confront a pen designer begin
                 with the style of the nib. Apart from specialists' pens
                 used for commercial marking or technical graphics, the
                 designer is restricted to the fountain pen, the
                 ballpoint, the fibre-tip, the plastic-tip, and the
                 roller-tip. Unique, specialized inks and reservoir
                 systems serve each of these kinds of pens. Each pen's
                 usability is directly affected by its barrel design,
                 which can vary in size for children and adults.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Briem:1979:WHF,
  author =       "Gunnlauger S. E. Briem",
  title =        "Wanted: Handwriting to Fit Pens",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIII",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "49--62",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1979",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "See \cite{Ebsen:1980:C}.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V13N1_1979_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The limited range of the pointed pen restricted the
                 range of movements that make up the copperplate hand.
                 The ball-point and the fibre-tip can write in any
                 direction and do not fit the motion patterns that
                 modern handwriting inherited from the copperplate.
                 Analysis of the late roman cursive, a monoline
                 documentary hand, might yield some alternative
                 solutions in the rethinking of handwriting models for
                 children.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Gray:1979:TNH,
  author =       "Nicolete Gray",
  title =        "Towards a New Handwriting Adapted to the Ballpoint
                 Pen",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIII",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "63--69",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1979",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "See \cite{Ebsen:1980:C}.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V13N1_1979_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Modern ballpoint and fibre pens are radically
                 different in design and construction, and they can move
                 with equal ease in all directions. The capacity for
                 all-direction line movement fosters development of more
                 convenient and efficient letter designs and
                 combinations. After rejecting the typographic models
                 and debased cursive designs used for formal writing in
                 the past, the natural scribble of children is taken as
                 a beginning point for all-direction cursive writing. By
                 integrating such handwriting with the teaching of
                 reading and other language arts, the habit of legible
                 handwriting can easily flow into an adult hand
                 characterized as fast, pleasurable, and flexible enough
                 for individual expression. Certain historic hands, late
                 roman cursive, gothic, and secretary, offer examples of
                 contradictory rhythms that support the goal of
                 all-direction writing movement. Specific new models are
                 presented for modern writing but only as provisional
                 designs. Experimental interpretations are encouraged;
                 standard techniques for penhold are questioned in favor
                 of new possibilities that reflect the all-direction
                 approach to writing.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Osley:1979:CRH,
  author =       "A. S. Osley",
  title =        "Cannons of {Renaissance} Handwriting",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIII",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "70--94",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1979",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "See \cite{Ebsen:1980:C}.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V13N1_1979_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Due to the greatly increased demand for clear, rapid
                 handwriting by secretaries in the service of
                 government, church, and commerce, Renaissance writing
                 masters found themselves playing an important role as
                 instructors. In producing their manuals for students,
                 the writing masters utilized the recent technically
                 developed script of scholars and diplomats and
                 churchmen, the cancellaresca cursiva. The teaching of
                 seven Renaissance writing masters is assembled to
                 examine separately what the masters had to say about
                 basic elements of writing --- slope, pen angle, letter
                 proportion, length of ascenders, spacing, and joining.
                 Having thus identified the fundamental canons that
                 regulated the classic chancery hand of the Renaissance,
                 the author applies them to modern systems of italic
                 handwriting and concludes that the models of Alfred
                 Fairbank as seen in his Handwriting Manual and the
                 Beacon Writing Series come closest to the spirit and
                 teaching of the early writing masters. He supports the
                 use of the edged pen as a teaching aid for young
                 children.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Baudin:1979:RAAa,
  author =       "Fernand Baudin and Dirk Wendt and Ana Fisch",
  title =        "R{\'e}sum{\'e} des Articles [Abstracts of Journal
                 Articles in {French}, {German}, and {Spanish}]",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIII",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "95--99",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1979",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Mon Feb 15 07:15:19 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V13N1_1979_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1979:Aa,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "The Authors",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIII",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "100--101",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1979",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Mon Feb 15 07:15:19 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V13N1_1979_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1979:GIa,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "General Information",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIII",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "102--103",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1979",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Mon Feb 15 07:15:19 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V13N1_1979_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Wrolstad:1979:SOM,
  author =       "Merald E. Wrolstad",
  title =        "[{Statement} of Ownership, Management and Circulation
                 of \booktitle{Visible Language}]",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIII",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "103--103",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1979",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Mon Feb 15 07:15:19 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V13N1_1979_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "The report says 1788 average copies per issue for past
                 twelve months.",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1979:GIb,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "General Information",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIII",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "107--107",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1979",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Mon Feb 15 08:01:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V13N2_1979_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Wendt:1979:EAI,
  author =       "Dirk Wendt",
  title =        "An Experimental Approach to the Improvement of the
                 Typographic Design of Textbooks",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIII",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "108--133",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1979",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V13N2_1979_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Three different approaches were taken to try to
                 improve the legibility of a textbook for secondary
                 school: (1) two columns of about 58 mm (15 picas) line
                 width instead of one column of about 126 mm (32 picas)
                 line width, (2) insertion of additional space between
                 the constituents of the sentences to convey the phrase
                 structure of the text, and (3) ``visualizing'' the
                 information by structuring it vertically and
                 horizontally in such a way that the total design is
                 more appropriate to the visual medium. In an
                 experimental test of a lesson in physics printed in a
                 standard version and in the above three experimental
                 versions, given to 600 students, only the third on
                 (``visualization'') showed an improvement over the
                 standard version.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Unger:1979:DT,
  author =       "Gerard Unger",
  title =        "The Design of a Typeface",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIII",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "134--149",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1979",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V13N2_1979_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The design of Demos typeface was the result of
                 technical as well as aesthetic considerations. Demos
                 was designed for the Hell CRT Digiset, an electronic
                 composition process that creates type by vertical
                 lines. Curves and angles appear smooth only after
                 emulsion. Rather than falling back on hot-metal
                 methods, the unique characteristics of the Digiset were
                 used to determine the design, ever mindful that visual
                 appearance is the final arbiter of any letterform
                 design. All of the type for this issue of Visible
                 Language has been set in Demos for the Hell Digiset; a
                 few of the typographic elements have been set in the
                 companion face Praxis.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Brann:1979:MDP,
  author =       "Noel L. Brann",
  title =        "A Monastic Dilemma Posed by the Invention of Printing:
                 the Context of {{\booktitle{De laude Scriptorum
                 Manualium}}} by {Abbot Johann Trithemius}
                 (1462--1516)",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIII",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "150--167",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1979",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V13N2_1979_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "By no means was the invention of printing universally
                 looked upon by contemporary witnesses an unqualifiable
                 progressive step in the history of mankind; in the
                 monastic scriptorium, for example, the printing art
                 came out into direct competition with the
                 long-cultivated art of handcopying. A Benedictine abbot
                 living in the age of incunabula, the Abbot Trithemius
                 of Sponheim near Kreuznach in Germany, composed his
                 De-laude scriptorum manualium (1492) in support of the
                 proposition that the handcopying of texts is in many
                 respects superior to printing. However, the author was
                 not hostile to the printing art in principle, viewing
                 it on balance as a divinely inspired aid in the golden
                 age of monastic erudition. Far from being a reactionary
                 in the face of the printing revolution, Trithemius was
                 one of printing's most vigorous Renaissance
                 advocates.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Marmolin:1979:MRP,
  author =       "Hans Marmolin and Lars-G{\"o}ran Nilsson and Hans
                 Smedshammar",
  title =        "Mediated Reading Process of the Partially Sighted",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIII",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "168--183",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1979",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V13N2_1979_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The model presented extend current theorizing about
                 reading by relating the underlying processes of skilled
                 and average readers to those of poor readers. While the
                 non-mediated reading process for skilled readers is
                 immediately directed to the meaning of a word, the
                 reading process for poor readers is mediated by the
                 interruption of the individual letters constituting the
                 word. The continuous interaction between the
                 interpretation of single letters and reading for
                 meaning of the word is what determines the slow reading
                 rate for poor readers. An empirical study was carried
                 out to demonstrate the viability of the present
                 approach. A series of measures were derived to compare
                 the reading process for good and poor partially sighted
                 readers. The locus of the difference in reading rate
                 between the two groups of subjects was confined mainly
                 to the peripheral subprocesses of reading whereas the
                 deeper and more semantic levels of the reading process
                 were less affected.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Larcher:1979:DWL,
  author =       "Jean Larcher",
  title =        "A Different Way of Looking at Typography",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIII",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "184--191",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1979",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V13N2_1979_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Despite the mechanization and mass production of
                 typography, some letter design still retains the
                 aesthetic qualities of individual, hand-executed
                 design. My work is influenced by studies of calligraphy
                 and optical illusions. In addition, the innovative
                 lettering of American graphic artists has shown me
                 semantic influences of letter design in which form
                 contributed to meaning. Nowhere is this concept more
                 alive than in the logotype, the letterform symbol that
                 reflects the essence of a company or institution.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Wendt:1979:KBAa,
  author =       "Dirk Wendt and Fernand Baudin and Ana Fisch",
  title =        "{Kurzfassung der Beitr{\"a}ge} [{Abstracts} of Journal
                 Articles in {German}, {French}, and {Spanish}]",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIII",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "192--197",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1979",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Mon Feb 15 08:01:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V13N2_1979_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1979:Ab,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "The Authors",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIII",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "198--198",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1979",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Mon Feb 15 08:01:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V13N2_1979_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1979:ERT,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Errata: {Re: Tony Marcel, ``Unconscious Reading:
                 Experiments on People Who Do Not Know That They Are
                 Reading,'' XII 4 (Autumn 1978), pp. 319--404}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIII",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "199--200",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1979",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Mon Feb 15 08:01:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "See \cite{Marcel:1978:URE}.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V13N2_1979_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Correction of figure layout.",
}

%%% V13N3_1979_E.pdf is missing pages 346--347

@Article{Anonymous:1979:GIc,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "General Information",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIII",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "207--207",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1979",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Mon Feb 15 08:13:25 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V13N3_1979_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Wing:1979:ISI,
  author =       "Alan M. Wing",
  title =        "Introduction to This Special Issue [on Behavioural
                 Studies of the Handwriting Skill]",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIII",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "208--208",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1979",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Mon Feb 15 08:13:25 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V13N3_1979_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Woodworth:1979:FHU,
  author =       "R. S. Woodworth",
  title =        "Facility of Handwriting Using Different Movements",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIII",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "209--217",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1979",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V13N3_1979_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "R. S. Woodworth is best known among psychologists for
                 his text Experimental Psychology. However, early in his
                 career he produced a research monograph on the accuracy
                 of voluntary movement which included a section on
                 different ways of producing handwriting movements. We
                 reproduce this section here for two reasons: on the one
                 hand it is an early example of a psychologist's
                 interest in handwriting, which he followed up with
                 careful observation; on the other hand it provides a
                 basis for comparison to show the extent to which
                 current work on behavioral aspects of handwriting is
                 not only concerned with measurement but has progressed
                 to possible theoretical interpretation.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Tuelings:1979:CAA,
  author =       "Hans-Leo H. M. Tuelings and Arnold J. W. M.
                 Thomassen",
  title =        "Computer-Aided Analysis of Handwriting Movements",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIII",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "218--231",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1979",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V13N3_1979_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The paper attempts to demonstrate that writing
                 movements --- once recorded on a suitable xy-digitizer
                 --- can be processed and analyzed by means of a
                 computer for many different purposes. This method is
                 used in the authors' laboratory to study the human
                 writing apparatus and, to a smaller extent, the reading
                 of handwriting. From the writing movement certain time
                 and frequency functions are derived and the kinds of
                 information that may be obtained from these functions
                 are briefly indicated. Some feasible practical
                 applications are discussed, and the paper concludes
                 with a suggestion on a new kind of writing
                 instruction.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Watson:1979:CCS,
  author =       "R. S. Watson and P. J. Pobgee",
  title =        "A Computer to Check Signatures",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIII",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "232--238",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1979",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V13N3_1979_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "A growing need to check people's identity
                 automatically --- as a safeguard against crime --- has
                 led to the development of a computer that verifies
                 signatures by the speed and sequence of pen movements
                 as well as by the finished sample.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Ansell:1979:HCF,
  author =       "Michael Ansell",
  title =        "Handwriting Classification of Forsenic Science",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIII",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "239--251",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1979",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V13N3_1979_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Recent methods of classification of features in
                 handwriting for use in the forensic examination of
                 documents are described, including the computerized
                 system of classification. Developments in the
                 statistical analysis of the way people construct
                 numbers and lay out their writing are reviewed. The
                 potential usefulness of these systems in quantifying
                 the current document examiners' scale of probability
                 for attributing questioned writings to particular
                 authors is examined.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Hollerbach:1979:CMH,
  author =       "John Hollerbach",
  title =        "A Competence Model of Handwriting",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIII",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "252--264",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1979",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V13N3_1979_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "It is proposed that handwriting production is
                 fundamentally an oscillatory process arising from two
                 orthogonal joints. Letter shapes emerge from an
                 oscillation train by a process of constrained
                 modulation. The choice of underlying oscillation and
                 modulations limits the diversity of letter shapes and
                 gives rise to a common writing style. The model was
                 tested by synthetic production of human-like cursive
                 script with a mechanical arm under computer control. In
                 this simulation the vertical joint acts as the driving
                 joint, the horizontal joint as the shaping joint.
                 Various force constraints on the oscillations and
                 modulations are proposed.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Ellis:1979:SP,
  author =       "Andrew W. Ellis",
  title =        "Slips of the Pen",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIII",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "265--282",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1979",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V13N3_1979_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "A corpus of the author's own slips of the pen is
                 analyzed. Four processing levels --- lexical,
                 graphemic, allographic, and graphic --- are postulated
                 with different types of error being assigned to
                 different levels in the production of handwriting.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Wing:1979:VHC,
  author =       "Alan M. Wing",
  title =        "Variability of Handwritten Characters",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIII",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "283--298",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1979",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V13N3_1979_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Two aspects of the variability of handwriting are
                 considered. In the first part there is a discussion of
                 the effects of variability in the shapes of letters on
                 the legibility. An experiment to compare the relative
                 advantages of cursive and block capital writing is
                 summarized. The second part summarizes experiments
                 concerned with the time taken to prepare handwriting
                 movements and with the variability of the timing of
                 movements in the execution of handwriting.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Thomassen:1979:DDP,
  author =       "Arnold J. W. M. Thomassen and Hans-Leo H. M.
                 Tuelings",
  title =        "The Development of Directional Preference in Writing
                 Movements",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIII",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "299--313",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1979",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V13N3_1979_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The paper looks into the origin and the development
                 with age of the preference to make either clockwise or
                 counterclockwise curves and contours in writing and
                 drawing. Twenty-six subjects of four age groups
                 performed four writing and drawing tasks. Two of these
                 were writing single symbols and accurately copying
                 patterns; the other two were free scribbling and
                 drawing repeated circles at a high rate. The developing
                 directional preferences that were observed between four
                 years of age and adulthood suggest that two
                 semi-independent motor systems are involved in writing:
                 one, more primitive, for rapid non-figurative tasks
                 evolving from flexion-first to extension-first; the
                 other, which occurs later but more rapidly under a
                 higher degree of cognitive control, for precision and
                 symbolic functions, favoring counterclockwise curves,
                 irrespective of the writing hand.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Sovik:1979:SCP,
  author =       "Nils S{\o}vik",
  title =        "Some Constructional Parameters Related to Children's
                 Copying Performance",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIII",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "314--330",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1979",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V13N3_1979_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Copying is a common technique for training
                 perceptuo-motor skills such as handwriting. An
                 experiment is described in which stimuli to be copied
                 were presented dynamically or statically close to or
                 distant from children seven and ten years old. The
                 implications of the results for teaching handwriting
                 are discussed.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Kao:1979:HE,
  author =       "Henry S. R. Kao",
  title =        "Handwriting Ergonomics",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIII",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "331--339",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1979",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V13N3_1979_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The purpose of this paper is to suggest a conceptual
                 framework for the handwriting system, consisting of
                 three elements: the hand, the writing instrument, and
                 paper. Within this system the hand control mechanism,
                 the writing instrument design, and their integration in
                 the dynamic writing on the paper are discussed relative
                 to efficient, legible, motivated as well as
                 fatigue-reducing handwriting performance. Based on this
                 system framework, an overview of relevant studies and a
                 proposal for needed areas of research are presented.
                 Designs of the writing instruments (in terms of
                 penpoints, shanks, and other physical characteristics),
                 the reduction of writing fatigue, and comparisons of
                 various instruments are analyzed.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Wendt:1979:KBAb,
  author =       "Dirk Wendt and Fernand Baudin and Ana Fisch",
  title =        "{Kurzfassung der Beitr{\"a}ge} [{Abstracts} of Journal
                 Articles in {German}, {French}, and {Spanish}]",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIII",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "341--345",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1979",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Mon Feb 15 08:13:25 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V13N3_1979_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1979:Ac,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "The Authors",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIII",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "346--347",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1979",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Mon Feb 15 08:13:25 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V13N3_1979_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1979:Ad,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Abstracts",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "350--351",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1979",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Mon Feb 15 08:28:03 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V13N4_1979_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Poggenpohl:1979:GDP,
  author =       "Sharon Poggenpohl",
  title =        "Graphic Design: a Practice in Search of Theory",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "352--357",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1979",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V13N4_1979_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Over the past two years, Visible Language conducted an
                 international survey of design schools in order to
                 determine the kind and vitality of the research effort.
                 This special issue presents the theory, research, and
                 visual experiment that was discovered. The need for
                 developing a theoretical structure, a more integrated
                 approach to research and its impact on design education
                 is explored. The problems associated with these tasks
                 are analyzed.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Ockerse:1979:SGD,
  author =       "Thomas Ockerse and Hans C. van Dijk",
  title =        "Semiotics and Graphic Design Education",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "358--378",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1979",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V13N4_1979_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The difficulty associated with establishing
                 definitions and goals in graphic design education are
                 explored followed by semiotic theory which is being
                 used as a structural basis and metalanguage for
                 students within the graphic design program at the Rhode
                 Island School of Design. Thomas Ockerse and Hans C. van
                 Dijk collaborated in the design of an innovative
                 curriculum which identifies significant communication
                 principles and develops an experimental approach with
                 emphasis on identification of alternative visual
                 possibilities. Specific problems are discussed in terms
                 of theory and complemented by a visual presentation of
                 related student work.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Stuhr:1979:LFT,
  author =       "David Stuhr",
  title =        "A Language of Form: The Two-Dimensional Isometric
                 System",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "379--409",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1979",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V13N4_1979_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Designers create form in relation to processes or
                 materials, but tradition in design has not established
                 an objective method of inquiry that would lead to an
                 understanding of the relationships present in forms.
                 Rather, a subjective, nonintellectual, nonacademic
                 precedent has persisted. Because an objective method of
                 inquiry, one which would result in an augmented
                 perception and comprehension of form in relation to the
                 visual world, is desirable a recent and extensive
                 search of the current literature was undertaken. This
                 search revealed that an objective point of view does
                 not exist, but a system of relationships used by
                 physical scientists --- classical symmetry theory ---
                 could be adapted for design studies. This system
                 reflects an objective point of view, requires a
                 rigorous academic discipline, and has the possibility
                 of extensive application. Ultimately, it may lead to
                 the formation and conventionalization of a visual
                 language.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Manning:1979:NVD,
  author =       "Robert Manning",
  title =        "Notes on the Visual Differential Theory",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "410--427",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1979",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V13N4_1979_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "This work attempts to de-mystify and objectify what
                 has been considered by many teachers, students, and
                 practitioners of visual communication to be an
                 intuitive process; namely, the creation of art and
                 communication design. Expressionist art and
                 communication design are not distinct and unrelated
                 practices but are part of a continuum which can be
                 identified and understood. The visual differential
                 theory develops a conceptual model which attempts to
                 show relationships between visual manipulation and its
                 effect on the communication process. The semantic
                 differential technique serves as the basis for
                 establishing the parameters of the model's components:
                 order, graphic, and literal. Once grasped, the model
                 provides the basis for systematic teaching and analysis
                 of the communication design.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Reynolds:1979:GIR,
  author =       "Linda Reynolds",
  title =        "The Graphic Information Research Unit: Background and
                 Recent Research",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "428--448",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1979",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V13N4_1979_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "For the past 8 years the Graphic Information Research
                 Unit has been working on various projects relating to
                 the legibility of scientific and technical information.
                 Much of this work has been funded by the British
                 Library, and has been concerned with problems such as
                 the degradation of printed images as a result of
                 copying processes, the effects of show-through and
                 other background patterns on legibility, the design of
                 typewritten and typeset bibliographics, the design of
                 COM catalogues, and the design of library guiding
                 systems. The Unit's survey of some of the problems of
                 providing adequate guiding in libraries and museums is
                 summarized, and two recent studies of COM catalogues
                 are described.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

%%% Page 449 is a landscape page of artwork

@Article{Bigelow:1979:NAT,
  author =       "Charles A. Bigelow",
  title =        "{Native American} Texts",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "450--450",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1979",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Mon Feb 15 08:28:03 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V13N4_1979_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{White:1979:WSD,
  author =       "Constance White",
  title =        "Writing System Design: Finding the Optimal Written
                 Translation of the {English} Language",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "451--451",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1979",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Mon Feb 15 08:28:03 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V13N4_1979_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Spencer:1979:IDB,
  author =       "Herbert Spencer and Linda Reynolds and Brian Coe",
  title =        "Image Degradation and Background Noise\slash
                 Legibility",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "452--452",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1979",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Mon Feb 15 08:28:03 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V13N4_1979_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Reynolds:1979:LRV,
  author =       "Linda Reynolds and Herbert Spencer and George Glaze",
  title =        "Legibility and Readability of {Viewdata} Displays",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "453--453",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1979",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Mon Feb 15 08:28:03 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V13N4_1979_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Skaggs:1979:TMV,
  author =       "Steven Skaggs",
  title =        "Type Manipulation with Video Technology",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "454--454",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1979",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Mon Feb 15 08:28:03 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V13N4_1979_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Tanaka:1979:IWD,
  author =       "Tadao Tanaka",
  title =        "Investigation of the Word Design in the Katakana Form
                 of {Japanese}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "455--455",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1979",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Mon Feb 15 08:28:03 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V13N4_1979_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Kuyper:1979:IHG,
  author =       "Jerry L. Kuyper",
  title =        "Investigation\slash Hand Gestures",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "456--456",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1979",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Mon Feb 15 08:28:03 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V13N4_1979_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Kuyper:1979:ZSS,
  author =       "Jerry L. Kuyper",
  title =        "Zoo Symbol Sign",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "457--457",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1979",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Mon Feb 15 08:28:03 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V13N4_1979_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Remington:1979:SG,
  author =       "R. Roger Remington",
  title =        "The Sign Game",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "458--459",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1979",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Mon Feb 15 08:28:03 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V13N4_1979_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Marcus:1979:VGI,
  author =       "Aaron Marcus",
  title =        "Visualizing Global Interdependencies",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "460--461",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1979",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Mon Feb 15 08:28:03 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V13N4_1979_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Remington:1979:HGD,
  author =       "R. Roger Remington",
  title =        "History of Graphic Design",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "462--462",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1979",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Mon Feb 15 08:28:03 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V13N4_1979_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1979:DTA,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Design Thesis Abstract",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "463--463",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1979",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Mon Feb 15 08:28:03 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V13N4_1979_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1979:CPS,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Class Project Survey",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "464--464",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1979",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Mon Feb 15 08:28:03 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V13N4_1979_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1979:Ca,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Contributors",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "465--466",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1979",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Mon Feb 15 08:28:03 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V13N4_1979_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Baudin:1979:RAAd,
  author =       "Fernand Baudin and Ana Fisch and Dirk Wendt",
  title =        "R{\'e}sum{\'e} des Articles [Abstracts of Journal
                 Articles in {French}, {Spanish}, and {German}]",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "467--470",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1979",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Mon Feb 15 08:28:03 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V13N4_1979_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1979:DN,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Design Notes",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "470--470",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1979",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Mon Feb 15 08:28:03 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V13N4_1979_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1979:Cb,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Colophon",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "470--470",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1979",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Mon Feb 15 08:28:03 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V13N4_1979_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1979:GId,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "General Information",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "471--471",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1979",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Mon Feb 15 08:28:03 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V13N4_1979_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

%%% v13 n4 p472 is an advertisement for the journal

@Article{Anonymous:1979:IVX,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Index [to {Volume XIII}]",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "473--475",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1979",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Mon Feb 15 08:28:03 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V13N4_1979_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Wrolstad:1979:AB,
  author =       "Merald E. Wrolstad",
  title =        "{Advisory Board}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "476--476",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1979",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Mon Feb 15 08:28:03 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V13N4_1979_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Wrolstad:1980:ABa,
  author =       "Merald E. Wrolstad",
  title =        "{Advisory Board}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIV",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "2--2",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1980",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Mon Feb 15 08:28:03 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V14N1_1980_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1980:GIa,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "General Information",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIV",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "3--4",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1980",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 06:22:16 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V14N1_1980_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Shimron:1980:DVI,
  author =       "Joseph Shimron and David Navon",
  title =        "The Distribution of Visual Information in the Vertical
                 Dimension of {Roman} and {Hebrew} Letters",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIV",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "5--12",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1980",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V14N1_1980_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Meares:1980:FGB,
  author =       "Olive Meares",
  title =        "Figure\slash ground, Brightness Contrast, and Reading
                 Disabilities",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIV",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "13--29",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1980",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V14N1_1980_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Wood:1980:VLP,
  author =       "Richard E. Wood",
  title =        "Visible Language Policy --- Bilingualism and
                 Multinlingualism on Postage Stamps",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIV",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "30--51",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1980",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V14N1_1980_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{James:1980:SAE,
  author =       "Jean M. James",
  title =        "Signs in {Ancient Egypt}: Another Look at the Relation
                 of Figure to Hieroglyph",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIV",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "52--61",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1980",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V14N1_1980_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Hartley:1980:SCT,
  author =       "James Hartley",
  title =        "Spatial Cues in Text: Some Comments on the paper by
                 {Frase \& Schwartz} (1980)",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIV",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "62--79",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1980",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "See corrections to layout \cite{Hartley:1980:C}.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V14N1_1980_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Ebsen:1980:C,
  author =       "Alf K. Ebsen",
  title =        "Correspondence",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIV",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "80--83",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1980",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Mon Feb 15 08:28:03 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "Comments on several papers in volume 13 number 1. See
                 replies
                 \cite{Briem:1980:CNL,Gray:1980:RE,Macleod:1980:RE,Graves:1980:RE,Osley:1980:RE}",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V14N1_1980_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Briem:1980:CNL,
  author =       "Gunnlauger S. E. Briem",
  title =        "Correspondence: No, late roman cursive wasn't a worm",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIV",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "84--84",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1980",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Mon Feb 15 08:28:03 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "See \cite{Ebsen:1980:C}.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V14N1_1980_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Gray:1980:RE,
  author =       "Nicolete Gray",
  title =        "Reply [to {Ebsen}]",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIV",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "85--86",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1980",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Mon Feb 15 08:28:03 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "See \cite{Ebsen:1980:C}.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V14N1_1980_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Macleod:1980:RE,
  author =       "Iain Macleod and Peter Procter",
  title =        "Reply [to {Ebsen}]",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIV",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "86--88",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1980",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Mon Feb 15 08:28:03 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "See \cite{Ebsen:1980:C}.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V14N1_1980_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Graves:1980:RE,
  author =       "Donald H. Graves",
  title =        "Reply [to {Ebsen}]",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIV",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "89--89",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1980",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Mon Feb 15 08:28:03 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "See \cite{Ebsen:1980:C}.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V14N1_1980_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Osley:1980:RE,
  author =       "A. S. Osley",
  title =        "Reply [to {Ebsen}]",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIV",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "89--90",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1980",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Mon Feb 15 08:28:03 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "See \cite{Ebsen:1980:C}.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V14N1_1980_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Flach:1980:RM,
  author =       "V. H. Flach",
  title =        "Righting's Merror",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIV",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "91--91",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1980",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Mon Feb 15 08:28:03 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V14N1_1980_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Baudin:1980:RAAa,
  author =       "Fernand Baudin and Dirk Wendt",
  title =        "R{\'e}sum{\'e} des Articles [Abstracts of Journal
                 Articles in {French} and {German}]",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIV",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "92--93",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1980",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Mon Feb 15 08:28:03 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V14N1_1980_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

%%% PDF file V14N2_1980_E.pdf has jumbled pages

@Article{Anonymous:1980:GIb,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "General Information",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIV",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "98--98",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1980",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 06:50:13 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V14N2_1980_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Stratton:1980:WCL,
  author =       "Jon Stratton",
  title =        "Writing and the Concept of Law in {Ancient Greece}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIV",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "99--121",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1980",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V14N2_1980_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The concept of law is too often treated as an
                 a-historical category; similarly, the impact of writing
                 (when used as a medium of communication) on the
                 conceptual order and on the social structure of a
                 society has been little analyzed. These two problems
                 are brought together in the context of ancient Greece
                 to demonstrate how the concepts ``law'' and ``justice''
                 developed in relation to changes in the social
                 structure of that society. The impact of writing on
                 Greek society not only produced the situation in which
                 these changes took place but also helped form those
                 changes.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Smith:1980:DCE,
  author =       "Philip T. Smith",
  title =        "In Defense of Conservatism in {English} Orthography",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIV",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "122--136",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1980",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V14N2_1980_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "English orthography presents the reader with many
                 different kinds of linguistic information beyond the
                 simple sound of the word. Evidence from a variety of
                 psycholinguistic tasks shows that both adults and
                 children can exploit this information and this could
                 enable them to read more efficiently. It is argued that
                 a fast and effective writing system need not stay close
                 to the phonemic detail of speech, and shorthand systems
                 are given as further examples of this. Some proposals
                 for spelling reform are briefly evaluated in the light
                 of this evidence.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Sakiey:1980:SFC,
  author =       "Elizabeth Sakiey and Edward Fry and Albert Goss and
                 Barry Loigman",
  title =        "A Syllable Frequency Count",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIV",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "137--150",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1980",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V14N2_1980_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "A frequency count of the syllables in an edited list
                 of the 5,000 most common English words generated an
                 unweighted list of the most common 322 syllables in
                 5,000 words and a list of 290 syllables weighted by the
                 frequency of occurrence of words of which the syllables
                 were constituents. The unweighted list contained 222
                 nonword-syllables and 100 word-syllables. The weighted
                 list contained 190 word-syllables and 100 non-word
                 syllables. The latter 290 syllables account for 72
                 percent of the 5,890,868 syllable tokens in the 5,000
                 most common English words. These lists are seen as a
                 potential base data for the development of curriculum
                 materials in reading, spelling and other areas. They
                 are also seen as a potential base data for
                 investigations and technologies in readability,
                 computer translation, verbal learning and language
                 acquisition.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Wright:1980:STD,
  author =       "Patricia Wright",
  title =        "Strategy and Tactics in the Design of Forms",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIV",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "151--193",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1980",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V14N2_1980_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "This paper reviews research investigations which
                 relate the design of a form to the difficulties people
                 have in completing the form. A distinction is drawn
                 between researchable issues which will have relevance
                 to many kind of forms (e.g., asking form-fillers to
                 delete what does not apply) and issues which are
                 specific to particular kinds of forms (e.g., the
                 interpretation of terminology). After suggesting that
                 fruitful interactions could be developed between those
                 asking strategic and those asking tactical questions,
                 it is concluded that those who seek simple recipes for
                 designing adequate forms have failed to understand the
                 complexities of the problem.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Lyttelton:1980:BS,
  author =       "Humphrey Lyttelton",
  title =        "`{Beware} of the Scribes'",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIV",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "194--203",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1980",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "This article originally appeared in No. 102 of
                 \booktitle{The journal of the Society for Italic
                 Handwriting} from which it is reprinted with
                 permission.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V14N2_1980_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "In an address to the Society for Italic Handwriting in
                 London the author describes his inherited affliction
                 with Italic Fever --- his pursuit of the proper
                 equipment, his flaunting of his expertise, and his
                 concern for the perpetuation of a humanistic hand.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Baudin:1980:RAAb,
  author =       "Fernand Baudin and Dirk Wendt and Ana Fisch",
  title =        "R{\'e}sum{\'e} des Articles [Abstracts of Journal
                 Articles in {French}, {German}, and {Spanish}]",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIV",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "204--206",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1980",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 06:50:13 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V14N2_1980_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1980:Ab,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "The Authors",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIV",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "206--207",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1980",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 06:50:13 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V14N2_1980_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Hartley:1980:C,
  author =       "James Hartley",
  title =        "Correspondence",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIV",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "208--208",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1980",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 06:50:13 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "See \cite{Hartley:1980:SCT}.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V14N2_1980_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Wrolstad:1980:SOM,
  author =       "Merald E. Wrolstad",
  title =        "[{Statement} of Ownership, Management and Circulation
                 of \booktitle{Visible Language}]",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIV",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "208--208",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1980",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 06:50:13 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V14N2_1980_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "The report says 2023 average copies per issue for past
                 twelve months.",
}

@Article{Woodruff:1980:CSRa,
  author =       "Lori Woodruff and Susan Warren",
  title =        "Covers: a Stele for {Roland Barthes}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIV",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "c1, c2",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1980",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 06:50:13 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V14N3_1980_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Wrolstad:1980:ABc,
  author =       "Merald E. Wrolstad",
  title =        "{Advisory Board}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIV",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "210--210",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1980",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 07:15:11 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V14N3_1980_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Lydon:1980:VLF,
  author =       "Mary Lydon",
  title =        "Visible Language: {Freud}'s Imprint",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIV",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "211--218",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1980",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V14N3_1980_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "No abstract.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{McKenna:1980:LIF,
  author =       "Andrew J. McKenna",
  title =        "Lex Icon: {Freud} and {Rimbaud}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIV",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "219--240",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1980",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V14N3_1980_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Rimbaud's project of ``Voyance,'' as articulated in
                 certain letters and poems, engages linguistic processes
                 which are proper to the activity of ``unconscious
                 ideation'' which Freud discovers in jokes and dreams.
                 For both writers, it is largely a matter of seeing as
                 well and hearing language, a matter of language as
                 matter, as writing. Freudian theory thus intersects
                 with Rimbaud's practice, both writers suggesting
                 something like an iconic experience of language. Their
                 common opposition to a pointedly Cartesian mode of
                 discourse binds desire with violence, of which the
                 letter is the single, uncanny mark. When Rimbaud
                 renounces his apocalyptic vision of a fleshy Word
                 incarnate, we find that his flight to Africa connects
                 with Freudian theory at another level: his letters home
                 reveal his poetic adventure, and his rejection of it,
                 as an encounter with the alien and familiar language of
                 his father.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Ames:1980:KBO,
  author =       "Sanford S. Ames",
  title =        "Killer Bees: an Ontology in Abeyance",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIV",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "241--249",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1980",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V14N3_1980_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Jacques Lacan's Encore, read across French and
                 English, disperses being in an insect-like suspension,
                 a swarm of signifiers inflecting sexual division and
                 mortality. Love would hide the sting of lives exiled in
                 language, overrun the enigma of script in a swarm of
                 incorporation. Visible language is contingency,
                 encounter with the cells of abandoned hives, the serial
                 surreality of the ubiquitous: the letters through which
                 meaning comes to life. Today demographic mutations
                 appear to rival the infinite combinations of words.
                 Microchip humming extensions of biological man stir the
                 breeze with unthinkable cross pollination, to end in
                 honey or ashes. The killer bees are us.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Bauer:1980:RGT,
  author =       "George H. Bauer",
  title =        "{Robbe-Grillet} on Target {{\sf Or}} Interrogation by
                 the Numbers",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIV",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "250--272",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1980",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V14N3_1980_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Numbers as visible language are at the center of one
                 of the legs of Robbe-Grillet's recent triangular novel
                 which focuses on verbal-visual relationships. The work
                 of Jasper Johns provokes a visit to a recent
                 retrospective exhibition from which Robbe-Grillet draws
                 an enigmatic detective tale linked with narratives
                 provoked by the work of Irina Ionesco and Ren{\'e}
                 Magritte. The focus of the enigma is on painting by the
                 numbers that lead to both writing and painting. This
                 essay visibly plays with three and/or more problems
                 suggested in re-counting.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Gallop:1980:FIC,
  author =       "Jane Gallop",
  title =        "{Freud}'s Invisible Chiasmus, or You Can't judge a
                 Book by Its Cover",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIV",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "273--283",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1980",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V14N3_1980_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "On the bookjacket of the English translation of Jean
                 Laplanche's Vie et Mort en psychanalyse appears the
                 Greek letter chi. By paying attention to this most
                 visible, most superficial, and most extrinsic signs, we
                 find that it represents a certain ``return of the
                 repressed'': a return of something that is invisible in
                 Laplanche's text, and perhaps beyond that something
                 that, although absent, haunts the text about which
                 Laplanche is writing, Freud's ``Project for a
                 Scientific Psychology.'' This ``find,'' although
                 theoretically predictable, nonetheless operates as an
                 uncanny effect, and opens for us the question of the
                 relation between theory and practice at the
                 intersection of visible language and psychoanalysis.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Bartman:1980:DDB,
  author =       "Susanna Bartman",
  title =        "{Defoe}'s Daydream: Becoming {Moll Flanders}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIV",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "283--305",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1980",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V14N3_1980_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Donning the layman's cloak of naivet{\'e}, Freud sets
                 out to characterize the ``stuff'' of which literature
                 is made in his 1908 essay ``The Relation of the Poet to
                 Day-Dreaming.'' He traces the connection between the
                 art of daydreaming and the act of writing: writing is
                 the formal transformation of the wish into the text,
                 the work of art. The materiality of language gives the
                 literary text a hide-and-seek quality. It is possible
                 that one might look into the text just as the analyst
                 might decipher the text of the dream, for writing is
                 daydreaming on paper. The proper moment for pinpoint
                 Daniel Defoe's wish as he wrote Moll Flanders has
                 arrived, heralded by Geoffrey Hartman's directive that
                 there is a name (a ``specular name'') hidden within the
                 folds of the text which calls out to be read. This
                 piece seeks to illustrate the transformation of wish
                 into writing by way of the specular name; to
                 deconstruct by staging a brief unveiling of Moll
                 Flanders, text of lace --- of desire.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Skoller:1980:FLC,
  author =       "Eleanor Honig Skoller",
  title =        "Franked Letters: Crossing the Bar",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIV",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "306--319",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1980",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V14N3_1980_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The discontinuity of consciousness in Freud's theory
                 of memory which may lie ``at the bottom of the origin
                 of the concept of time'' is manifest in Frank O'Hara's
                 New York poems, especially his walking lunch-hour
                 poems. The inscription of memory traces on the
                 unconscious at the instant of perception (the model for
                 which is the child's toy, the Mystic Writing-Pad) is
                 homologous to the crowd's inscription upon the streets,
                 the paving stones of the city. As Paris was the
                 cityscape of Baudelaire's unconscious so was New York
                 that of O'Hara's. The paper, the poem, is the
                 Barthesian third term: a translation of the surface of
                 the city onto that of the page, a translation into
                 time, measure, number: from stone/city to paper/poem.
                 Frank O'Hara's visible language is New York City on the
                 page.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Woodruff:1980:CSRb,
  author =       "Lori Woodruff and Susan Warren",
  title =        "The Contract: a Stele for {Roland Barthes}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIV",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "320--327",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1980",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 07:15:11 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "This essay first appeared in \booktitle{Cream City
                 Review}, VI, 1980. With \booktitle{Roland Barthes: In
                 Memoriam} by Mary Lydon.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V14N3_1980_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Baudin:1980:RAAc,
  author =       "Fernand Baudin and Dirk Wendt and Ana Fisch",
  title =        "R{\'e}sum{\'e} des Articles [Abstracts of Journal
                 Articles in {French}, {German}, and {Spanish}]",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIV",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "328--332",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1980",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 07:15:11 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V14N3_1980_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1980:Ac,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "The Authors",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIV",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "333--333",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1980",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 07:15:11 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V14N3_1980_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Wrolstad:1980:ABd,
  author =       "Merald E. Wrolstad",
  title =        "{Advisory Board}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIV",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "338--338",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1980",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 07:30:58 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V14N4_1980_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1980:GId,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "General Information",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIV",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "339--339",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1980",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 07:30:58 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V14N4_1980_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Wason:1980:I,
  author =       "Peter Wason",
  title =        "Introduction",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIV",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "340--340",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1980",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 07:30:58 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V14N4_1980_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Young:1980:ACG,
  author =       "Richard E. Young",
  title =        "Arts, Crafts, Gifts, and Knacks: Some Disharmonies in
                 the New Rhetoric",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIV",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "341--350",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1980",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V14N4_1980_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Despite sharing assumptions about the value of
                 studying and teaching the process of composing,
                 especially the earliest stages of discovery and
                 invention, those teachers and scholars who have come to
                 be known as the ``new rhetoricians'' are divided on
                 assumptions about the nature of rhetorical art, some
                 holding a vitalist theory of art and composing, other
                 holding a technical theory. The theories influence
                 judgments about what can be taught in the composing
                 process and how it can be taught. The division creates
                 a dilemma for the rhetorician since the durability of
                 the theories and the pedagogical successes of both
                 groups suggests that in some sense both are right.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Wason:1980:CCW,
  author =       "Peter C. Wason",
  title =        "Conformity and Commitment in Writing",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIV",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "351--363",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1980",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V14N4_1980_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "It is argued that conformity to stereotyped styles of
                 writing tends to conceal a sense of commitment to what
                 is being said. The effect is both to alienate the
                 individual from the practice of writing, and to
                 encourage a kind of obscurantism which may be inimical
                 to clear thinking. The conditions for recovering a
                 committed voice and the benefits of so doing are
                 described.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Galbriath:1980:ECG,
  author =       "David Galbriath",
  title =        "The Effect of Conflicting Goals on Writing: a Case
                 Study",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIV",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "364--375",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1980",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V14N4_1980_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "It is proposed that a major source of writing
                 difficulties arises from a conflict between the goals
                 of expression and presentation. This leads to problems
                 in both generating and revising prose. A case study is
                 presented in which the effect of this conflict is
                 illustrated and some exercises designed to alleviate
                 the problem are described. The effectiveness of these
                 exercises is discussed and related to aspects of self
                 presentation in writing.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Stack:1980:WCA,
  author =       "Richard Stack",
  title =        "Writing as Conversation. {Addendum}: {Letter} to a
                 Novelist",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIV",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "376--382",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1980",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V14N4_1980_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Good writing is not, at least in the usual sense, a
                 skill; this is, something that can be taught directly.
                 The basis of good writing is fluency, not correctness.
                 Fluency can only be acquired through play: it is too
                 complex a functioning to be programmed. We learn to
                 speak through play and we should learn to write in a
                 similar fashion. Conversation is the fundamental form
                 of verbal play: it is dialogical rather than didactic,
                 exploratory rather than definitive, the expression of a
                 desire for self-representation rather than of
                 submission to external control. A new, non-prescriptive
                 pedagogy of writing, based on this concept of writing
                 as conversation, is called for. An addendum describes
                 an experimental writing course, Writing from Life,
                 based on a design borrowed from the traditional
                 life-drawing class.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Lowenthal:1980:MLR,
  author =       "David Lowenthal",
  title =        "Mixing Levels of Revision",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIV",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "383--387",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1980",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V14N4_1980_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Orderly and straightforward revision, in which
                 editorial tasks are delimited draft by draft, breaks
                 down with lengthy and complex tasks. In rewriting a
                 book, I have had to combine various stages of revision
                 in each draft --- adding new material, reshaping
                 thoughts, striving for coherent expression, and
                 polishing prose simultaneously instead of serially.
                 This kaleidoscopic way of working yields unexpected
                 advantages that compensate for its untidy clutter: it
                 helps to maintain the pace of revision, resolves
                 problems left over from previous drafts, and stimulates
                 new ideas and reconsiderations which, at a late stage
                 in the editorial process, come as necessary
                 nuisances.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Hayes:1980:WPS,
  author =       "John R. Hayes and Linda S. Flower",
  title =        "Writing as Problem Solving",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIV",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "388--399",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1980",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V14N4_1980_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "A top down approach employing protocol analysis can
                 yield valuable data about writing processes. The main
                 features of composition apparent in the data are:
                 writing is goal directed, writing processes are
                 hierarchically organized, some of the processes may
                 interrupt others, recursion is possible, and writing
                 goals may be modified as the result of writing. The
                 first four of these features are embodies in a process
                 model of composition.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Bracewell:1980:WCA,
  author =       "Robert J. Bracewell",
  title =        "Writing as a Cognitive Activity",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIV",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "400--422",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1980",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V14N4_1980_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "This paper examines characteristics of the mental
                 processes required for writing. Comparisons and
                 contrasts are made with the nature of processing
                 required for other cognitive activities such as
                 arithmetic, problem solving, reading, and particularly
                 conversation. Recent research on children's writing is
                 reviewed that reveals the advantages as well as
                 disadvantages of superimposing writing skills over well
                 developed language skills. This research suggests that
                 it is the inability to access already existing skills
                 which determine the form of language, rather than an
                 absence of such skills, that poses the major obstacle
                 to the development of writing abilities.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1980:Q,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "[Quotations]",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIV",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "423--423",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1980",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 07:30:58 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V14N4_1980_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  keywords =     "Bernard Malamud; Edward Albee; Robert Duncan; Shirley
                 Hazzard; William Marchews; Wright Morris",
}

@Article{Baudin:1980:RAAd,
  author =       "Fernand Baudin and Dirk Wendt and Ana Fisch",
  title =        "R{\'e}sum{\'e} des Articles [Abstracts of Journal
                 Articles in {French}, {German}, and {Spanish}]",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIV",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "424--427",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1980",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 07:30:58 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V14N4_1980_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1980:Ad,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "The Authors",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIV",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "428--429",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1980",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 07:30:58 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V14N4_1980_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Elbow:1980:W,
  author =       "Peter Elbow",
  title =        "[Writing]",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIV",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "429--429",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1980",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 07:30:58 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V14N4_1980_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1980:IVX,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Index to {Volume XIV}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIV",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "430--432",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1980",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 07:30:58 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V14N4_1980_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

%%% V15N1_1981_E.pdf is missing pages 114--115 with correspondence

@Article{Wrolstad:1981:ABa,
  author =       "Merald E. Wrolstad",
  title =        "{Advisory Board}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XV",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "2--2",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1981",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 09:26:06 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V15N1_1981_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1981:GIa,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "General Information",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XV",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "3--3",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1981",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 09:26:06 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V15N1_1981_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Hartley:1981:E,
  author =       "James Hartley and Peter Burnhill",
  title =        "Editorial",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XV",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "4--4",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1981",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 09:26:06 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V15N1_1981_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Twyman:1981:TW,
  author =       "Michael Twyman",
  title =        "Typography without Words",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XV",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "5--12",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1981",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V15N1_1981_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "This paper introduces a simple notation for presenting
                 some of the graphic variables of typography. It rests
                 on the use of the `x', `o' and `i' of the typewriter
                 and is intended for use by anyone concerned with
                 graphic language. It is suggested that the notation is
                 of value in relation to teaching because it encourages
                 serious thinking about typographic problems in
                 conceptual terms. The rules of the notation are
                 explained and the general approach demonstrated by the
                 treatment of a single topic ``Headings in text.'' The
                 topic was chosen because it relates to the theme of
                 this issue of the journal. The notation has been used
                 over a number of years in the Department of Typography
                 \& Graphic Communication of the University of Reading
                 in connection with the teaching of undergraduates and
                 lay people. Apart from its use in relation to teaching,
                 it is suggested that the notation has a value in
                 encouraging a dialogue between research workers and
                 typographers.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Hartley:1981:ECL,
  author =       "James Hartley and Mark Trueman",
  title =        "The effects of changes in layout and changes in
                 wording on preferences for instructional text",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XV",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "13--31",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1981",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V15N1_1981_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Judges rated their preferences for pages of
                 instructional text which varied in terms of their
                 layout, their wording or both of these features. Three
                 different methods of assessing preferences were used.
                 The results suggested that these measures could provide
                 useful enough rough quantitative data but that they
                 could not be relied upon too greatly when fine judgment
                 was required.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Jewett:1981:MLW,
  author =       "Don L. Jewett",
  title =        "Multi-level Writing in Theory and Practice",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XV",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "32--40",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1981",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V15N1_1981_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "A multi-level writing style allows the reader more
                 flexibility than traditional forms of exposition. Such
                 a format is generally more easily written, as well.
                 Various formats for different purposes can be used to
                 improve printed communications if the format is tested
                 on a sample of the intended readership: such testing is
                 as important or more important than any particular
                 typographical scheme. This article will cover (1)
                 background and theory, (2) typographical methods, and
                 (3) hierarchical ordering of multi-level writing from
                 my perspective (which lacks acquaintance with what
                 others have done in this regard).",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Shebilske:1981:TSC,
  author =       "Wayne L. Shebilske and John A. Rotondo",
  title =        "Typographical and Spatial Cues that Facilitate
                 Learning from Textbooks",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XV",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "41--54",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1981",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V15N1_1981_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Ninety-six undergraduates at the University of
                 Virginia studied a 2866 word excerpt from a tenth grade
                 biology textbook either in a standard typographical
                 layout or in a special one containing typographical and
                 spatial cues. Both groups studied the text for about
                 ten minutes. (Results of paraphrastic recall, a
                 multiple choice test, and a questionnaire suggested
                 that the typographical and spatial cues facilitated
                 learning and memory.) Potential classroom applications
                 were discussed. (The format here is similar but not
                 identical to the one we used.) Here we used bold face
                 latter for emphasis; in the experiment we used capital
                 letters because it was easier on a typewriter. Here the
                 authors determined the segmentation units; in the
                 experiment groups college students determined them. The
                 instructions for using our format are: (The passage is
                 printed in a special format using line spaces,
                 brackets, and bold face letters. Line spaces set off
                 each idea, and brackets set off the gist of each idea,
                 whether or not the idea is important. When an idea is
                 important, its gist is in bold print.)",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Jonassen:1981:IMD,
  author =       "David Scott Jonassen",
  title =        "Information Mapping: a Description, Rationale, and
                 Comparison with Programmed Instruction",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XV",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "55--66",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1981",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V15N1_1981_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "This article defines information mapping, illustrates
                 it in practice, and presents the results from a study
                 which compared a piece of instructional text set in map
                 or programmed form. The results suggest that in this
                 particular case, both forms of presentation taught
                 equally effectively, but that it was significantly
                 easier to retrieve information from the information map
                 than it was from the programmed text.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Norton:1981:PNT,
  author =       "Linda S. Norton",
  title =        "Patterned Note-Taking: an Evaluation",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XV",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "67--85",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1981",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V15N1_1981_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Patterned note-taking, as described by Tony Buzan
                 (1974), is a technique of recording information in a
                 spatial representation, which contrasts with the more
                 common linear style. The effectiveness of patterned
                 note-taking is said to depend on (1) writing down key
                 words, and (2) being actively involved in the
                 note-taking process. No research has been carried out
                 which directly compares the effectiveness of patterned
                 with linear notes. However, there is some evidence to
                 suggest that writing down key words and actively
                 transforming information helps retention when taking
                 notes. Students wishing to know how to take patterned
                 notes are advised to consider carefully before learning
                 a strategy which has no real evidence to suggest it is
                 any more effective than more conventional styles of
                 note-taking. It is strongly recommended that students
                 who do wish to proceed should consult Buzan's original
                 study manual, for the technique is often seriously
                 distorted by study advisors.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Sloboda:1981:USM,
  author =       "John Sloboda",
  title =        "The Uses of Space in Music Notation",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XV",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "86--110",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1981",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V15N1_1981_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Space is an essential notational dimension in music.
                 The use of space in orthochronic notation (accepted
                 today as the standard system) is described in some
                 detail. The historical development of this use is
                 outlined, with examples from earlier systems. The major
                 uses of space are to provide means of notating pitch
                 and duration, and to indicate the sychronization of
                 concurrent musical events. The question of how one
                 might evaluate different ways of using space in music
                 notation is then treated with reference to three levels
                 of analysis: (1) the information about the music which
                 needs to be represented, (2) the nature of the symbols
                 (and their spatial characteristics) chosen to represent
                 the information, and (3) the requirements of the
                 reader.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1981:SB,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "A selected bibliography",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XV",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "111--113",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1981",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 09:26:06 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V15N1_1981_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1981:Aa,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "The Authors",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XV",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "114--115",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1981",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 09:26:06 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V15N1_1981_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1981:C,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Correspondence",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XV",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "115--115",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1981",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 09:26:06 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V15N1_1981_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "TO DO: pages for this entry are missing from PDF
                 file",
}

@Article{Baudin:1981:RAAa,
  author =       "Fernand Baudin and Dirk Wendt and Ana Fisch",
  title =        "R{\'e}sum{\'e} des Articles [Abstracts of Journal
                 Articles in {French}, {German}, and {Spanish}]",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XV",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "116--120",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1981",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 09:26:06 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V15N1_1981_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

%%% Volume 15 numbers 2 and 3 are published in single bound issue, but
%%% each article belongs only to one issue number.  Their PDF files
%%% are separate.

@Article{Wrolstad:1981:ABb,
  author =       "Merald E. Wrolstad",
  title =        "{Advisory Board}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XV",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "122--122",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1981",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 10:19:34 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V15N2_1981_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1981:GIb,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "General Information",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XV",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "123--123",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1981",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 10:19:34 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V15N2_1981_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Rayner:1981:NGE,
  author =       "Keith Rayner",
  title =        "A Note from the {Guest Editor}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XV",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "124--124",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1981",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 10:19:34 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V15N2_1981_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Rayner:1981:VCW,
  author =       "Keith Rayner",
  title =        "Visual Cues in Word Recognition and Reading:
                 Introduction",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XV",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "125--128",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1981",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V15N2_1981_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "In this special issue of Visible Language I have
                 attempted to bring together some integrative statements
                 concerning visual factors in the reading process. It is
                 my hope that the issue will be of interest to graphic
                 designers, educators, computer scientists, and
                 psychologists.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Morrison:1981:VFE,
  author =       "Robert E. Morrison and Albrecht-Werner Inhoff",
  title =        "Visual Factors and Eye Movements in Reading",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XV",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "129--146",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1981",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V15N2_1981_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The effects of oculomotor behavior of variations of
                 physical attributes of text, both typographical and
                 psychological parameters, and similar effects from
                 physical (visual as opposed to semantic) word cues
                 processed in the reader's parafoveal vision are
                 discussed. It is concluded that the reliability of such
                 effects underscores the primary nature of visual
                 discrimination in reading. Furthermore, sets of data
                 generated from typographically different stimuli suffer
                 a serious confounding.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Haber:1981:VCR,
  author =       "Ralph Norman Haber and Lyn R. Haber",
  title =        "Visual Components of the Reading Process",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XV",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "147--182",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1981",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V15N2_1981_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Since reading must begin with the pickup of
                 information on the page, we have examined in some
                 detail the principle arrangements of that information,
                 and considered what is known about the pickup process.
                 One source of information in the arrangements of the
                 print on the page: arrangements which supply
                 information about word, sentence, and paragraph
                 boundaries and even substantial syntactic and semantic
                 information. Evidence is reviewed to show that reading
                 performance is hurt when these conventional
                 arrangements are violated. The second source is from
                 the letter shapes alone, in which most work has been
                 done using a feature description. While four different
                 procedures for generating features are reviewed, none
                 of them either meet adequate tests of validity, nor
                 supply convincing evidence that readers actually use
                 feature tests to identify letters. Many suggestions for
                 future work are offered, but the current state of
                 feature testing theories is pretty dismal. The final
                 source concerns higher order visual information,
                 especially of the configuration of groups of letters in
                 a word, or of the shape of the entire word itself.
                 Evidence is reviewed to show that such information is
                 substantial, especially for some types of words, and
                 that if pushed, readers can use that information to
                 identify words and to comprehend text. For all three
                 sources we have shown that readers can use the
                 information. Much less is known about how readers
                 routinely use these sources.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Brady:1981:TCT,
  author =       "Michael Brady",
  title =        "Toward a Computational Theory of Early Visual
                 Processing in Reading",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XV",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "183--215",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1981",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V15N2_1981_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "This paper is the first of a series aimed at
                 developing a theory of early visual processing in
                 reading. We suggest that there has been a close
                 parallel in the development of theories of reading and
                 theories of vision in artificial intelligence. We
                 propose to exploit and extend recent results in
                 computer vision to develop an improved model of early
                 processing in reading. This paper considers the
                 problems of isolating words in text based on the
                 information which Marr and Hildreth's (1980) theory of
                 visual edge detection asserts is available in the
                 parafovea. We show in particular that the findings of
                 Fisher (1975) on reading transformed texts can be
                 accounted for without postulating the need for complex
                 interactions between early processing and downflowing
                 information as he suggests. The paper concludes with a
                 brief discussion of the problem of integrating
                 information over successive saccades, and relates the
                 earlier analysis to the empirical finding of Rayner.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1981:Ab,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "The Authors",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XV",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "216--216",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1981",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 10:19:34 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V15N2_1981_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Ehrlich:1981:CWR,
  author =       "Susan F. Ehrlich",
  title =        "Children's Word Recognition in Prose Context",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XV",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "219--244",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1981",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V15N3_1981_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Research is reviewed in which children's processing of
                 individual words is examined in prose context. This
                 research includes studies of oral reading errors, word
                 recognition experiments where context is artificially
                 introduced, studies of the effects of repeated text
                 manipulations, and observations of on-line effects of
                 individual text manipulations. Taken together, these
                 sources of data suggest that the reader's dependence on
                 contextual constraint for individual word
                 identification decreases with age, even though
                 sensitivity to the constraints of context increases.
                 This sensitivity may allow faster interpretation of
                 individual words with respect to the emerging
                 conceptual text structure. Some research is reviewed,
                 however, which suggests that word identification may
                 continue to be influenced by contextual constraint for
                 older children and adults under certain
                 circumstances.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Coltheart:1981:DRT,
  author =       "Max Coltheart",
  title =        "Disorders of Reading and Their Implications for Models
                 of Normal Reading",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XV",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "245--286",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1981",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V15N3_1981_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Many investigators concerned with developing
                 theoretical models of reading start from the assumption
                 that the information-processing system used to
                 accomplish the task of reading consists of a number of
                 subcomponents, each responsible for performing a
                 specific information-processing job. If this assumption
                 is correct and if in addition the subcomponents of the
                 system are anatomically as well as functionally
                 separate, then one can test a multicomponent model of
                 reading by observing the different forms which acquired
                 reading disorder takes as a consequence of different
                 patterns of damage to the brain. One can also use such
                 a model to provide economical interpretations of
                 various forms of acquired reading disorder. These
                 possibilities are illustrated with reference to five
                 different forms of acquired reading disorder
                 (letter-by-letter reading, phonological dyslexia, an
                 unnamed dyslexia, surface dyslexia, and deep dyslexia).
                 The symptoms of each disorder are described and an
                 assessment is made of the success with which disorder
                 can be explained within the theoretical framework
                 provided by one multicomponent model of reading, a
                 version of Morton's logogen model.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Well:1981:WPR,
  author =       "Arnold D. Well and Alexander Pollatsek",
  title =        "Word Processing in Reading: a Commentary on the
                 Papers",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XV",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "287--308",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1981",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V15N3_1981_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The articles in this issue deal primarily with the
                 perceptual aspects of reading. Questions are raised
                 about what kinds of information are available and are
                 particularly important in reading, as well as to how a
                 variety of perceptual variables influence the reader.
                 Characteristics of letters, words, and text are
                 discussed, including possible features of letters and
                 words, letter position within a word, delimiters
                 between words, and size, type, case, and arrangement of
                 print. The Brady and the Morrison and Inhoff articles
                 give particular emphasis to the issues of what kinds of
                 visual information are available at various
                 eccentricities. On a more theoretical level, questions
                 are raised about a number of processing systems that
                 subserve reading, particularly those which isolate
                 words, direct eye movements, and extract information
                 about letters and words. The Ehrlich and Coltheart
                 articles address some of these questions with evidence
                 obtained from developing and abnormal readers.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1981:Ac,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "The Authors",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XV",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "309--310",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1981",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 10:19:34 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V15N3_1981_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1981:GIc,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "General Information",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XV",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "311--311",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1981",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 10:19:34 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V15N3_1981_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Wrolstad:1981:ABc,
  author =       "Merald E. Wrolstad",
  title =        "{Advisory Board}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XV",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "312--312",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1981",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 10:19:34 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V15N3_1981_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Wrolstad:1981:ABd,
  author =       "Merald E. Wrolstad",
  title =        "{Advisory Board}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XV",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "318--318",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1981",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 10:36:15 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V15N4_1981_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Powell:1981:EF,
  author =       "Marvin A. Powell",
  title =        "{Editor}'s Foreword",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XV",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "320--320",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1981",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 10:36:15 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V15N4_1981_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Schmandt-Besserat:1981:TTR,
  author =       "Denise Schmandt-Besserat",
  title =        "From Tokens to Tablets: a Re-evaluation of the
                 So-called ``Numerical Tablets''",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XV",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "321--344",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1981",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V15N4_1981_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The paper deals with 185 impressed tablets which
                 illustrate the crucial step between an archaic writing
                 based upon tokens and writing. The discussion includes
                 the historical background of the discovery of the
                 tablets, their geographic distribution, chronology, and
                 the context in which they were found. The various
                 impressed signs are related to their token prototypes,
                 and a new decipherment is proposed. In the light of the
                 decoding of the most basic types of tokens, the signs
                 are meteorological, not numerical as had been hitherto
                 been assumed.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Green:1981:CIC,
  author =       "M. W. Green",
  title =        "The Construction and Implementation of the Cuneiform
                 System",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XV",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "345--372",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1981",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V15N4_1981_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Cuneiform was, from its inception, not merely a
                 collection of individual symbols, but a coherent system
                 of information manipulation for which written
                 characters were the main, but not the only, component.
                 This system did not evolve by itself, but was
                 manufactured, developed, and implemented within the
                 framework of a bureaucratic organization which
                 controlled the distribution not only of goods and
                 services but also of status and information. That
                 institution produced the demand for a control
                 technology for which the cuneiform writing system was
                 the eventual realization. While the user institution
                 imposed specific, characteristic constraints and
                 demands, it also adjusted its own needs and goals to
                 adapt to restrictions and functions of the technology
                 itself. We look at the early development of the
                 cuneiform writing system with special attention to the
                 less well recognized peripheral components and to
                 interactions between the technology and its user.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Justus:1981:VSC,
  author =       "Carol Justus",
  title =        "Visual Sentences in Cuneiform {Hittite}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XV",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "373--408",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1981",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V15N4_1981_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "On the premise that horizontal Hittite scribal rulings
                 be taken seriously as punctuation, this study
                 investigated their content and found that in fact they
                 punctuate a structure similar to the periodic sentence
                 in older Greek and Latin. As such they are to be
                 compared with the oldest (alphabetic) Greek mark of
                 punctuation, the paragraphos, which begins to be
                 replaced in Alexandrian Greek by marks which segment
                 the language on the basis of prosodic features, as in
                 English. Hittite ``visible sentences,'' moreover,
                 signal in visual form underlying differences in
                 language structure and cohesive basis which can be
                 correlated with differences in word order type and
                 changes which the genetically related Indo-European
                 (IE) languages have undergone over a period of c. 4000
                 years of written attestation.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Sack:1981:TSC,
  author =       "Ronald H. Sack",
  title =        "The Temple Scribe in {Chaldean Uruk}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XV",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "409--418",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1981",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V15N4_1981_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The education and activities of the Eanna temple
                 scribe in sixth-century BC. Uruk varied little from
                 what they had been prior to the Chaldean era. The
                 cuneiform writing system was still in use, and Akkadian
                 economic documents continued to be composed and
                 literary texts preserved in a manner not unlike that of
                 previous periods. These traditions, however, did not
                 preclude the scribe's attending to his own private
                 business affairs or prevent his engaging in the
                 collection or composition of literary documents that
                 reflect either his own personal interests or the
                 necessity to prepare materials with decidedly political
                 overtones. The result of these endeavors is a body of
                 texts which, in many respects, indicates both the
                 influence of spoken Aramaic or written Akkadian and the
                 everchanging political situation (from both official
                 and private perspectives) in southern Mesopotamia in
                 the Chaldean period.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Powell:1981:TPH,
  author =       "Marvin A. Powell",
  title =        "Three Problems in the History of Cuneiform Writing:
                 Origins, Direction of Script, and Literacy",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XV",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "419--440",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1981",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V15N4_1981_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "``Origins'' suggests that cuneiform was invented in a
                 short period of time around 3000 BC by a citizen of the
                 Sumerian city of Uruk and that it arises conceptually
                 out of the token system described by D.
                 Schmandt-Besserat. ``Direction of script'' agrees with
                 S. Picchioni that cuneiform was written and read
                 vertically down through c. 2300 BC, but it emphasizes
                 the use of reed patterns to demonstrate the manner in
                 which the stylus was manipulated and sees this mode of
                 manipulation at the motivating force behind the
                 transition to horizontal script. ``Literacy'' argues
                 that cuneiform was not as difficult as usually assumed,
                 that the alphabet had no demonstrable effect on the
                 level of functional literacy, and that the superiority
                 of the alphabet over cuneiform has been exaggerated.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1981:Ad,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "The Authors",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XV",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "441--441",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1981",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 10:36:15 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V15N4_1981_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1981:IVX,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Index for {Volume XV}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XV",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "442--444",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1981",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 10:36:15 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V15N4_1981_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Wrolstad:1982:ABa,
  author =       "Merald E. Wrolstad",
  title =        "{Advisory Board}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVI",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "2--2",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1982",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 10:36:15 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V16N1_1982_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Knuth:1982:CMF,
  author =       "Donald E. Knuth",
  title =        "The Concept of a {Meta-Font}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVI",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "3--27",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1982",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/texbook3.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "See comments
                 \cite{Hofstadter:1982:MFM,Baudin:1982:OCT}. French
                 translation by M. R. Delorme in {\sl Communication et
                 Langages\/} no.~55, (1983), 40--53; reprinted in {\sl
                 Typographie et Informatique}, proceedings of INRIA
                 conference held 21--25 January 1985, organized by
                 Jacques Andr{\'e} and Patrick Sallio (Rennes, France:
                 INRIA/IRISA -- CCETT, 1985), 119--132.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V16N1_1982_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "A single drawing of a single letter reveals only a
                 small part of what was in the designer's mind when that
                 letter was drawn. But when precise instructions are
                 given about how to make such a drawing, the
                 intelligence of that letter can be captured in a way
                 that permits us to obtain an infinite variety of
                 related letters from the same specification. Instead of
                 merely describing a single letter, such instructions
                 explain how that letter would change its shape if other
                 parameters of the design were changed. Thus an entire
                 font of letters and other symbols can be specified so
                 that each character adapts itself to varying conditions
                 in an appropriate way. Initial experiments with a
                 precise language for pen motions suggest strongly that
                 the font designer of the future should not simply
                 design isolated alphabets; the challenge will be to
                 explain exactly how each design should adapt itself
                 gracefully to a wide range of changes in the
                 specification. This paper gives examples of a meta-font
                 and explains the changeable parameters in its design.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Skousen:1982:ESP,
  author =       "Royal Skousen",
  title =        "{English} Spelling and Phonemic Representation",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVI",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "28--38",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1982",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/spell.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V16N1_1982_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "There are at least three different ways that spelling
                 can affect phonetic representation: (1) spelling
                 pronunciation; (2) resolving the ambiguities due to
                 phonemic overlap; and (3) influencing speakers'
                 interpretations of general phonetic sequences. The
                 first of these three is well known and is only
                 discussed briefly in this paper. The other two ways are
                 more subtle in their effect since they can change
                 speakers' phonemic representations without causing
                 significant changes in pronunciation.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Kelley:1982:CNM,
  author =       "David H. Kelley",
  title =        "Costume and Name in {Mesoamerica}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVI",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "39--48",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1982",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V16N1_1982_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "It was the practice in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica to
                 wear costume elements, especially head-dresses, which
                 gave the name of the individual wearing the particular
                 costume. However, head-dresses were also worn for other
                 purposes, and it is often difficult to determine
                 whether a costume element marked a name or some other
                 characteristic of an individual. Nonetheless, the
                 custom does sometimes enable us to recognize
                 individuals in varied contexts.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Weidemann:1982:BDT,
  author =       "Kurt Weidemann",
  title =        "{Biblica}: Designing a Typeface for the
                 {{\booktitle{Bible}}}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVI",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "49--61",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1982",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "Excerpted from \booktitle{Deutscher Drucker
                 (Satztechnische Beilage)}, nr. 34. 22. X. 1981.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V16N1_1982_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "A new typeface, Biblica, was designed especially for a
                 new German edition of the Bible. The type designs and
                 production of earlier German Bibles were examined. A
                 variety of legibility factors were taken into
                 consideration to meet a required economy of space and
                 the new production demands of a digital generation
                 system.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Sekey:1982:TDS,
  author =       "Andrew Sekey and Jerome Tietz",
  title =        "Text Display by `Saccadic Scrolling'",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVI",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "63--77",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1982",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V16N1_1982_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "A novel method of displaying alphanumeric text is
                 described, named ``saccadic scrolling.'' Text is
                 flashed onto an electronic display one line at a time
                 and remains visible until replaced instantaneously by
                 the next line. The user has manual control over the
                 display by either advancing it line by line or
                 adjusting the rate of automatic replenishment.
                 Experiments are reported in which reading speeds and
                 comprehension for various models of this kind of
                 display were compared with the conventional ``Times
                 Square'' type scrolling as well as with print.
                 Single-line manual and automatic saccadic scrolling
                 modes yielded results approaching that of print,
                 suggesting that this type of refreshable display could
                 become an acceptable alternative under certain
                 conditions to hard copy. (The Times Square mode proved
                 inferior to the others in every respect.) Suggested
                 applications for the technique are: autotrainer for the
                 reading handicapped, communication terminal for the
                 deaf, and general business use.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Greene:1982:LW,
  author =       "Maxine Greene",
  title =        "Literacy for What?",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVI",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "78--87",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1982",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V16N1_1982_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "We owe young people the open doors and expanded
                 possibilities that only literacy can provide. Teaching
                 for literacy conceives of learning not as behavior but
                 as action --- of process, of restlessness of quest. To
                 encounter the arts and other subjects in a mood of
                 discovery and mindfulness and rational passion is to
                 have experiences that exclude inertness. Literacy
                 empowers people; it is a beginning, a becoming --- not
                 and end in itself.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Wendt:1982:ILT,
  author =       "Dirk Wendt",
  title =        "Improving the Legibility of Textbooks: Effects of
                 Wording and Typographic Design",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVI",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "88--93",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1982",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V16N1_1982_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "It has been demonstrated that the success achieved in
                 a previous study by means of a ``visualized'' version
                 of a physics textbook lesson was not so much due to
                 typographic changes as to changes in wording that were
                 necessary to fit the text into the new format. These
                 changes in wording are further analyzed.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Baudin:1982:BRO,
  author =       "Fernand Baudin",
  title =        "Book Review: {A. S. Osley. \booktitle{Scribes and
                 Sources: Handbook of the Chancery Hand in the Sixteenth
                 Century}. London: Faber \& Faber, Ltd., 1980. 272 pp.
                 22 b/w illustrations. \pounds 16.00}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVI",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "94--102",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1982",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 10:36:15 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V16N1_1982_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1982:Aa,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "The Authors",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVI",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "103--104",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1982",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 10:36:15 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V16N1_1982_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1982:GIa,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "General Information",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVI",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "104--104",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1982",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 10:36:15 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V16N1_1982_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Wrolstad:1982:ABb,
  author =       "Merald E. Wrolstad",
  title =        "{Advisory Board}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVI",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "106--106",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1982",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 10:56:52 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V16N2_1982_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1982:GIb,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "General Information",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVI",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "107--107",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1982",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 10:56:52 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V16N2_1982_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Popp:1982:LCP,
  author =       "Helen M. Popp",
  title =        "Literacy and Competency: The proceedings of a
                 conference hosted by the {Reading Laboratory at Harvard
                 Graduate School of Education}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVI",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "109--110",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1982",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 10:56:52 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V16N2_1982_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Ylvisaker:1982:I,
  author =       "Paul Ylvisaker",
  title =        "Introductions",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVI",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "111--111",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1982",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 10:56:52 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V16N2_1982_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Featherstone:1982:I,
  author =       "Jay Featherstone",
  title =        "Introductions",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVI",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "112--112",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1982",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 10:56:52 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V16N2_1982_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Venezky:1982:OPD,
  author =       "Richard L. Venezky",
  title =        "The Origins of the Present-day Chasm between Adult
                 Literacy Needs and School Literacy Instruction",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVI",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "113--127",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1982",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "See discussion \cite{Featherstone:1982:D}.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V16N2_1982_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Through processes that originated in the eighteenth
                 century --- but were greatly accelerated by Brahmin
                 academics at the end of the nineteenth --- a separation
                 has developed between literacy instruction in the
                 schools and the literacy ends of the competent citizen.
                 Formal reading instruction today is primarily oriented
                 toward understanding and appreciation of fine
                 literature. Non-fiction materials are treated as
                 unpleasant and boorish intruders into the otherwise
                 serene, romantic kingdom of plot, character, and
                 author's viewpoint. A single impotent stratagem
                 centering on rapid skimming with rereading is usually
                 suggested for all non-fiction, be it math story
                 problem, cooking recipe, or biological exposition. The
                 result of this disparity, as revealed by the more valid
                 components of various national literacy surveys, is the
                 ever apparent chasm between competency needs and
                 literacy instruction, a chasm that can be crossed only
                 through a reorientation of literacy training toward the
                 true needs of society.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Featherstone:1982:D,
  author =       "Jay Featherstone and David Olson and Carman {St. John
                 Hunter} and Richard Venezky and {Audience Participants}",
  title =        "Discussion",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVI",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "128--136",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1982",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 10:56:52 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "See \cite{Venezky:1982:OPD}.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V16N2_1982_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{StJohnHunter:1982:LES,
  author =       "Carman {St. John Hunter}",
  title =        "Literacy for Empowerment and Social Change",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVI",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "137--143",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1982",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "See discussion \cite{Olson:1982:D}.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V16N2_1982_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "While it may be true that the electronic age has
                 devalued literacy, what seems more serious is the way
                 in which certain groups have been so devalued that they
                 are inhibited in their acquisition of literacy skills.
                 Many poor and minority students are prevented from
                 developing their cognitive and manipulative skills
                 beyond a minimal level. Perhaps what needs changing is
                 not the level of skills in literacy or functional
                 competence but the level of hope and expectation among
                 bypassed people in our society. Action research might
                 be designed to focus on competencies presently existing
                 and valued and, at the same time, on the changes that
                 occur when groups develop new hope for themselves and a
                 more dynamic vision of the options available to them.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Olson:1982:D,
  author =       "David Olson and Carman {St. John Hunter} and Richard
                 Venezky and Jay Featherstone and {Audience
                 Participants}",
  title =        "Discussion",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVI",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "144--150",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1982",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 10:56:52 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "See \cite{StJohnHunter:1982:LES}.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V16N2_1982_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Olson:1982:WSW,
  author =       "David R. Olson",
  title =        "What is Said and What is Meant in Speech and Writing",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVI",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "151--161",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1982",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "See discussion \cite{StJohnHunter:1982:D}.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V16N2_1982_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "This paper advances and experimentally evaluates the
                 argument that in ordinary oral language the intentions
                 of the speaker (what is meant) has primacy over the
                 actual expressions used (what is said). In reading and
                 writing this relationship is reversed. The cognitive
                 consequences of attention to linguistic form (what is
                 said), a form of metalinguistic competence, and the
                 possible origins of this competence are discussed.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{StJohnHunter:1982:D,
  author =       "Carman {St. John Hunter} and David Olson and Richard
                 Venezky and Jay Featherstone and Jeanne Chall and
                 {Audience Participants}",
  title =        "Discussion",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVI",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "162--174",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1982",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 10:56:52 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "See \cite{Olson:1982:WSW}.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V16N2_1982_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Gray:1982:UAR,
  author =       "William S. Gray",
  title =        "Universal ability to read and write!",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVI",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "175--175",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1982",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 10:56:52 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "Excerpt from the author's \booktitle{The Teaching of
                 Reading and Writing: an International Survey}. UNESCO
                 Monographs on Fundamental Education, X. Paris: UNESCO,
                 1956, p. 9.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V16N2_1982_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1982:CBT,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "[colloquial book text]",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVI",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "176--176",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1982",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 10:56:52 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V16N2_1982_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Bowdre:1982:EDP,
  author =       "Paul H. {Bowdre, Jr.}",
  title =        "Eye Dialect as a Problem in Graphics",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVI",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "177--183",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1982",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V16N2_1982_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "This paper examines the problems involved in arranging
                 the letters of the English alphabet into nonstandard
                 spellings for the purpose of producing eye dialect
                 spellings. It argues that the writer of eye dialect is
                 under certain restrictions imposed by the fact that the
                 reader must be able to associate the eye dialect
                 spellings with the standard spelling. These
                 restrictions, and how various writers dealt with them,
                 are illustrated by the use of various eye dialect
                 spellings from literary works.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Thogmartin:1982:MDB,
  author =       "Clyde Thogmartin",
  title =        "{Mr. Dooley}'s Brogue:The Literary Dialect of {Finley
                 Peter Dunne}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVI",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "184--198",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1982",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V16N2_1982_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Finley Peter Dunne's Mr. Dooley was once one of
                 America's most popular humorous characters. Dunne's
                 elaborate eye dialect tends to put off contemporary
                 readers, but the Dooley essays lose much of their power
                 and literary ``flavor'' when they are transcribed into
                 standard English spelling. This study relates Dunne's
                 respelling system to the pronunciation of Anglo-Irish
                 and shows that Dunne's eye dialect is intended to
                 represent many phonological features of English as it
                 is spoken in Ireland, while avoiding other features
                 whose inclusion would threaten readability. The
                 authenticity of Mr. Dooley's dialect adds to the
                 credibility of the character by giving the reader the
                 illusion that he is listening to a real human voice
                 belonging to a real member of a specific, historic
                 Irish-American community.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1982:Ab,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "The Authors",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVI",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "199--200",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1982",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 10:56:52 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V16N2_1982_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Wrolstad:1982:ABc,
  author =       "Merald E. Wrolstad",
  title =        "{Advisory Board}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVI",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "202--202",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1982",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 11:15:15 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V16N3_1982_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1982:GIc,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "General Information",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVI",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "203--203",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1982",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 11:15:15 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V16N3_1982_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Skemp:1982:M,
  author =       "Richard R. Skemp",
  title =        "[On mathematics]",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVI",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "204--204",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1982",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 11:15:15 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V16N3_1982_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Adda:1982:DMS,
  author =       "Josette Adda",
  title =        "Difficulties with Mathematical Symbolism: Synonymy and
                 Homonymy",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVI",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "205--214",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1982",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V16N3_1982_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "We know that the confusion between meaning and sign
                 (in French: signifi{\'e}/ significant) is the root of a
                 great number of mistakes in mathematics. Particularly,
                 instead of making easier the approach to the
                 mathematical concept represented, the sight of the
                 design often produces a disturbance to understanding;
                 it leads to mistaking the drawing for the presented
                 idea, as idolatrous people do. I will demonstrate ---
                 by presenting many genuine examples which I have met in
                 mathematical classrooms at every level --- the
                 mathematical roles of synonymy and homonymy.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Buxton:1982:ERS,
  author =       "Laurie G. Buxton",
  title =        "Emotional Responses to Symbolism",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVI",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "215--220",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1982",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V16N3_1982_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Special difficulties often arise in reading
                 mathematics because of the symbols and notation that
                 are used. This is caused not only by the range of
                 symbols and their density of meaning (interiority) but
                 also by strong emotional responses raised by certain
                 symbols or combinations. These feelings may reflect
                 unpleasant memories of when the symbols were first
                 encountered, but may even derive from an unease with
                 the shape of some of them.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Goldin:1982:MLP,
  author =       "Gerald A. Goldin",
  title =        "Mathematical Language and Problem Solving",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVI",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "221--238",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1982",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V16N3_1982_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Problem solving in mathematics may require different
                 kinds of language: the verbal or mathematical language
                 in which the problem representation is available to the
                 solver, and the planning language for heuristic
                 reasoning and formulation of strategies. This paper
                 explores some relationships among these languages, with
                 examples of ways they can influence problem-solving
                 processes.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Higginson:1982:SIM,
  author =       "William Higginson",
  title =        "Symbols, Icons, and Mathematical Understanding",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVI",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "239--248",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1982",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V16N3_1982_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Extracts are taken from the biographies of Hobbes,
                 Rousseau, Darwin, and Russell which refer to their
                 mathematical education. The common feature of an
                 attraction toward geometry and an aversion to
                 elementary algebra is noted. These experiences are
                 analyzed using theoretical positions promulgated by
                 Davis, Hersh, Skemp, and Bruner. The central thesis is
                 that these men probably have had difficulty learning
                 elementary algebra because they had failed to develop a
                 strong image or iconic representation of the concepts
                 involved. This thesis is developed in relation to
                 ``squaring a binomial,'' the concept which troubled
                 both Rousseau and Russell.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{James:1982:TR,
  author =       "Nick James and John Mason",
  title =        "Towards Recording",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVI",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "249--258",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1982",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V16N3_1982_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Behind the formal symbols of mathematics their lies a
                 wealth of experience which provides meaning for those
                 symbols. Attempts to rush students into symbols
                 impoverishes the background experience and leads to
                 trouble later. In conjunction with manipulating objects
                 it is essential to provide time for talking about their
                 activities and developing their own informal records
                 before meeting the formal symbols of adult
                 mathematicians. We present three examples of children's
                 work which demonstrate these steps in the struggle to
                 move toward recording perceived patterns.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Lay:1982:MIA,
  author =       "L. Clark Lay",
  title =        "Mental Images and Arithmetical Symbols",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVI",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "259--274",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1982",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V16N3_1982_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Experiments by psychologists have led to the
                 conclusion that images play an indispensable, if
                 subordinate, role in thought as symbols. An analysis is
                 begun of the mental images that are judged to be
                 properly evoked by certain number symbols in
                 arithmetic. A variety of graphical models are suggested
                 for use in linking these symbols to the desired mental
                 construct. Some of these models have been found to be
                 advantageous and may prove to be critically essential
                 in certain mathematical contexts. Their assets and
                 liabilities are discussed, and suggestions are made for
                 modifications of conventional curriculum practice. A
                 rich field of investigation exists in the visual
                 imagery that can be associated with elementary
                 mathematics. Progress here holds promise of extending
                 mathematical competence to a larger portion of
                 society.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Lowenthal:1982:LAT,
  author =       "Francis Lowenthal",
  title =        "Language Acquisition through Mathematical Symbolism",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVI",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "275--280",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1982",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V16N3_1982_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "We noticed that the use of a non-verbal formalism can
                 favor cognitive development (in the frame of the
                 elementary school) in problem children as well as in
                 normal children. An example is given to show how a
                 formalism inspired by mathematics can be used to aid
                 the development of the verbal language of 8- to
                 9-year-olds. We will then analyze the results and try
                 to discover the cause of success we observed.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Skemp:1982:CMS,
  author =       "Richard R. Skemp",
  title =        "Communicating Mathematics: Surface Structures and Deep
                 Structures",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVI",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "281--288",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1982",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V16N3_1982_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "A distinction is made between the surface structures
                 (syntax) of mathematical symbol-systems and the deep
                 structures (semantics) of mathematical schemas. The
                 meaning of a mathematical communication lies in the
                 deep structures --- the mathematical ideas themselves,
                 and their relationships. But this meaning can only be
                 transmitted and received indirectly, via the
                 structures; correspondence between deep and surface
                 structures is only partial. Some resulting problems of
                 communicating mathematics are discussed, and some
                 remedies suggested.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Woodrow:1982:MS,
  author =       "Derek Woodrow",
  title =        "Mathematical Symbolism",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVI",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "289--302",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1982",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V16N3_1982_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "One of the essential distinguishing features of
                 mathematics is its eventual dependence upon symbols and
                 symbolic expression. Few attempts to determine those
                 processes, activities, or contents which uniquely
                 identify mathematics have succeeded. It is indeed
                 questionable whether human knowledge can be classified
                 into such self-contained categories. The many diverse
                 activities of mathematicians do, however, have symbolic
                 expression as their common feature, and the extent to
                 which modern disciplines depend upon mathematics could
                 be measured by their growing reliance on symbols. It is
                 reasonable to surmise that much of the difficulty
                 experienced by children in mathematics, and the lack of
                 popularity of physical as opposed to biological
                 sciences in higher education, could be traced to the
                 problem of symbolization. It will be interesting to
                 watch the effect on, say, geography as the school
                 syllabuses move toward mathematical as opposed to
                 descriptive aspects. There is surprisingly little
                 apparent research into the use and learning of symbols,
                 except for the many investigations into both the
                 problem of how children learn to read and adult
                 perceptual experiences with words (e.g., Coltheart
                 1972). There is, however, a real distinction between
                 the use of symbols as a verbal language (spoken or
                 written) and the use of symbols in the mathematical
                 sense. It will indeed be suggested below that one
                 activity interferes with the other.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1982:Ac,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "The Authors",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVI",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "303--304",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1982",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 11:15:15 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V16N3_1982_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Wrolstad:1982:ABd,
  author =       "Merald E. Wrolstad",
  title =        "{Advisory Board}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVI",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "306--306",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1982",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 11:23:15 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V16N4_1982_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1982:GId,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "General Information",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVI",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "307--307",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1982",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 11:23:15 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V16N4_1982_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Wrolstad:1982:EN,
  author =       "Merald E. Wrolstad",
  title =        "{Editor}'s Note",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVI",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "308--308",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1982",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 11:23:15 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V16N4_1982_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Hofstadter:1982:MFM,
  author =       "Douglas R. Hofstadter",
  title =        "Meta-Font, Metamathematics, and Metaphysics: Comments
                 on {Donald Knuth}'s Article {``The Concept of a
                 Meta-Font}''",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVI",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "309--338",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1982",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/texbook3.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "See \cite{Knuth:1982:CMF,Sampson:1983:RTO}.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V16N4_1982_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "It is argued that readers are likely to carry away
                 from Donald Knuth's article ``The Concept of a
                 Meta-Font'' a falsely optimistic view of the extent to
                 which the design of typefaces and letterforms can be
                 mechanized through an approach depending on describing
                 letterforms by specifying the setting of a large number
                 of parameters. Through a comparison to mathematical
                 logic, is it argued that no such set of parameters can
                 capture the essence of any semantic category. Some
                 different way of thinking about the problem of the
                 ``spirit'' residing behind any letterforms are
                 suggested, connecting to current research issues in the
                 field of artificial intelligence.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Baudin:1982:OCT,
  author =       "Fernand Baudin and Charles Bigelow and Henri-Paul
                 Bronsard and David Ford and Gary Gore and Ed {Fisher,
                 Jr.} and W. P. Jaspert and Peter Karow and Albert Kapr
                 and Alexander Nesbitt and John Schappler and Edward
                 Rondthaler and Walter Tracy and Gerard Unger and
                 Hermann Zapf and Donald E. Knuth",
  title =        "Other Comments by Type Designers and Type Directors",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVI",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "339--359",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1982",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 11:23:15 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "See \cite{Knuth:1982:CMF}.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V16N4_1982_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{HaasDyson:1982:EVL,
  author =       "Anne {Haas Dyson}",
  title =        "The Emergence of Visible Language: Interrelationships:
                 Drawing and Early Writing",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVI",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "360--381",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1982",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V16N4_1982_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The purpose of this study was to examine the
                 interrelationships between drawing, early writing, and
                 the context of talk in which they both occur.
                 Participant observation methodology was used to gather
                 data daily during a three-month period in a
                 self-contained, public school kindergarten. The
                 researcher set up a center at which the children freely
                 drew and wrote. She observed and interacted with the
                 children to gain insight into their perceptions of
                 drawing and writing. Data consisted of audio recordings
                 of the children's talk at the center, their graphic
                 products, observational notes, and child interviews.
                 Patterns were identified in how the children combined
                 the drawing and writing processes in the production of
                 one graphic product and in how they used drawing and
                 writing terminology referentially across production
                 modes. On the basis of these patterns, inferences were
                 made about written language development. Learning to
                 write was portrayed as a process of gradually
                 differentiating and consolidating the separate meanings
                 of these two forms of graphic symbolism --- drawing and
                 writing",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Bruce:1982:VCC,
  author =       "Margaret Bruce and Jeremy J. Foster",
  title =        "The Visibility of Colored Characters on Colored
                 Backgrounds in {Viewdata} Displays",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVI",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "382--390",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1982",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V16N4_1982_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "An experiment is reported in which subjects were
                 required to identify letters and digits presented on a
                 viewdata display, and identification times were
                 recorded. All 42 possible color-on-color combinations
                 were shown as separate displays. The results indicate
                 which color-on-color pairings significantly reduce
                 character visibility, and a list of recommended
                 combinations is given.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Green:1982:WJT,
  author =       "T. R. G. Green and S. J. Payne",
  title =        "The Wooly Jumper: Typographical Problems of
                 Concurrency in Information Display",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVI",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "391--403",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1982",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V16N4_1982_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The well-documented use of typographical cues to
                 illuminate instructional text has in the past been
                 limited to illustrating containment relations (sections
                 within chapters or subsections within section) and
                 succession relations (after one chapter we come to the
                 next). No other relations have been studied. Powerful
                 though containment and succession are, other relations
                 also exist, and in particular the rise of information
                 technology will make it increasingly necessary to
                 document the relation of concurrency. As it happens,
                 descriptions of simple concurrent processes are already
                 found in knitting patterns, so our suggestions for
                 typographic expression of concurrency are worked out on
                 a fragment of knitting to give a domestic and readily
                 grasped example.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Wrolstad:1982:SOM,
  author =       "Merald E. Wrolstad",
  title =        "[{Statement} of Ownership, Management and Circulation
                 of \booktitle{Visible Language}]",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVI",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "403--403",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1982",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 11:23:15 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V16N4_1982_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "The report says 1821 average copies per issue for past
                 twelve months.",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1982:Ad,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "The Authors",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVI",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "404--404",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1982",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 11:23:15 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V16N4_1982_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1982:IVX,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Index to {Volume XVI}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVI",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "406--408",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1982",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 11:23:15 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V16N4_1982_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

%%% The issue in V17N1_1983_E.pdf is entirely handwritten by numerous
%%% authors, and it is impractical to identify the samples, and most of
%%% the issues pages are unnumbered.

@Article{Briem:1983:OR,
  author =       "Gunnlauger S. E. Briem",
  title =        "Opening remarks",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVII",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "4--7",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1983",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 13:53:43 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V17N1_1983_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Briem:1983:WPY,
  author =       "Gunnlauger S. E. Briem",
  title =        "`{What} parts of your work give you the most
                 trouble?'",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVII",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "8--112",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1983",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V17N1_1983_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Fifty-one calligraphers celebrate the art of writing
                 by showing and discussing calligraphic technique.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Wrolstad:1983:ABa,
  author =       "Merald E. Wrolstad",
  title =        "{Advisory Board}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVII",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "114--114",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1983",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 14:01:35 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V17N2_1983_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1983:GIb,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "General Information",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVII",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "115--115",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1983",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 14:01:35 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V17N2_1983_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Kline:1983:IRH,
  author =       "Charles Robert {Kline, Jr.}",
  title =        "Introduction: The Renascence of {die Hermeneute}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVII",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "117--119",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1983",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 14:01:35 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V17N2_1983_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Kinneavy:1983:RWP,
  author =       "James L. Kinneavy",
  title =        "The Relation of the Whole to the Part in
                 Interpretation Theory and in the Composing Process",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVII",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "120--145",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1983",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V17N2_1983_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Key problems in modern hermeneutics are explored:
                 part-whole relationships and the correlated
                 merism-holism debate, the importance of situational
                 context in Greek and Roman rhetoric and its relation to
                 current interpretation theory as well as composition
                 theory, and the problems with the (dominant) sentence
                 and theme emphases of much theory and teaching. The
                 range of materials, of authors, and of ideas being
                 discussed in the ``new'' hermeneutics is surveyed.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Hyde:1983:HPA,
  author =       "Michael J. Hyde",
  title =        "The Hermeneutic Phenomenon and the Authenticity of
                 Discourse",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVII",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "156--162",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1983",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V17N2_1983_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Since the publication of Martin Heidegger's Being and
                 Time, hermaneutical theory has played an important role
                 in investigations if language use. A major issue in
                 these investigations is the question of ``authentic
                 discourse.'' This term points to the ability of a
                 writer or a speaker to perform communicative acts
                 whereby language is used to reveal Being in a truthful
                 manner. The purpose of this essay is to suggest what
                 such an act of revelation entails and how the
                 meaningfulness of this act is a function of a person's
                 poetic and rhetorical abilities.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Kline:1983:RWR,
  author =       "Charles R. {Kline, Jr.} and Roland K. Huff",
  title =        "Reading, Writing: Radix",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVII",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "163--176",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1983",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V17N2_1983_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "In this exploratory essay the authors treat three
                 hypotheses of the radical intersection (``radix'') of
                 composing and reading. The emerging context is seen as
                 controlling element in themes of composing and
                 interpreting. Is the interrelation of author, reader,
                 subject/topic and situational context the connecting
                 point worthy of further study? The second hypothesis is
                 that the more specific, concrete act of discovering
                 questions may be the radix; a model used to teach
                 writers how to discover topics (invention) and readers
                 what avenues of questions may be helpful in the
                 ``physical'' hypothesis --- that the radix of composing
                 and interpreting is actually neurophysiological ---
                 based in recent knowledge of the hypothalamic switching
                 center, parallel nerve circuits and cortical
                 distribution of memory.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Witte:1983:TSW,
  author =       "Stephen P. Witte",
  title =        "Topical Structure and Writing Quality: Some Possible
                 Text-Based Explanations of Readers' Judgments of
                 Student Writing",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVII",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "177--205",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1983",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V17N2_1983_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The argumentative essays of 48 freshmen were used to
                 form two groups of essays, rated holistically for
                 overall quality by experienced readers of student
                 writing. One group had been judged ``high'' in overall
                 quality; one group had been judged ``low.'' The two
                 groups were compared with respect to several text
                 features --- length, syntax, and topical structure ---
                 to determine those features readers may have associated
                 with quality in student writing. The topical structure
                 variables, which were based on work growing out of
                 Prague School Linguistic theory, were found useful in
                 explaining the quality scores readers assigned to the
                 texts. Particularly significant were the percentages of
                 Type 3 and Type 5 sentences; percentages of t-units in
                 parallel, extended parallel, and sequential
                 progressions; averages number of t-units in parallel,
                 extended parallel, and sequential progressions; mean
                 number of t-units per topic, and mean number of words
                 per topic. The limitations of the study are discussed,
                 and its implications for research are suggested.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Marino:1983:HC,
  author =       "Adrian Marino",
  title =        "Hermeneutics as Criticism",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVII",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "206--215",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1983",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V17N2_1983_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Establishing distinctions between hermeneutics and
                 interpretation shows how the terms have become
                 interconnected in present day use. Aristotle's and
                 Boethius' uses of the term ``interpretation'' are
                 compared to the reductive use of the term to indicate
                 approval, normative meanings. Reading of a text is a
                 participation in model-making, of reformulating a world
                 view while involved in the art of reading --- an act
                 increasingly (with the reader's growth in knowledge)
                 formed into considerations of typologies and
                 classifications. Understanding is not apart from
                 interpretation; it is the goal of interpretation.
                 Hermaneutical understanding is seen as understanding
                 the meaning of a literary idea (text) and thus the
                 larger model which corresponds to that idea; the reader
                 is a critic who participates actively in the idea's
                 being and its history.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1983:Ab,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "The Authors",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVII",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "216--216",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1983",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 14:01:35 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V17N2_1983_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1983:GIc,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "General Information",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVII",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "3--3",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1983",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 14:01:35 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V17N3_1983_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Wrolstad:1983:ABc,
  author =       "Merald E. Wrolstad",
  title =        "{Advisory Board}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVII",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "4--4",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1983",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 14:01:35 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V17N3_1983_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Foster:1983:EF,
  author =       "Stephen C. Foster",
  title =        "Editor's Foreword",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVII",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "5--6",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1983",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V17N3_1983_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Foster:1983:LPV,
  author =       "Stephen C. Foster",
  title =        "Letterisme: a Point of View",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVII",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "7--12",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1983",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V17N3_1983_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Lettrisme was an avant-garde event whose goal was to
                 use language expression to the fullest, across media,
                 including literature, fine arts, film, theater,
                 intermedia and various forms of theory. This special
                 issue is based on an exhibition of Lettrist work shown
                 at The University of Iowa Museum of Art.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Curtay:1983:C,
  author =       "Jean-Paul Curtay",
  title =        "Chronology [1944--1982]",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVII",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "13--17",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1983",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V17N3_1983_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Lettrisme was an avant-garde movement whose goal was
                 to use language expression to the fullest, across
                 media, including literature, fine arts, film, theater,
                 intermedia and various forms of theory. This special
                 issue is based on an exhibition of Lettrist work shown
                 at The University of Iowa Museum of Art.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Seaman:1983:LSR,
  author =       "David W. Seaman",
  title =        "Letterisme --- a Stream That Runs Own Course",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVII",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "18--25",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1983",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V17N3_1983_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Lettrisme was an avant-garde event whose goal was to
                 use language expression to the fullest, across media,
                 including literature, fine arts, film, theater,
                 intermedia and various forms of theory. This special
                 issue is based on an exhibition of Lettrist work shown
                 at The University of Iowa Museum of Art.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Curtay:1983:SWA,
  author =       "Jean-Paul Curtay",
  title =        "Super-Writing 1983 --- {America} 1683",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVII",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "26--47",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1983",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V17N3_1983_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Lettrisme was an avant-garde event whose goal was to
                 use language expression to the fullest, across media,
                 including literature, fine arts, film, theater,
                 intermedia and various forms of theory. This special
                 issue is based on an exhibition of Lettrist work shown
                 at The University of Iowa Museum of Art.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Devaux:1983:ALC,
  author =       "Fr{\'e}d{\'e}rique Devaux",
  title =        "Approaching Letterist Cinema",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVII",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "48--56",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1983",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "Translated by David W. Seaman",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V17N3_1983_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Lettrisme was an avant-garde event whose goal was to
                 use language expression to the fullest, across media,
                 including literature, fine arts, film, theater,
                 intermedia and various forms of theory. This special
                 issue is based on an exhibition of Lettrist work shown
                 at The University of Iowa Museum of Art.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Zurbrugg:1983:LLI,
  author =       "Nicholas Zurbrugg",
  title =        "The Limitations of Letterisme: an Interview with
                 {Henri Chopin}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVII",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "57--69",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1983",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V17N3_1983_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Lettrisme was an avant-garde event whose goal was to
                 use language expression to the fullest, across media,
                 including literature, fine arts, film, theater,
                 intermedia and various forms of theory. This special
                 issue is based on an exhibition of Lettrist work shown
                 at The University of Iowa Museum of Art.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Seaman:1983:STT,
  author =       "David W. Seaman",
  title =        "Selected Theoretical Texts from Letterists",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVII",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "70--83",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1983",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V17N3_1983_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The following theoretical texts are edited by the
                 author of this article: Introduction to a New Poetry
                 and a New Music by Isidore Isou The Force Fields of
                 Letterist Painting by Isidore Isou What is Letterism?
                 by Maurice Lema{\^\i}tre A New Perspective System:
                 Integrative Perspective by Jean-Paul Curtay",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Ferrua:1983:RLB,
  author =       "Pietro Ferrua",
  title =        "Researching Letterisme and Bibliography",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVII",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "84--93",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1983",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V17N3_1983_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Lettrisme was an avant-garde event whose goal was to
                 use language expression to the fullest, across media,
                 including literature, fine arts, film, theater,
                 intermedia and various forms of theory. This special
                 issue is based on an exhibition of Lettrist work shown
                 at The University of Iowa Museum of Art.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1983:EC,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Exhibition Checklist",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVII",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "94--110",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1983",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V17N3_1983_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1983:Ac,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "The Authors",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVII",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "111--112",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1983",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 10 06:18:50 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V17N3_1983_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Wrolstad:1983:ABd,
  author =       "Merald E. Wrolstad",
  title =        "{Advisory Board}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "330--330",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1983",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 14:01:35 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V17N4_1983_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1983:GId,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "General Information",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "331--331",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1983",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 14:01:35 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V17N4_1983_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1983:ACa,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "[About the cover]",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "332--332",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1983",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 14:01:35 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V17N4_1983_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Myers:1983:HEE,
  author =       "Prue Wallis Myers",
  title =        "Handwriting in {English} Education",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "333--356",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1983",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V17N4_1983_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Presented here are some significant questions
                 concerning the state of handwriting in infant and
                 primary schools in England, and some possible answers
                 to these questions. The ramifications may apply not
                 only to English schools but schools of other countries
                 as well. During the 1960s and 1970s in particular,
                 handwriting became a forgotten craft in the schools,
                 but improving the standards for both teachers and
                 children is an important task that deserves attention
                 and continuing concern in our fast-moving world.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "The examples of Copperplate, Print-Script, and Italic
                 handwriting are from the hand of Gunnlaugur S. E.
                 Briem.",
}

@Article{Tsao:1983:IDC,
  author =       "Yao-Chung Tsao and Tsai-Guey Wang",
  title =        "Information Distribution in {Chinese} Characters",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "357--364",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1983",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V17N4_1983_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Chinese passages were mutilated either in the right,
                 left, upper, or lower halves and presented to native
                 speakers to read. In Experiment 1 passages were read
                 from left to right; while in Experiment 2 from top to
                 bottom. Time taken to read them and errors were
                 analyzed. Both measures showed that in both experiments
                 the upper halves of characters are easier to read than
                 the lower half, and right halves easier than left.
                 Regression analysis method was used to examine effects
                 of seven independent variables on reading accuracy of
                 the characters. Among them, phonetic cue, symmetry, and
                 number of strokes in the presented half were found to
                 be significant factors.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Bar-Lev:1983:HH,
  author =       "Zev Bar-Lev",
  title =        "{Hebrew} Hieroglyphics",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "365--379",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1983",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V17N4_1983_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "This article presents a walk-through of sample
                 mini-lessons in an innovative method for teaching
                 foreign language, along with brief remarks on its
                 success in trial runs. The main innovation of the
                 method is its use of reading as a starting point. The
                 mini-lessons cover four stages: a pure hieroglyphic
                 stage, a linearized hieroglyphical stage, a key-letter
                 stage, and a phonetic stage. The method is directly
                 applicable to language with different writing systems,
                 such as Hebrew, Arabic, Japanese, or Chinese. But it
                 also has radical implications for the teaching of
                 foreign languages generally, since the sequencing of
                 stages precisely reverses the accepted curricular
                 ordering not only in all of these languages, but also
                 in European languages and in English as a second
                 language.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Perlman:1983:GAT,
  author =       "Gary Perlman and Thomas D. Erickson",
  title =        "Graphical Abstractions of Technical Documents",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "380--389",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1983",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V17N4_1983_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Good technical writing demands clear and concise
                 communication that allows readers to skim documents for
                 efficient access to information. To aid technical
                 writers many computer programs have been written to
                 analyze writing style in the hopes of improving writing
                 standards. These programs have tended to be of a
                 numerical statistical nature, summarizing a document or
                 predicting its ``goodness.'' We feel such programs hide
                 more information than is advisable to help writers
                 understand where and why their documents may have
                 difficulties. After introducing the general concept of
                 an abstraction of a document, we describe the other
                 side of the text analysis coin: graphical displays of
                 text that enhance structural components of a document.
                 We describe two programs for graphical textual
                 analysis: one generates displays of the logical
                 structure of sections of a document; the other
                 generates graphs of the complexity of the individual
                 sentences. While these programs are not the final
                 statement of abstract text analysis, they point a new
                 direction in which we think writing aids should be
                 going.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Weber:1983:BS,
  author =       "Rose-Marie Weber",
  title =        "Behind the Slash",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "390--395",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1983",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V17N4_1983_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The slash is appearing with increasing frequency in
                 constructions like listener/speaker and memory/motor
                 skills. It sometimes joins coordinate words that are
                 alternatives in a sentence, but more often joins
                 coordinates additively, especially nouns and noun
                 compounds. Constructions with a slash are useful in
                 providing lexical cohesion over extended passages. Like
                 other devices in written English, they contribute to
                 making information more integrated in writing than in
                 speech.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Groff:1983:SWL,
  author =       "Patrick Groff",
  title =        "Significance of Word Length",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "396--398",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1983",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V17N4_1983_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Despite the lack of direct empirical evidence on the
                 issue, much comment from teacher educators has been
                 made about the effect of word length on word
                 recognition. A report of this relationship as found
                 with fourth-grade children is reported here. The
                 results of three tests of this relationship are
                 reported: the percentages of these children's correct
                 reading of words of varying syllabic lengths; the
                 correlation between these correct reading of words and
                 their syllabic counts; and the correlation between
                 these correct readings of words and their letter
                 counts. None of these statistics supports the
                 conclusion that there is a significant relationship
                 between word length and word recognition.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Moskin:1983:FBE,
  author =       "J. Robert Moskin",
  title =        "The Future for Books in the Electronic Era: a report
                 on a seminar jointly sponsored by the {Jerusalem
                 International Book Fair} and the {Aspen Institute for
                 Humanistic Studies}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "399--407",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1983",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V17N4_1983_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "In the future a book may be bought as a bubble-wrapped
                 package containing a dust jacket together with a
                 computer chip from which the reader prints out the text
                 at home. Publishers may not stock inventory but print
                 books when customers order them. Information will be
                 acquired from computerized databanks, but literature
                 and poetry will remain in printed form. The usage of
                 language may be changing under the impact of staccato
                 TV-talk. Although most cultural and political life has
                 always taken place outside the home, the new electronic
                 technology may be creating an isolating ``living room
                 culture.'' These are some of the possible effects of
                 the new electronic technology on the future of books
                 and book publishing that were discussed by a panel of
                 diverse experts in a two-day seminar at the Jerusalem
                 International Book Fair in late April 1983.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{McNelly:1983:FDV,
  author =       "Willis E. McNelly",
  title =        "Floppy Discs vs. Coffee Stains",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "408--409",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1983",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 14:01:35 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V17N4_1983_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Sampson:1983:RTO,
  author =       "Geoffrey Sampson",
  title =        "Is Roman Type an Open-Ended System? {A} Response to
                 {Douglas Hofstadter}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "410--412",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1983",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 14:01:35 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "See reply
                 \cite{Hofstadter:1982:MFM,Hofstadter:1983:R}.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V17N4_1983_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Hofstadter:1983:R,
  author =       "Douglas Hofstadter",
  title =        "[Reply]",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "413--416",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1983",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 14:01:35 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "See \cite{Hofstadter:1982:MFM,Sampson:1983:RTO}.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V17N4_1983_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Knuth:1983:C,
  author =       "Donald E. Knuth and William C. Stokoe",
  title =        "Correspondence",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "417--418",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1983",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 14:01:35 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "See \cite{Hofstadter:1982:MFM,Knuth:1982:CMF}.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V17N4_1983_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1983:Ad,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "The Authors",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "419--420",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1983",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 14:01:35 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V17N4_1983_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Wrolstad:1983:MAB,
  author =       "Merald E. Wrolstad",
  title =        "[{In} memoriam: {Advisory Board} members {G. Willem
                 Ovink} and {Bror Zachrisson}]",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "420--420",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1983",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 14:01:35 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V17N4_1983_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1983:IVX,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Index to {Volume XVII}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "422--424",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1983",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 14:01:35 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V17N4_1983_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Wrolstad:1984:ABa,
  author =       "Merald E. Wrolstad",
  title =        "{Advisory Board}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVIII",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "2--2",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1984",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 14:41:18 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V18N1_1984_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1984:GIa,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "General Information",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVIII",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "3--3",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1984",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 14:41:18 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V18N1_1984_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1984:PYA,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Photograph of Young {Ashley Smith}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVIII",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "4--4",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1984",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 14:41:18 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V18N1_1984_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "The PDF file is blanked out above the caption.",
}

@Article{Yaden:1984:RRM,
  author =       "David B. {Yaden, Jr.}",
  title =        "Reading Research in Metalinguistic Awareness:
                 Findings, Problems, and Classroom Applications",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVIII",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "5--47",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1984",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V18N1_1984_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Metalinguistic awareness --- defined as the ability to
                 reflect upon and analyze the structure of both spoken
                 and written language --- is discussed in view of its
                 relationship to the acquisition of reading in young
                 children. The corpus of existing research literature is
                 grouped and examined under three broad categories which
                 are indicative of major lines of research: (a) Concepts
                 about the nature, purposes, and processes of reading,
                 (b) concepts about spoken language units and
                 instructional terminology, and (c) knowledge of print
                 conventions and mapping principles. Examined in other
                 major sections are issues related to the direction of
                 cause between metalinguistic abilities and reading,
                 disparities in research methodology between studies,
                 and commercial instruments purporting to measure
                 metalinguistic knowledge. A major conclusion reached by
                 the review is that although young children are largely
                 unaware of the overriding structure of both speech and
                 print, experience with written language is the most
                 efficient way to enhance metalinguistic growth.
                 Implications for reading instruction and directions for
                 future research are suggested as well.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Schmandt-Besserat:1984:BN,
  author =       "Denise Schmandt-Besserat",
  title =        "Before Numerals",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVIII",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "48--60",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1984",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V18N1_1984_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The paper deals with the development of counting
                 devices in the ancient Middle East between 10,000-3000
                 B.C. and, in particular, bone tallies, clay tokens, and
                 numerical notations on clay tablets. These technologies
                 handled plurality in increasingly abstract terms. Data
                 is tested against a model for the development of
                 abstract numbers proposed by the historian of
                 mathematics Tobias Danzig.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Keenan:1984:ECL,
  author =       "Stacey A. Keenan",
  title =        "Effects of Chunking and Line Length on Reading
                 Efficiency",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVIII",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "61--80",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1984",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V18N1_1984_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "This study investigated whether text with one phrase
                 or ``chunk'' on each line aids reading in comprehension
                 and proofreading tasks. The chunked format was produced
                 by a computer program that uses syntactic rules to
                 determine chunk boundaries. Contrary to expectations,
                 the chunked format was read significantly more slowly
                 than the standard format in all tasks, at two
                 difficulty levels, and with both screen and paper
                 presentation. A new explanatory variable, line-length
                 variability, could account for these results and also
                 reconcile conflicting findings from previous research.
                 From a literature review, we can infer that both
                 chunking and shorter line lengths have positive effects
                 on reading efficiency, but high line-length variability
                 has a strong negative effect. Because chunking
                 increases line-length variability, it can interfere
                 with reading.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Baudin:1984:VET,
  author =       "Fernand Baudin",
  title =        "The Visual Editing of Texts",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVIII",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "81--86",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1984",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V18N1_1984_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Words mesmerize more than they inform. Any piece of
                 writing is an image as well as a message. Hence,
                 whether you want to mesmerize or to inform you must
                 acquire a mastery over the proper letterforms and how
                 to arrange them on any surface. This is more than can
                 be taught in primary schools where all teaching begins
                 as handwriting. Typography, as an extension of
                 handwriting, can no longer be considered a preserve of
                 specialized craftsmen. Therefore all teachers at any
                 level in any branch of learning should be able to
                 analyze, to study, and to describe any text as a
                 constellation of alphabets and a configuration of
                 columns and lines --- that is, to perceive what is on
                 the page and to practice the visual editing of the case
                 one wants to defend. Adapted from a lecture given at
                 Stanford University, May 1983.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Avrin:1984:HMO,
  author =       "Leila Avrin",
  title =        "{Hebrew} Micrography: One Thousand Years of Art in
                 Script",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVIII",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "87--95",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1984",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V18N1_1984_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The art of Hebrew micrography --- minute writing in
                 the shape of objects or designs --- began in the late
                 ninth century in Eretz Israel. From there is spread to
                 Egypt, Yemen, and Europe, where it reached its height
                 from the thirteenth to fifteenth centuries. While
                 nearly all medieval micrography was in Bibles, after
                 the Renaissance it appears in marriage contracts and on
                 other sheets of parchment or paper hung on the walls of
                 synagogues and homes. This longest lasting of Jewish
                 art forms continues to be widely practiced today by
                 scribes and calligraphers.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1984:Aa,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "The Authors",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVIII",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "96--96",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1984",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 14:41:18 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V18N1_1983_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Wrolstad:1984:ABb,
  author =       "Merald E. Wrolstad",
  title =        "{Advisory Board}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVIII",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "98--98",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1984",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 14:50:53 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V18N2_1984_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Wright:1984:ISI,
  author =       "Patricia Wright",
  title =        "Introduction to the Special Issue: Some Effects of
                 Communication Medium on Visible Language",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVIII",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "98--101",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1984",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 14:50:53 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V18N2_1984_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Walker:1984:HTC,
  author =       "Sue Walker",
  title =        "How Typewriters Changed Correspondence",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVIII",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "102--117",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1984",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V18N2_1984_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Typewriters began to be widely used in the 1880s and
                 1890s, and one of the first uses was for the typing of
                 commercial correspondence. Because typewriters are
                 relatively inflexible compared with handwriting, typing
                 inevitably influenced the visual organization of
                 correspondence. These changes in visual organization
                 are evident in the reduced use of indention and
                 superscript, increased width of margins, and line
                 spacing being dependent on the length of the letter.
                 This paper will discuss the development of such
                 changes, drawing examples both from the prescriptions
                 for, and the practice of, commercial correspondence.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Baron:1984:CMC,
  author =       "Naomi S. Baron",
  title =        "Computer Mediated Communication as a Force in Language
                 Change",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVIII",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "118--141",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1984",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V18N2_1984_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "This paper develops a formalized linguistic
                 perspective from which to explore how the medium of
                 communication influences both what ideas can be
                 expressed and how these ideas are expressed. This
                 linguistic perspective enables the use of computers as
                 a replacement for writing, and as a replacement for
                 speech, to be examined in detail. The asymmetric
                 influences between writing and speech are discussed. It
                 is possible to anticipate some of the changes that may
                 occur to these traditional means of communication as
                 people make increasing use of computerized systems for
                 information exchange. The linguistic concept of
                 ``register'' is extended to computer-based
                 communications, and it is noted that there is an
                 increased tendency for aggression to be displayed when
                 talking terminal to terminal. Finally, the impact of
                 developments in networking and computer conferencing on
                 the social uses of communication are considered.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Bryant:1984:RLC,
  author =       "Philip Bryant",
  title =        "Reading Library Catalogues and Indexes",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVIII",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "142--153",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1984",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V18N2_1984_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "This paper gives a brief description of some of the
                 work undertaken by the Centre for Catalogue Research at
                 the University of Bath. Some of the Centre's research
                 is concerned with visual factors affecting the design
                 and performance of library catalogues and indexes. The
                 involvement of computers in the generation of
                 catalogues has enabled people's performance to be
                 studied with alternative catalogue displays. One of the
                 critical factors is the number of entries which can be
                 scanned per page, the more entries the shorter the
                 search time. Another critical factor is the way
                 keyboards in a title are displayed in relation to the
                 context both of the other words in the title and the
                 other entries in the catalogue. It is shown that major
                 improvements are possible to the visual display of the
                 information on some of the catalogue systems currently
                 in use.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Norrish:1984:MTP,
  author =       "Pat Norrish",
  title =        "Moving Tables from Paper to {CRT} Screen",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVIII",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "154--170",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1984",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V18N2_1984_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "This paper develops the notion of ``layers'' of
                 information within a table, and discusses how such
                 layers are typographically distinguished on paper and
                 in a viewdata system (Prestel). A case history is
                 presented of the difficulties facing a British
                 government department wishing to communicate frequently
                 updated tabular information to the agricultural
                 community. Several approaches to design solutions are
                 discussed it terms of the adequacy with which they
                 handle the different layers of information within the
                 table. This leads to a formulation of the kinds of
                 question which designers need to consider when
                 transferring information from print to CRT screen.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Pullinger:1984:DPC,
  author =       "David J. Pullinger",
  title =        "Design and Presentation of {{\booktitle{Computer Human
                 Factors}}} Journal on the {BLEND} System",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVIII",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "171--185",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1984",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V18N2_1984_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "This paper reviews the various design decisions made
                 during an experimental project in which a scholarly
                 journal was presented on a CRT screen instead of paper.
                 It was found that decisions about how information was
                 displayed were closely related to decisions about how
                 to help readers move around within the text. For
                 example, the content lists itemizing those papers which
                 were included in the journal had to include more
                 information than is customary with printed journals. It
                 was also found helpful to include a detailed contents
                 list at the beginning of each article by which readers
                 could quickly access specific sections of that text.
                 For similar reasons the ways in which references were
                 cited in the text had to be modified. It was found that
                 readers and writers had problems with the multiplicity
                 of numbering systems which arose and also with the
                 technological limitations on the integration of words
                 and graphics. Finally, consideration is given to some
                 of the implications of the potential offered by the
                 electronic medium for departing from conventional
                 linear sequencing of journal articles.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Wright:1984:IRR,
  author =       "P. Wright and A. Lickorish",
  title =        "Investigating Referee's Requirements in an Electronic
                 Medium",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVIII",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "186--205",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1984",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V18N2_1984_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The performance of eight academics refereeing two
                 scholarly journal articles is examined when the
                 articles are presented either on paper or on a CRT
                 screen. Three aspects of performance are analyzed: (a)
                 details of how the task was undertaken by each referee,
                 (b) individual assessments of the two presentation
                 media, (c) the effect of presentation medium on the
                 evaluation of each article's merit. The results showed
                 that there was considerable variation among referees in
                 the way they undertook the task and in their evaluation
                 of each article. Referees tended to be slower with the
                 CRT text and made several criticisms of the facilities
                 available to them in the electronic medium. Suggestions
                 were put forward concerning the support needed for
                 refereeing academic papers presented in an electronic
                 medium. In this study evaluative assessments of the
                 merits of each article were not affected by the
                 presentation medium.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1984:GIb,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "General Information",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVIII",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "206--206",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1984",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 14:50:53 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V18N2_1984_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1984:Ab,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "The Authors",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVIII",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "207--207",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1984",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 14:50:53 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V18N2_1984_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Wrolstad:1984:SOM,
  author =       "Merald E. Wrolstad",
  title =        "[{Statement} of Ownership, Management and Circulation
                 of \booktitle{Visible Language}]",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVIII",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "208--208",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1984",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 14:50:53 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V18N2_1984_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "The report says 1982 average copies per issue for past
                 twelve months.",
}

@Article{Wrolstad:1984:ABc,
  author =       "Merald E. Wrolstad",
  title =        "{Advisory Board}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVIII",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "210--210",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1984",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 15:00:32 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V18N3_1984_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special Issue: Aspects of the Japanese Writing System.
                 Guest Editor: Chris Seeley.",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1984:GIc,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "General Information",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVIII",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "211--211",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1984",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 15:00:32 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V18N3_1984_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special Issue: Aspects of the Japanese Writing System.
                 Guest Editor: Chris Seeley.",
}

@Article{Seeley:1984:SIA,
  author =       "Chris Seeley",
  title =        "Special Issue: Aspects of the {Japanese} Writing
                 System",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVIII",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "213--218",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1984",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 15:00:32 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V18N3_1984_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special Issue: Aspects of the Japanese Writing System.
                 Guest Editor: Chris Seeley.",
}

@Article{Backhouse:1984:AGS,
  author =       "A. E. Backhouse",
  title =        "Aspects of the Graphological Structure of {Japanese}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVIII",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "219--228",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1984",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V18N3_1984_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Certain important general features of the
                 graphological structure of modern Japanese are
                 reviewed. The Japanese writing system is characterized
                 in particular by its plurality of scripts and by the
                 distinctive nature of the kanji (character) script.
                 Three major structural repercussions of these
                 properties in the normal orthography are surveyed:
                 firstly, the differential function of the various
                 scripts in distinguishing grammatical from lexical
                 items and, within the lexicon, in marking membership of
                 motivating, by way of graphological linkage, the
                 learned Sino-Japanese vocabulary in terms of the
                 neutral native vocabulary; and finally, the
                 differential role played by kanji in two important
                 types of homophony.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special Issue: Aspects of the Japanese Writing System.
                 Guest Editor: Chris Seeley.",
}

@Article{Twine:1984:APJ,
  author =       "Nannette Twine",
  title =        "The Adoption of Punctuation in {Japanese} Script",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVIII",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "229--237",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1984",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V18N3_1984_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Exposure to Western writings in the nineteenth century
                 had a beneficial effect on the spatial organization of
                 Japanese texts, which had hitherto been either
                 sketchily punctuated or not punctuated at all. The use
                 of such devices as word spacing, paragraphing, commas,
                 and full stops was advocated first in essays by
                 scholars of the West and applied in a few school
                 textbooks in the early Meiji period (1868--1912). The
                 real impetus for the adoption of European-style
                 punctuation, however, came from the novelists who
                 produced the various schools or modern fiction which
                 began to appear from the mid-1880s. They experimented
                 with the whole spectrum of European devices in
                 conjunction with a new colloquial style, though not all
                 proved appropriate to Japanese. Through their efforts
                 the practice of punctuating texts became well
                 established and later spread outside the realm of
                 fiction to other areas of written Japanese.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special Issue: Aspects of the Japanese Writing System.
                 Guest Editor: Chris Seeley.",
}

@Article{Unger:1984:JOC,
  author =       "J. Marshall Unger",
  title =        "{Japanese} Orthography in the Computer Age",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVIII",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "238--253",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1984",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V18N3_1984_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Modern Japanese writing makes use of a large inventory
                 of Chinese characters. Computers that can output such
                 characters and represent them internally may cost more
                 than computers that need only handle standard
                 alphanumeric data, but there is no difficulty designing
                 and manufacturing them. On the other hand, although
                 many ingenious systems for input have been devised,
                 none comes close to matching the efficiency of touch
                 typing. Why is this, and is there hope for a
                 breakthrough in the years ahead? This paper attempts to
                 answer both these questions by examining the linguistic
                 and technical factors which are responsible for the
                 intractability of the input problem, and the social
                 factors which lend it a sense of urgency. Special care
                 is taken to separate those aspects of the problem which
                 are genuinely cultural in nature from those which are
                 not. The conclusion is not encouraging: an efficient
                 general-purpose input system is unlikely. The Japanese
                 might be better off directing some of the capital they
                 are now investing in the quest for artificial
                 intelligence towards less glamorous pursuits such as
                 fostering public acceptance of romanization for use in
                 computer applications that demand fast, accurate,
                 easily modified input. The political resolve for such
                 an approach, however, seems to be lacking.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special Issue: Aspects of the Japanese Writing System.
                 Guest Editor: Chris Seeley.",
}

@Article{Unger:1984:JB,
  author =       "J. Marshall Unger",
  title =        "{Japanese Braille}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVIII",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "254--266",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1984",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V18N3_1984_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Braille is perhaps the only area of Japanese
                 linguistic life in which serious attention was paid to
                 the problem of word and phrase delimiters before the
                 advent of computers. Japanese orthography does not use
                 spaces in the Western manner, but braille texts must if
                 they are to be intelligible. The first part of this
                 paper describes the fundamentals of Japanese braille
                 --- in which cells correspond to letters of the
                 alphabet, punctuation marks, or special contracted
                 forms --- Japanese braille cells are associated with
                 elements of the syllabic script called kana. This
                 leaves no room for contractions, although it does
                 result in some savings in space. Are these savings
                 superior to what could be achieved in a roman-based
                 Japanese braille system? The second part of this paper
                 answers that question in the negative.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special Issue: Aspects of the Japanese Writing System.
                 Guest Editor: Chris Seeley.",
}

@Article{Seeley:1984:JSS,
  author =       "Chris Seeley",
  title =        "{Japanese} Script since 1900",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVIII",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "267--301",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1984",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V18N3_1984_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The postwar Toyo kanji reforms were successful in
                 helping very substantially to simplify the writing of
                 ordinary, non-specialist Japanese texts by restricting
                 the number of kanji in use, their readings, and their
                 form (jitai). In 1891 the Toyo kanji List of 1946 was
                 replaced by the more extensive Joyo naji List. The
                 compilation of the new list over a period of eight
                 years, and its formal adoption, were the subject of
                 much debate. This article gives an account of the new
                 list in terms of its developments through two draft
                 stages to the final version, examines its contents and
                 nature, and provides a comparison with the Toyo kanji
                 List. By way of introduction, a summary is given of
                 changes in the Japanese script from 1900 onwards.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special Issue: Aspects of the Japanese Writing System.
                 Guest Editor: Chris Seeley.",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1984:Ac,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "The Authors",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVIII",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "303--303",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1984",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 15:00:32 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V18N3_1984_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special Issue: Aspects of the Japanese Writing System.
                 Guest Editor: Chris Seeley.",
}

%%% Pages 307--308 are missing from V18N4_1984_E.pd

@Article{Wrolstad:1984:AB,
  author =       "Merald E. Wrolstad",
  title =        "{Advisory Board}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVIII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "306--306",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1984",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 15:08:39 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V18N4_1984_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special Issue: Psychological Processes in Reading.
                 Guest Editors: Dominic Massaro and Cesare Cornoldi.",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1984:GI,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "General Information",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVIII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "307--307",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1984",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 15:08:39 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V18N4_1984_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Massaro:1984:SIP,
  author =       "Dominic Massaro",
  title =        "Special Issue: Psychological Processes in Reading.
                 Edited by {Dominic Massaro, University of California,
                 Santa Cruz} and {Cesare Cornoldi, University of Padova,
                 Italy}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVIII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "309--309",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1984",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 15:08:39 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V18N4_1984_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Baddeley:1984:RWM,
  author =       "Alan Baddeley",
  title =        "Reading and Working Memory",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVIII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "311--322",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1984",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V18N4_1984_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The concept of working memory is outlined, with
                 particular reference to a hypothetical component, the
                 articulatory loop. Research on the possible involvement
                 of the articulatory loop in fluent adult reading is
                 discussed in connection with the effects of
                 phonological similarities within the material to be
                 read, and the effects of articulatory suppression.
                 Evidence from written and spoken puns is also
                 considered. The model is then used to investigate the
                 comprehension and reading performance of a patient with
                 defective short term memory attributable to an
                 impairment in the phonological short-term store. The
                 evidence combines to suggest that the articulatory loop
                 is not essential for most fluent reading, but is
                 important for the accurate processing of complex text.
                 The final section considers the possible involvement of
                 the articulatory loop in learning to read, presents
                 evidence for its importance, and suggests possible
                 strategies for optimizing its use.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special Issue: Psychological Processes in Reading.
                 Guest Editors: Dominic Massaro and Cesare Cornoldi.",
}

@Article{Massaro:1984:RAK,
  author =       "Dominic W. Massaro",
  title =        "Reading Ability and Knowledge of Orthographic
                 Structure",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVIII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "323--332",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1984",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V18N4_1984_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "It has been well-documented that orthographic
                 structure (spelling constraints) contributes to the
                 perceptual processing of letter strings. The present
                 paper continues this study by exploring the
                 relationship between utilization of orthographic
                 structure and reading ability. Fourth-graders of
                 varying reading ability were given pairs of letter
                 strings and asked to pick the string that most
                 resembles English spelling. The letters strings were
                 varied systematically in terms of lexical status,
                 frequency of sublexical patterns, and rule-based
                 regularity. The results revealed a significant positive
                 relationship between reading ability and appropriate
                 decisions about English spelling. Some constraints in
                 English spelling are mentioned along with some
                 suggestions about how classroom practice might be
                 modified to facilitate the child's understanding of
                 orthographic structure.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special Issue: Psychological Processes in Reading.
                 Guest Editors: Dominic Massaro and Cesare Cornoldi.",
}

@Article{Simion:1984:ADC,
  author =       "Francesca Simion and Beatrice Benelli and Franca
                 Tarantini",
  title =        "Is Activation of Different Codes Related to Age and
                 Stimulus Material?",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVIII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "333--341",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1984",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V18N4_1984_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The activation of different codes as related to age
                 and stimulus material was studied using a
                 same/different classification task. Two age levels (6.5
                 and 10.6) and two kinds of stimuli were considered.
                 Response latencies and errors were evaluated for pairs
                 of letters and geometrical figures, tachistoscopically
                 presented. For both types of material same responses
                 were given to physical identity pairs, analog identity
                 pairs, and name identity pairs. The results show that:
                 (1) the nature of the stimuli affects the types of
                 codes activated where higher-order operations are
                 required to compare the stimuli; (2) the level of
                 accuracy as a function of age for both types of
                 stimuli.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special Issue: Psychological Processes in Reading.
                 Guest Editors: Dominic Massaro and Cesare Cornoldi.",
}

@Article{Burani:1984:MSL,
  author =       "Cristina Burani and Dario Salmaso and Alfonso
                 Caramazza",
  title =        "Morphological Structures and Lexical Access",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVIII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "342--352",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1984",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V18N4_1984_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The three experiments reported in this paper addressed
                 the question of whether the frequency of the
                 root-morpheme of a word (e.g., sent from sentire, to
                 hear) or the frequency of the surface form of a word
                 (e.g., sentito, heard) determines decision latencies in
                 a lexical decision task. The results indicate that both
                 root-morpheme and word surface frequency contribute to
                 variation in lexical decision times supporting
                 previously reported experiments by Taft (1979). We
                 argue that these results support a model of lexical
                 organization that represents words in morphologically
                 decomposed form. We also propose, however, that the
                 address procedure for these representations do not
                 require that the stimulus input be parsed into roots
                 and affixes but can be addressed through a whole word
                 address system.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special Issue: Psychological Processes in Reading.
                 Guest Editors: Dominic Massaro and Cesare Cornoldi.",
}

@Article{FloresdArcais:1984:LKW,
  author =       "Giavanni B. {Flores d'Arcais}",
  title =        "Lexical Knowledge and Word Recognition: Children's
                 Reading of Function Words",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVIII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "353--371",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1984",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V18N4_1984_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "This paper presents a series of experiments on
                 children's recognition of function words such as
                 connectives and prepositions. The questions address: Is
                 there a developmental difference in the recognition of
                 content and function words? How available are words
                 from the two word classes in reading? Is the difference
                 in lexical availability of content and function words a
                 matter of grammatical class or of meaningfulness? To
                 what extent does the context affect the recognition of
                 function words? Two lexical decision experiments are
                 reported in which the availability of connectives and
                 prepositions has been compared to that of content
                 words. A third experiment involved a semantic
                 categorization task, in which the subjects had to
                 decide whether content and function words were
                 referring to the concept of time or not, and in which
                 function words were decided upon much more slowly. The
                 fourth was a probe latency experiment in which the
                 subjects had to decide whether a given word --- a
                 connective, a preposition, a verb, or a noun --- had
                 been part of a sentence previously presented. Finally,
                 the fifth was an experiment on word recognition in
                 context. The results showed a lower availability of
                 function words as compared to content words. A second
                 finding was that this lower availability may be, as
                 least in part, more a matter of meaningfulness than of
                 grammatical class, function words being characterized
                 in general by less semantic content. A third conclusion
                 was that context facilitates recognition of function
                 words only at a higher age.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special Issue: Psychological Processes in Reading.
                 Guest Editors: Dominic Massaro and Cesare Cornoldi.",
}

@Article{Cavedon:1984:SVS,
  author =       "Adele Cavedon and Cesare Cornoldi and Rossana
                 DeBeni",
  title =        "Structural vs. Semantic Coding in Reading of Isolated
                 Works by Deaf Children",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVIII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "372--381",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1984",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V18N4_1984_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "It is well known that deaf children experience great
                 problems in reading. The paper explores the deaf
                 problems in reading isolated words with a continuous
                 recognition task, including 20 ``basic'' words and four
                 distracters selected for the basic words on the basis
                 either of structural similarities (visual and phonetic)
                 or semantic connection (a synonym or a strongly
                 associated word). Deaf children, 11-15 years old, were
                 compared with hearing children matched for grade
                 (experiment one) and for age or school achievement
                 (experiment two). Patterns of confusion, inferred by
                 false positives, indicated that hearing children relied
                 more on semantic properties of items and deaf children
                 more on structural properties. This result contrasts
                 with the idea that deaf reading difficulties are mainly
                 related to an absence of structural processing of items
                 and suggests that their main problem concerns a less
                 deep coding of items during reading.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special Issue: Psychological Processes in Reading.
                 Guest Editors: Dominic Massaro and Cesare Cornoldi.",
}

@Article{Masterson:1984:SDD,
  author =       "Jacqueline Masterson",
  title =        "Surface Dyslexia and Developmental Disorders of
                 Reading",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVIII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "382--390",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1984",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V18N4_1984_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "A comparison is made of characteristics of the reading
                 of five adult neurological patients suffering from the
                 reading disorder known as surface dyslexia, and four
                 children suffering from reading disorder in the absence
                 of any observable signs of neurological damage. The
                 four main symptoms of surface dyslexia are: (1) greater
                 difficulty in reading aloud irregularly spelled words
                 (such as gauge, debt) than regularly spelled words
                 (such as grill, turn), (2) errors in reading aloud
                 characterized by regulations and visual errors, (3)
                 spelling errors are usually phonologically correct, (4)
                 confusion between homophones in defining printed words.
                 These symptoms were all found in the reading and
                 spelling of the four children with reading disorder.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special Issue: Psychological Processes in Reading.
                 Guest Editors: Dominic Massaro and Cesare Cornoldi.",
}

@Article{Blachowicz:1984:RRC,
  author =       "Camille L. Z. Blachowicz",
  title =        "Reading and Remembering: a Constructivist Perspective
                 on Reading Comprehension and Its Disorders",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVIII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "391--403",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1984",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V18N4_1984_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "This paper reviews several models of reading which
                 have influenced educational practice and present a
                 schema-theoretic perspective on reading comprehension.
                 Such a framework proves fruitful for investigating
                 young readers' knowledge of and use of prose structure
                 and offers a model within which to reconsider disorders
                 of comprehension. The concluding section looks at the
                 instructional research on schema availability and
                 maintenance as well as work on children's comprehension
                 and metacomprehension and suggest further research on
                 the cognitive components of reading difficulty.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special Issue: Psychological Processes in Reading.
                 Guest Editors: Dominic Massaro and Cesare Cornoldi.",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1984:Ad,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "The Authors",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVIII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "404--405",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1984",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 15:08:39 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V18N4_1984_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1984:IVX,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Index to {Volume XVIII}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XVIII",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "406--408",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1984",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 15:08:39 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V18N4_1984_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Wrolstad:1985:ABa,
  author =       "Merald E. Wrolstad",
  title =        "{Advisory Board}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIX",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "2--2",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1985",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 19:15:12 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V19N1_1985_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special Issue: The Computer and the Hand in Type
                 Design. Guest editors: Charles Bigelow and Lynn
                 Ruggles. Proceedings of the seminar ``The Computer and
                 the Hand in Type Design'' held at Stanford University
                 from July 31 to August 7, 1983.",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1985:GIa,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "General Information",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIX",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "3--3",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1985",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 19:15:12 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V19N1_1985_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special Issue: The Computer and the Hand in Type
                 Design. Guest editors: Charles Bigelow and Lynn
                 Ruggles. Proceedings of the seminar ``The Computer and
                 the Hand in Type Design'' held at Stanford University
                 from July 31 to August 7, 1983.",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1985:PMF,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "The printer's mark of {Friedrich Peypus. Nuremberg},
                 active 1512--1534",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIX",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "4--4",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1985",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 19:15:12 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V19N1_1985_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special Issue: The Computer and the Hand in Type
                 Design. Guest editors: Charles Bigelow and Lynn
                 Ruggles. Proceedings of the seminar ``The Computer and
                 the Hand in Type Design'' held at Stanford University
                 from July 31 to August 7, 1983.",
}

@Article{Bigelow:1985:I,
  author =       "Charles Bigelow",
  title =        "Introduction",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIX",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "5--10",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1985",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 19:15:12 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V19N1_1985_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special Issue: The Computer and the Hand in Type
                 Design. Guest editors: Charles Bigelow and Lynn
                 Ruggles. Proceedings of the seminar ``The Computer and
                 the Hand in Type Design'' held at Stanford University
                 from July 31 to August 7, 1983.",
}

@Article{Dreyfus:1985:TPT,
  author =       "John Dreyfus",
  title =        "A Turning Point in Type Design",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIX",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "11--22",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1985",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/font.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V19N1_1985_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "This issue presents the proceedings of the fifth ATypI
                 working seminar which brought together masters of metal
                 and digital type founding. Such notable type designers
                 as Matthew Carter, Donald Knuth and Hermann Zapf
                 present articles. Typographic history is examined by
                 John Dreyfus, Andr{\'e} G{\"u}rtler, Christian Mengelt
                 and Jack Stauffacher.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Zapf:1985:FTT,
  author =       "Hermann Zapf",
  title =        "Future Tendencies in Type Design: The Scientific
                 Approach to Letterforms",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIX",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "23--34",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1985",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/font.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V19N1_1985_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "This issue presents the proceedings of the fifth ATyp1
                 working seminar which brought together masters of metal
                 and digital type founding. Such notable type designers
                 as Matthew Carter, Donald Knuth and Hermann Zapf
                 present articles. Typographic history is examined by
                 John Dreyfus, Andr{\'e} G{\"u}rtler, Christian Mengelt
                 and Jack Stauffacher.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Knuth:1985:LLM,
  author =       "Donald E. Knuth",
  title =        "Lessons Learned from {Metafont}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIX",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "35--53",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1985",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/font.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V19N1_1985_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "This issue presents the proceedings of the fifth ATyp1
                 working seminar which brought together masters of metal
                 and digital type founding. Such notable type designers
                 as Matthew Carter, Donald Knuth and Hermann Zapf
                 present articles. Typographic history is examined by
                 John Dreyfus, Andr{\'e} G{\"u}rtler, Christian Mengelt
                 and Jack Stauffacher.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1985:PMW,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "The printer's mark of {Wechel}. 1495--1554",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIX",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "54--54",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1985",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 19:15:12 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V19N1_1985_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special Issue: The Computer and the Hand in Type
                 Design. Guest editors: Charles Bigelow and Lynn
                 Ruggles. Proceedings of the seminar ``The Computer and
                 the Hand in Type Design'' held at Stanford University
                 from July 31 to August 7, 1983.",
}

@Article{LopesCardozo:1985:SKW,
  author =       "Lida {Lopes Cardozo}",
  title =        "Stonecuttings from {Kindersley}'s Workshop",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIX",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "55--59",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1985",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/font.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V19N1_1985_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "This issue presents the proceedings of the fifth ATyp1
                 working seminar which brought together masters of metal
                 and digital type founding. Such notable type designers
                 as Matthew Carter, Donald Knuth and Hermann Zapf
                 present articles. Typographic history is examined by
                 John Dreyfus, Andr{\'e} G{\"u}rtler, Christian Mengelt
                 and Jack Stauffacher.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Stauffacher:1985:TPK,
  author =       "Jack Stauffacher",
  title =        "The {Transylvanian} Phoenix: The {Kis--Janson} Types
                 in the Digital Era",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIX",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "60--76",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1985",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/font.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V19N1_1985_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "This issue presents the proceedings of the fifth ATyp1
                 working seminar which brought together masters of metal
                 and digital type founding. Such notable type designers
                 as Matthew Carter, Donald Knuth and Hermann Zapf
                 present articles. Typographic history is examined by
                 John Dreyfus, Andr{\'e} G{\"u}rtler, Christian Mengelt
                 and Jack Stauffacher.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Carter:1985:GMR,
  author =       "Matthew Carter",
  title =        "{Galliard}: a Modern Revival of Types of {Robert
                 Granjon}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIX",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "77--98",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1985",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/font.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V19N1_1985_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "This issue presents the proceedings of the fifth ATyp1
                 working seminar which brought together masters of metal
                 and digital type founding. Such notable type designers
                 as Matthew Carter, Donald Knuth and Hermann Zapf
                 present articles. Typographic history is examined by
                 John Dreyfus, Andr{\'e} G{\"u}rtler, Christian Mengelt
                 and Jack Stauffacher.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Drost:1985:PD,
  author =       "Henk Drost",
  title =        "Punchcutting Demonstration",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIX",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "99--106",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1985",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 19:15:12 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/font.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V19N1_1985_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "This issue presents the proceedings of the fifth ATyp1
                 working seminar which brought together masters of metal
                 and digital type founding. Such notable type designers
                 as Matthew Carter, Donald Knuth and Hermann Zapf
                 present articles. Typographic history is examined by
                 John Dreyfus, Andr{\'e} G{\"u}rtler, Christian Mengelt
                 and Jack Stauffacher.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special Issue: The Computer and the Hand in Type
                 Design. Guest editors: Charles Bigelow and Lynn
                 Ruggles. Proceedings of the seminar ``The Computer and
                 the Hand in Type Design'' held at Stanford University
                 from July 31 to August 7, 1983.",
}

@Article{Nelson:1985:MMM,
  author =       "Stan Nelson",
  title =        "Mould Making, Matrix Fitting, and Hand Casting",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIX",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "107--120",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1985",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/font.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V19N1_1985_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "This issue presents the proceedings of the fifth ATyp1
                 working seminar which brought together masters of metal
                 and digital type founding. Such notable type designers
                 as Matthew Carter, Donald Knuth and Hermann Zapf
                 present articles. Typographic history is examined by
                 John Dreyfus, Andr{\'e} G{\"u}rtler, Christian Mengelt
                 and Jack Stauffacher.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1985:PMH,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "The printer's mark of {The Hackiana Press. Leyden},
                 1671",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIX",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "121--121",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1985",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 19:15:12 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/font.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V19N1_1985_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special Issue: The Computer and the Hand in Type
                 Design. Guest editors: Charles Bigelow and Lynn
                 Ruggles. Proceedings of the seminar ``The Computer and
                 the Hand in Type Design'' held at Stanford University
                 from July 31 to August 7, 1983.",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1985:PMAa,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "The printer's mark of {Antoine De Harsy. Lyon}, 1550",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIX",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "122--122",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1985",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 19:15:12 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/font.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V19N1_1985_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special Issue: The Computer and the Hand in Type
                 Design. Guest editors: Charles Bigelow and Lynn
                 Ruggles. Proceedings of the seminar ``The Computer and
                 the Hand in Type Design'' held at Stanford University
                 from July 31 to August 7, 1983.",
}

@Article{Gurtler:1985:FRM,
  author =       "Andr{\'e} G{\"u}rtler and Christian Mengelt",
  title =        "Fundamental Research Methods and Form Innovations in
                 Type Design Compared to Technological Developments in
                 Type Production",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIX",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "123--147",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1985",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/font.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V19N1_1985_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "This issue presents the proceedings of the fifth ATyp1
                 working seminar which brought together masters of metal
                 and digital type founding. Such notable type designers
                 as Matthew Carter, Donald Knuth and Hermann Zapf
                 present articles. Typographic history is examined by
                 John Dreyfus, Andr{\'e} G{\"u}rtler, Christian Mengelt
                 and Jack Stauffacher.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1985:PMG,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "The printer's mark of {The Guinta Press. Antwerp}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIX",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "148--148",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1985",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 19:15:12 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/font.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V19N1_1985_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special Issue: The Computer and the Hand in Type
                 Design. Guest editors: Charles Bigelow and Lynn
                 Ruggles. Proceedings of the seminar ``The Computer and
                 the Hand in Type Design'' held at Stanford University
                 from July 31 to August 7, 1983.",
}

@Article{Gottschall:1985:SAT,
  author =       "Edward Gottschall",
  title =        "The State of the Art in Typeface Design Protection",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIX",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "149--155",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1985",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/font.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V19N1_1985_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "This issue presents the proceedings of the fifth ATyp1
                 working seminar which brought together masters of metal
                 and digital type founding. Such notable type designers
                 as Matthew Carter, Donald Knuth and Hermann Zapf
                 present articles. Typographic history is examined by
                 John Dreyfus, Andr{\'e} G{\"u}rtler, Christian Mengelt
                 and Jack Stauffacher.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1985:PMAb,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "The printer's mark of {Aldus Manutius. Venice},
                 1450--1515",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIX",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "156--156",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1985",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 19:15:12 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/font.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V19N1_1985_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special Issue: The Computer and the Hand in Type
                 Design. Guest editors: Charles Bigelow and Lynn
                 Ruggles. Proceedings of the seminar ``The Computer and
                 the Hand in Type Design'' held at Stanford University
                 from July 31 to August 7, 1983.",
}

@Article{Baudin:1985:AFA,
  author =       "Fernand Baudin and Inga Wennik and Margaret Tsai",
  title =        "Abstracts --- {French}; Abstracts --- {German};
                 Abstracts --- {Japanese}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIX",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "157--163",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1985",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 19:15:12 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/font.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V19N1_1985_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special Issue: The Computer and the Hand in Type
                 Design. Guest editors: Charles Bigelow and Lynn
                 Ruggles. Proceedings of the seminar ``The Computer and
                 the Hand in Type Design'' held at Stanford University
                 from July 31 to August 7, 1983.",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1985:Aa,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "The Authors",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIX",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "164--166",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1985",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 19:15:12 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/font.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V19N1_1985_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special Issue: The Computer and the Hand in Type
                 Design. Guest editors: Charles Bigelow and Lynn
                 Ruggles. Proceedings of the seminar ``The Computer and
                 the Hand in Type Design'' held at Stanford University
                 from July 31 to August 7, 1983.",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1985:C,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Colophon",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIX",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "167--168",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1985",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 19:15:12 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/font.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V19N1_1985_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special Issue: The Computer and the Hand in Type
                 Design. Guest editors: Charles Bigelow and Lynn
                 Ruggles. Proceedings of the seminar ``The Computer and
                 the Hand in Type Design'' held at Stanford University
                 from July 31 to August 7, 1983.",
}

@Article{Poggenpohl:1985:CGB,
  author =       "Sharon Helmer Poggenpohl",
  title =        "Computer Graphics: Bridging the Gap",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIX",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "173--177",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1985",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V19N2_1985_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Three educators from different universities, the
                 Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago, the
                 University of Reading in the United Kingdom, and the
                 Rochester Institute of Technology in New York, discuss
                 their experience with integrating computer graphics
                 into their graphic design programs. The
                 ``conversation'' took place via email during a period
                 of seven months. The discussion moves between practical
                 and philosophical issues and between a specific graphic
                 design education perspective and a more general design
                 perspective.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Owen:1985:GDC,
  author =       "Charles Owen and Roger Remington and Michael Twyman
                 and Sharon Poggenpohl",
  title =        "Graphic Design: Computer Graphics: {What} Do They
                 Mean? {How} Do They Fit?",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIX",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "178--225",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1985",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 19:36:55 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V19N2_1985_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special Issue: The Computer and the Hand in Type
                 Design. Guest editors: Charles Bigelow and Lynn
                 Ruggles. Proceedings of the seminar ``The Computer and
                 the Hand in Type Design'' held at Stanford University
                 from July 31 to August 7, 1983.",
}

@Article{Shamonsky:1985:SGG,
  author =       "Dorothy Shamonsky",
  title =        "Scripting Graphic With Graphics",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIX",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "226--242",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1985",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V19N2_1985_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "This paper describes a system for scripting and
                 editing graphic procedures with graphic representations
                 or icons. The icons are small bit-map images that carry
                 with them information about special placement, list
                 placement, and pointers to procedures. Two interactive
                 graphic software packages have been written, one for
                 creating icons and one for scripting with icons. Icons
                 can be created in two ways: (1) making bit-maps from
                 frame buffer images and (2) drawing by grid filling.
                 Icons have been created with pointers to a series of
                 image transformation procedures. Scripts can be created
                 in two ways: (1) by storyboarding icons or (2) by
                 playing out a sequence of graphics and recording the
                 list of events. Scripts can be edited, saved, played,
                 and re-edited. All interaction is done with puck,
                 tablet, menus, and visual cues. A historical overview
                 of computer icons is presented, using several key
                 systems as examples.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{MillerRubin:1985:SCA,
  author =       "Morissa {Miller Rubin}",
  title =        "Spatial Context as an Aid to Page Layout: a system for
                 planning and sketching",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIX",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "243--250",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1985",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V19N2_1985_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "No abstract.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Nishimura:1985:DID,
  author =       "Yoshiki Nishimura and Keiichi Sato",
  title =        "Dynamic Information Display",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIX",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "251--271",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1985",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V19N2_1985_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The video screens and sophisticated computer
                 technology offer new display media for typographic
                 information transfer. However, the design attributes
                 for composition employed by this new media take little
                 advantage of this new technology; instead, they tend to
                 emulate conventional design attributes established for
                 print. In new media, the state of an information
                 display changes because the three-dimensional structure
                 of its information (the two dimensions of the display
                 plane and the time dimension) is revealed in temporal
                 segments on the display screen; its communication is
                 dynamic. New design attributes for composition must be
                 identified by considering this dynamic nature. These
                 and a new design process in which programmed rules
                 assist the designer to create visual patterns in a
                 dynamic layout are explored in this paper.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Allmendinger:1985:CDE,
  author =       "Leif Allmendinger and Mihai Nadin",
  title =        "Computers in Design Education: a case study",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIX",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "272--287",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1985",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V19N2_1985_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "This article is a condensed version of a larger study
                 entitled Design with Computers, Design for Computers,
                 Computers for Design-Enhanced Creativity; Proposal for
                 a Computer Implementation Model for a College of Art
                 and Design. The plan deals with all areas of education
                 that the Rhode Island School of Design is responsible
                 for: freshman foundation, liberal arts, the library,
                 the museum, and first of all the degree programs in
                 art, design, and architecture. For the purpose of this
                 presentation, emphasis is placed on computers in
                 relation to art and design. The plan's main ideas are:
                 (1) What computers can do for design; (2) What
                 designers (and future designers) in the educational
                 environment can do for computers and computer-aided
                 technology. The characteristics of the college and its
                 relations with nearby colleges and businesses were
                 carefully considered in light of the state of the art
                 in computer technology and software.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Jones:1985:GDT,
  author =       "Mary Jones",
  title =        "Graphic Design: Towards Digital Applications",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIX",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "288--296",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1985",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V19N2_1985_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The disciplines of Graphic Design and Computer Science
                 interact synergistically; the computer is used by the
                 designer as a creative tool while the scientist
                 benefits from the designer's contribution concerning
                 the best use of the visual potential of the medium. The
                 graphic designer is urged to become computer-literate
                 not only to take advantage of current technology in the
                 design workplace or to seek new professional
                 opportunities in the computer field, but to participate
                 in the development of software that will best serve the
                 designer's needs without restricting the dynamic nature
                 of the design process.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1985:Ba,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Bibliography",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIX",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "297--297",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1985",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 19:36:55 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V19N2_1985_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special Issue: The Computer and the Hand in Type
                 Design. Guest editors: Charles Bigelow and Lynn
                 Ruggles. Proceedings of the seminar ``The Computer and
                 the Hand in Type Design'' held at Stanford University
                 from July 31 to August 7, 1983.",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1985:ATF,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Abstracts in Translation [{French}, {German}]",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIX",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "298--301",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1985",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 19:36:55 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V19N2_1985_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special Issue: The Computer and the Hand in Type
                 Design. Guest editors: Charles Bigelow and Lynn
                 Ruggles. Proceedings of the seminar ``The Computer and
                 the Hand in Type Design'' held at Stanford University
                 from July 31 to August 7, 1983.",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1985:Bb,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Biographies",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIX",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "302--304",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1985",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 19:36:55 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V19N2_1985_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special Issue: The Computer and the Hand in Type
                 Design. Guest editors: Charles Bigelow and Lynn
                 Ruggles. Proceedings of the seminar ``The Computer and
                 the Hand in Type Design'' held at Stanford University
                 from July 31 to August 7, 1983.",
}

@Article{Wrolstad:1985:ABb,
  author =       "Merald E. Wrolstad",
  title =        "{Advisory Board}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIX",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "304--305",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1985",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 19:36:55 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V19N2_1985_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special Issue: The Computer and the Hand in Type
                 Design. Guest editors: Charles Bigelow and Lynn
                 Ruggles. Proceedings of the seminar ``The Computer and
                 the Hand in Type Design'' held at Stanford University
                 from July 31 to August 7, 1983.",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1985:GIb,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "General Information",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIX",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "305--305",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1985",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 19:36:55 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V19N2_1985_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special Issue: The Computer and the Hand in Type
                 Design. Guest editors: Charles Bigelow and Lynn
                 Ruggles. Proceedings of the seminar ``The Computer and
                 the Hand in Type Design'' held at Stanford University
                 from July 31 to August 7, 1983.",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1985:BI,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Back Issues",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIX",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "306--306",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1985",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 19:36:55 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V19N2_1985_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special Issue: The Computer and the Hand in Type
                 Design. Guest editors: Charles Bigelow and Lynn
                 Ruggles. Proceedings of the seminar ``The Computer and
                 the Hand in Type Design'' held at Stanford University
                 from July 31 to August 7, 1983.",
}

@Article{Wrolstad:1985:ABc,
  author =       "Merald E. Wrolstad",
  title =        "{Advisory Board}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIX",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "308--308",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1985",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 19:36:55 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V19N3_1985_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1985:GIc,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "General Information",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIX",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "309--310",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1985",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 19:36:55 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V19N3_1985_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Nickerson:1985:ALT,
  author =       "Raymond S. Nickerson",
  title =        "Adult Literacy and Technology",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIX",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "311--355",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1985",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V19N3_1985_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Illiteracy among adults is a serious national problem
                 in the United States and elsewhere. Attempts to
                 alleviate the problem have worked only marginally well.
                 Recently the Adult Literacy Initiative of the United
                 States Department of Education convened a workshop to
                 address the question of how technology might be used to
                 teach reading, writing, and related skills to adults.
                 This is the chairman's report of that workshop. It
                 begins with an overview of the problem of illiteracy
                 among adults. There follow discussions of what it means
                 to be literate, of considerations pertaining to the
                 teaching of literacy, of how technology relates to
                 literacy, and of some possible ways in which technology
                 might be used to facilitate the teaching of reading,
                 writing, and related skills. Several specific
                 recommendations are made regarding the exploitation of
                 these possibilities.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Harker:1985:NIL,
  author =       "W. John Harker",
  title =        "The New Imperative in Literary Criticism",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIX",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "356--372",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1985",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V19N3_1985_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The purpose of this paper is in the first instance to
                 situate the relative importance of the reader and the
                 text in contemporary literary criticism. The basic
                 tenets of the New Criticism are explored and
                 illustrated, and the doctrine of the reader response
                 criticism which has followed it is examined through the
                 work of two of its leading proponents, Stanley Fish and
                 Wolfgang Iser. It is argued that the decline of the New
                 Criticism and the rise of reader response criticism can
                 be explained in terms of a diminished notion of public
                 verse and the ascendancy of a countervailing notion of
                 private verse. Reader response criticism is then
                 assessed in terms of its contribution to an
                 understanding of the process of reading literature. It
                 is concluded that there is a need for a new imperative
                 in literacy criticism which conceives literary
                 understanding in terms of a communication process in
                 which both text and reader are granted importance.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Viglionese:1985:IFW,
  author =       "Paschal C. Viglionese",
  title =        "The Inner Functioning of Words: Iconicity in Poetic
                 Language",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIX",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "373--386",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1985",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V19N3_1985_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Although it is generally believed that writing is the
                 transcription of the union of sound and sense in speech
                 which makes it appear to be a secondary mode of
                 signification, it can be shown that the union of visual
                 expression and content which constitutes writing is in
                 reality the primary mode. The analysis in detail of
                 several examples of Italian poetry will illustrate the
                 special truth of this in the case of poetic language.
                 The signification in union of expression and content in
                 poetry is virtually motivated or iconic. To be iconic,
                 a written sign need not be an isomorphic imitation of
                 some real-world or natural shape; rather, its shape is
                 the visual result of an ``inner functioning'' of words.
                 The already culturalized world of meaning is the basis
                 of the iconicity of the sign in poetry.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Nickerson:1985:MEC,
  author =       "Jeff Nickerson",
  title =        "The Mind's Eye and the {CRT} Terminal: Towards a
                 Diagrammatic Interface",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIX",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "387--400",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1985",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:01 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V19N3_1985_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The differences between humans and computers are
                 drastic. The most significant for this discussion is
                 the difference between the parallel processing of
                 humans and the sequential processing of current
                 machines. We can take advantage of parallel processing
                 by combining the eye with the CRT. Computer memory is
                 presented in a virtually simultaneous manner on the
                 screen, and the image there presented is processed in
                 parallel by the human visual system. The CRT is not
                 only an input port to the eyes, but also a model of the
                 mind. Renaissance practitioners of mnemonics
                 appreciated the screen-like nature of human memory.
                 This leads to a visual comparison between the
                 Renaissance memory systems and the current trend toward
                 windows on the CRT. It is appropriate to look at the
                 sign process. We look at current interfaces in terms of
                 Peirce's most used trichotomy, that between Icon,
                 Index, and Symbol. Current interfaces involve mainly
                 symbolic signs, with the recent addition of low-level
                 iconic signs. Missing from the interface as a main
                 component are the indexical signs and their realization
                 through more sophisticated iconic representations.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1985:Ac,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "The Authors",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIX",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "401--401",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1985",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 19:36:55 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V19N3_1985_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1985:BIV,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Back issues of {{\booktitle{Visible Language}}} in
                 print",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIX",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "402--402",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1985",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 16 19:36:55 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V19N3_1985_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Wrolstad:1985:ABd,
  author =       "Merald E. Wrolstad",
  title =        "{Advisory Board}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIX",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "404--404",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1985",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 17 06:26:49 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V19N4_1985_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special Issue: The Book, Inside and Out. Guest Editor:
                 Judith E. Preckshot.",
}

@Article{Preckshot:1985:ISI,
  author =       "Judith E. Preckshot",
  title =        "Introduction to the Special Issue: The Book, Inside
                 and Out",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIX",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "405--409",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1985",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 17 06:26:49 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V19N4_1985_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special Issue: The Book, Inside and Out. Guest Editor:
                 Judith E. Preckshot.",
}

@Article{Edson:1985:VLC,
  author =       "Laurie Edson",
  title =        "Visible Language in Contemporary Culture",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIX",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "410--425",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1985",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:02 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V19N4_1985_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Visible language appears in many forms in our society
                 and serves a wide variety of functions. More often than
                 not, it is built into an aesthetic design to serve a
                 graphic as well as a referential function, as in
                 posters, tee shirts, restaurant menus, or graffiti in
                 New York's subway stations. This article focuses on
                 specific instances in which visible language works with
                 or against an accompanying image to produce certain
                 effects on the reader/spectator by playing with
                 conventions of representation. By exploring the book
                 cover of Manuel Puig's Kiss of the Spider Woman (with
                 its reference to movie posters of the 40's) and various
                 ``comic strip'' paintings by Roy Lichtenstein, the
                 article investigates the extent to which myths and
                 fictions invade and play dominant roles in our daily
                 lives.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special Issue: The Book, Inside and Out. Guest Editor:
                 Judith E. Preckshot.",
}

@Article{Winspur:1985:PPP,
  author =       "Steven Winspur",
  title =        "Poetry, Portrait, Poetrait",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIX",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "426--438",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1985",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:02 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V19N4_1985_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The aim of this essay is to show how a writing of
                 visible traits has been an ideal shared by writers of
                 (and commentators on) French poetry for at least the
                 last two hundred years. I use the term trait in its
                 various meanings, both as personal attribute and as
                 written or, especially, painted trace: according to the
                 etymology of por-tray, the trait ``drawn forth'' in a
                 painting or what I call a ``poetrait,'' preserves some
                 vital element of the object or person portrayed. In
                 order to define this writing of traits, I begin by
                 examining some early texts of the 18th and 16th
                 centuries that propose such a writing. After
                 contrasting the trait with the concept of an arbitrary
                 linguistic sign, I go on to show how the trait depends
                 for its existence on the displacement of meaning
                 inherent in figurative language, and especially in
                 poetry. An analysis of poems by Eluard and Saint-John
                 Perse forms the basis for my argument that a poetic
                 writing of traits, inviting the reader to seek meaning
                 in a poem's visual form, rests on a myth of the
                 portrait whereby the marks of a written language are
                 drawn directly from nature.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special Issue: The Book, Inside and Out. Guest Editor:
                 Judith E. Preckshot.",
}

@Article{James:1985:NSS,
  author =       "Carol Plyley James",
  title =        "``{No}, says the signified'': The `Logical Status' of
                 Words in Painting",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIX",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "439--461",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1985",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:02 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V19N4_1985_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Following the lead of his mentor Duchamp, Arakawa
                 carries on the deconstructive play of non-art
                 (readymades) and the non-visual (enigmatic texts) on
                 his canvasses and posters, operating in the humorous
                 vein of affirmative irony that Duchamp had mined in the
                 dada generation. Going beyond the reiteration of the
                 disruptive effect of words in painting, his book, The
                 Mechanism of Meaning, combines pictorial and textual
                 elements in a complex investigation of meaning where
                 the apparent simplicity of the literal is undone by the
                 spectator's interactions with the contradictions of
                 words and images. An examination of some of its pages
                 attempts to show how Arakawa's work glosses Duchamp's
                 concept of the regardeur, the indeterminable
                 reader/spectator, by performing a critique of the
                 speech-acts theory of meaning. The performative in
                 meaning is shown to be a rhetorical, not a discursive,
                 movement, where intention and convention are
                 inoperable.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special Issue: The Book, Inside and Out. Guest Editor:
                 Judith E. Preckshot.",
}

@Article{Christin:1985:VBC,
  author =       "Anne-Marie Christin",
  title =        "A Visionary Book: {Charles Nodier}'s
                 {{\booktitle{L'Histoire du Roi de Boh{\^e}me et de ses
                 sept ch{\^a}teaux}}}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIX",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "462--483",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1985",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:02 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V19N4_1985_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Charles Nodier's Histoire du Roi de Boh{\^e}me is
                 original in several respects: it is the first French
                 Romantic illustrated book; it introduces into writing a
                 completely new typographic expressivity; and it
                 represents an aside in the oeuvre of an author torn
                 between ``bibliomania'' and the love of fantastic
                 tales. The purpose of this article is to analyze the
                 various functions of the image and the typography
                 within L'Histoire du Roi de Boh{\^e}me, and to show
                 that these visual representations of the written word,
                 which give the effect of both spectacle and plastic
                 utterance, mark the beginning of a quest that will find
                 its completion many years later. It will also be seen
                 that the author who is thus dispossessed of his control
                 over narration is the very same one who is fascinated
                 by the ``dispossession'' of dreams; and that for him, a
                 compelling necessity links this book to the oneiric
                 inspiration peculiar to his tales.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special Issue: The Book, Inside and Out. Guest Editor:
                 Judith E. Preckshot.",
}

@Article{Conley:1985:SBC,
  author =       "Tom Conley",
  title =        "{Samuel Beckett}: Color, Letter, and Line",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIX",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "484--498",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1985",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:02 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V19N4_1985_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Samuel Beckett is portrayed as a supreme ``colorist of
                 prose'' through a decoding of the letter in the text. A
                 critical spotlight is focused on the subtle nuancing of
                 monochromatic black on white lettering in Beckett's Mal
                 vu mal dit and on the shading arising from an overlay
                 of the French on Beckett's own translation into English
                 (Ill Seen Ill Said) and the bilingual punning that
                 results. The text and its subject hover between two
                 languages in complementary and conflictual relation to
                 each other, and between two arts. The fundamental
                 ambiguity in the text and lack of definition of the
                 subject --- whose pronoun shifts from I to he, to she,
                 to we --- are amplified by the translation from the
                 affective (``colored'') French to terms of clearer
                 articulation, in the black on white of Beckett's native
                 English. Mal vu mal dit, the text that embodies the
                 subject, hesitates between the now fading vision that
                 inspired it and the act of articulation and is thus
                 both ``ill seen'' and ``ill said.'' To conclude, the
                 blue that colors the beginning of Beckett's text is
                 defined to Cezanne's terms, as an atmospheric tone
                 evoking a super-nature and the illusion of infinite
                 depth. Awash in this bluish cast (bleut{\'e}), Mal vu
                 mal dit is thus divested of semantic distinctness and
                 permits the play of, and play with, visible signifiers,
                 or letters.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special Issue: The Book, Inside and Out. Guest Editor:
                 Judith E. Preckshot.",
}

@Article{Preckshot:1985:PAP,
  author =       "Judith Preckshot",
  title =        "Press Art: Poets and their Printing Machines",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIX",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "499--518",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1985",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:02 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V19N4_1985_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Inspired by technology, twentieth-century poets have
                 exploited its instruments through a medium which may be
                 called ``press art.'' They have circumvented what
                 Marshall McLuhan perceives to be the inimical influence
                 of the printing press, to retransform mechanical
                 operations into artisanal handwork and thus to restore
                 originality to products of the press. Language, and the
                 process of its use, has been rendered visible through
                 their innovations. This is shown through an examination
                 of esthetic predispositions and procedures that have
                 entered into the creation of the visual poetry of
                 Guillaume Apollinaire, Pierre Albert-Birot, Pierre
                 Garnier, and John Furnival, and through an assessment
                 of these artists' roles with respect to the secondary
                 production level involving printers or printing
                 machines that enabled the creation and their works'
                 status as ``original'' within this context of
                 collaboration and mechanical reproduction.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special Issue: The Book, Inside and Out. Guest Editor:
                 Judith E. Preckshot.",
}

@Article{RieseHubert:1985:RVR,
  author =       "Ren{\'e}e {Riese Hubert}",
  title =        "Readable --- Visible: Reflections on the Illustrated
                 Book",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIX",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "519--538",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1985",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:02 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V19N4_1985_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "A product of post-modernism, the avant-garde
                 illustrated book, or the ``livre detourn{\'e},'' shares
                 this era's preoccupation with the absence of
                 traditional generic distinctions and its questioning or
                 reading conventions. This is evidenced in the
                 indeterminacy of the text (is it to be read or to be
                 seen?) and its relationships to illustrative elements,
                 as well as in its shape. The ``deviant'' book, as
                 exemplified by Lohr and Kristofori, has the status of
                 an object and is thus perceived more in relation to
                 three-dimensional artifacts than to paintings which
                 have traditionally served as models for illustrated
                 books. As exemplified by the Kickshaws Press
                 productions, where typography dominates, the text is
                 read, and unread, through the letters that give, take
                 and lose shape as the book progresses. This tension
                 between text and typography, which replaces drawn or
                 painted images, reinforces the underlying significance
                 of the text as {\'e}criture, thrusting it into the
                 mise-en-abyme of sui-referentiality from which more
                 pictorial illustration --- particularly that which
                 seconds metaphoric or symbolic interpretations in the
                 text --- gives the illusion of escape.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special Issue: The Book, Inside and Out. Guest Editor:
                 Judith E. Preckshot.",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1985:Ad,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "The Authors",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIX",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "539--540",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1985",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 17 06:26:49 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V19N4_1985_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special Issue: The Book, Inside and Out. Guest Editor:
                 Judith E. Preckshot.",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1985:GId,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "General Information",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIX",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "541--542",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1985",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 17 06:26:49 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V19N4_1985_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special Issue: The Book, Inside and Out. Guest Editor:
                 Judith E. Preckshot.",
}

@Article{Wrolstad:1985:SOM,
  author =       "Merald E. Wrolstad",
  title =        "[{Statement} of Ownership, Management and Circulation
                 of \booktitle{Visible Language}]",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XIX",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "542--542",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1985",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 17 06:26:49 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V19N4_1985_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special Issue: The Book, Inside and Out. Guest Editor:
                 Judith E. Preckshot.",
  remark-2 =     "The report says 1967 average copies per issue for past
                 twelve months.",
}

@Article{Wrolstad:1986:ABa,
  author =       "Merald E. Wrolstad",
  title =        "{Advisory Board}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XX",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "2--2",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1986",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 17 14:39:20 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V20N1_1986_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special Issue: Pattern Poetry: a Symposium. Guest
                 Editor: Dick Higgins.",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1986:GIa,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "General Information",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XX",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "3--3",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1986",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 17 14:39:20 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V20N1_1986_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special Issue: Pattern Poetry: a Symposium. Guest
                 Editor: Dick Higgins.",
}

@Article{Higgins:1986:F,
  author =       "Dick Higgins",
  title =        "Foreword",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XX",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "5--7",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1986",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 17 14:39:20 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V20N1_1986_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special Issue: Pattern Poetry: a Symposium. Guest
                 Editor: Dick Higgins.",
}

@Article{Ernst:1986:FPT,
  author =       "Ulrich Ernst",
  title =        "The Figured Poem: Towards a Definition of Genre",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XX",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "8--27",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1986",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:02 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V20N1_1986_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "A poetological analysis of the genre of pattern poetry
                 is presented which distinguishes among various forms of
                 picture text composition, and attempts to classify the
                 various sorts of carmina figurata typologically while
                 dealing with the question of continuity and
                 discontinuity of figured poems in ancient, medieval,
                 and modern times.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special Issue: Pattern Poetry: a Symposium. Guest
                 Editor: Dick Higgins.",
}

@Article{Higgins:1986:CBO,
  author =       "Dick Higgins",
  title =        "The Corpus of {British} and Other {English}-Language
                 Pattern Poetry",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XX",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "28--51",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1986",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:02 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V20N1_1986_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "There exists considerably more pattern poetry in the
                 English language and literature than is usually
                 believed, well over a hundred pieces, dating from the
                 late sixteenth to the eighteenth century, with a few
                 light pieces from the nineteenth century. Most of it is
                 relatively unknown. What is unusual is that almost all
                 of it is in shapes prescribe in Puttenham's Arte of
                 English Poesie (1587), especially shapes that are also
                 known from the Hellenistic Greek. No labyrinths are
                 known in English except two nineteenth century pieces.
                 Almost all is in books, with very few broadsides and
                 strictly occasional verse, unlike, for instance, German
                 pattern poetry where most pieces were published in
                 those forms. Many pieces are stanzaic, unlike the
                 Neo-Latin pattern poems. Curiously, in all these
                 respects it parallels Swedish pattern poetry, even to
                 the point where ``lovers' knots'' are unique to these
                 two languages.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special Issue: Pattern Poetry: a Symposium. Guest
                 Editor: Dick Higgins.",
}

@Article{Hatherly:1986:RPS,
  author =       "Ana Hatherly",
  title =        "Reading Paths in {Spanish} and {Portuguese} Baroque
                 Labyrinths",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XX",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "52--64",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1986",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:02 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V20N1_1986_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The problems of reading and classifying labyrinth
                 poems of the Iberian baroque are addressed. A quantity
                 of significant illustrations is provided and commented
                 on, setting forth guide-keys for reading and
                 interpretation.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special Issue: Pattern Poetry: a Symposium. Guest
                 Editor: Dick Higgins.",
}

@Article{Rypson:1986:LP,
  author =       "Piotr Rypson",
  title =        "The Labyrinth Poem",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XX",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "65--95",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1986",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:02 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V20N1_1986_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The labyrinth, the mythical structure conceived by
                 Daedalus, has been a persistent motif throughout the
                 history of Mediterranean culture. We find it both in
                 visual art of all kinds as well as in literature, and
                 also in the fascinating noman's-land between these two.
                 In the area of word-image interaction there exists a
                 whole collection of texts that were given the name
                 ``poetical labyrinths.'' The origin of labyrinthine
                 poems goes back to the Rome of Augustus Caesar; the
                 visual pattern of these pieces seems to indicate the
                 pattern of a magical dance, perhaps the ancient Greek
                 dance of the Grue. The idea of the poem in medieval
                 times seems also to encompass the idea of the city, of
                 the heavenly Jerusalem. Medieval poetical labyrinths
                 have definite religious connotations, as is also
                 evident in the later works of this genre, influenced by
                 the Jewish Kabbala. This hermeneutic is still valid for
                 the baroque in the case of a number of works, yet more
                 and more labyrinth poems appear in a secularized,
                 ornamental context. This article traces the most
                 significant of these lines of development of this form
                 and its function.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special Issue: Pattern Poetry: a Symposium. Guest
                 Editor: Dick Higgins.",
}

@Article{Franke:1986:CPT,
  author =       "Herbert Franke",
  title =        "{Chinese} Patterned Texts",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XX",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "96--108",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1986",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:02 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V20N1_1986_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "In China shaped poetry is closely linked with
                 palindromes. The earliest examples are attributed to
                 the fourth century A.D. An important source for early
                 patterned poems was published in the twelfth century;
                 another anthology appeared ca. 1693. The article
                 includes examples of patterned poetry in translation
                 and some remarks on the technique of ``deciphering''
                 patterned poems.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special Issue: Pattern Poetry: a Symposium. Guest
                 Editor: Dick Higgins.",
}

@Article{Jha:1986:SCW,
  author =       "Kal{\=a}{\~n}ath Jh{\=a}",
  title =        "{Sanskrit Citrak{\=a}vyas} and the {Western} Pattern
                 Poem: a Critical Appraisal",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XX",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "109--120",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1986",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:02 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V20N1_1986_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Until recently little was known of the striking
                 similarity between Sanskrit citrakavyas and western
                 pattern poems. In the category of visual poetry in
                 Sanskrit fall akaracitras such as club, sword, wheel,
                 lotus, umbrella, banner, trident, bow, arrow, and plogh
                 --- some of which are common to the western carmina
                 figurata --- and caticitras like all-moving,
                 half-moving, horse-step, elephant-step, the varieties
                 of cow-urinating design, a Sanskrit semblance of the
                 western leonine verse. Modern letter poems in the west
                 can be seen as parallel to letter designs of
                 citrakavya. The present paper is an attempt to
                 highlight the points of close convergence between the
                 two genres and to bring home the basic unity underlying
                 them.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special Issue: Pattern Poetry: a Symposium. Guest
                 Editor: Dick Higgins.",
}

@Article{Adler:1986:PTS,
  author =       "Jeremy Adler",
  title =        "Pastoral Typography: {Sigmund von Birken} and the
                 ``Picture-Rhymes'' of {Johann Helwig}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XX",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "121--135",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1986",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:02 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V20N1_1986_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "This paper argues that European figured poetry of the
                 Renaissance and Baroque periods is a distinctive art
                 form, which combined aspects of Greek and Latin art
                 into a new synthesis. The result was a specifically
                 typographical style of literature, exemplified here in
                 the theoretical comments and the cyclical collections
                 of ``picture-rhymes'' by Birken and Helwig.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special Issue: Pattern Poetry: a Symposium. Guest
                 Editor: Dick Higgins.",
}

@Article{Otto:1986:GWL,
  author =       "Karl F. {Otto, Jr.}",
  title =        "{Georg Weber}'s {{\booktitle{Lebens-Fr{\"u}chte}}}
                 (1649)",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XX",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "136--145",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1986",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:02 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V20N1_1986_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Georg Weber's Sieben Theile Wohlriechender
                 Lebens-Fr{\"u}chte (Danzig 1649) is investigated with
                 regard to the pattern poems it contains. Each of the
                 seven introductory poems (all pattern or picture poems)
                 are thematic indicators of the remaining poems in each
                 of the seven sections, and, further, these seven poems
                 form a progression among themselves.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special Issue: Pattern Poetry: a Symposium. Guest
                 Editor: Dick Higgins.",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1986:Aa,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "The Authors",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XX",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "146--147",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1986",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 17 14:39:20 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V20N1_1986_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1986:BIVa,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Back issues of {{\booktitle{Visible Language}}} still
                 in print",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XX",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "148--148",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1986",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 17 14:39:20 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V20N1_1986_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special Issue: Pattern Poetry: a Symposium. Guest
                 Editor: Dick Higgins.",
}

@Article{Wrolstad:1986:ABb,
  author =       "Merald E. Wrolstad",
  title =        "{Advisory Board}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XX",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "150--150",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1986",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 17 14:59:00 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V20N2_1986_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special Issue: Promoting Plain English. Guest Editor:
                 Erwin R. Steinberg",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1986:GIb,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "General Information",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XX",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "151--151",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1986",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 17 14:59:00 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V20N2_1986_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special Issue: Promoting Plain English. Guest Editor:
                 Erwin R. Steinberg",
}

@Article{Steinberg:1986:IPP,
  author =       "Erwin R. Steinberg",
  title =        "Introduction: Promoting Plain {English}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XX",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "153--154",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1986",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 17 14:59:00 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V20N2_1986_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special Issue: Promoting Plain English. Guest Editor:
                 Erwin R. Steinberg",
}

@Article{Bowen:1986:AVA,
  author =       "Betsy A. Bowen and Thomas M. Duffy and Erwin R.
                 Steinberg",
  title =        "Analyzing the Various Approaches of Plain Language
                 Laws",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XX",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "155--165",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1986",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:02 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V20N2_1986_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Plain language laws, designed to ensure that consumers
                 can understand and use the personal business contracts
                 they sign, have recently become an important new kind
                 of regulatory legislation. Seven states have passed
                 laws to control the comprehensibility of consumer
                 contracts; fifteen states have similar legislation
                 pending. These plain language laws range from a simple
                 statement of a general principle to extensive and
                 explicit requirements. Although plain language laws
                 have been in effect for over seven years, no
                 comprehensive evaluation of their effectiveness has yet
                 been done. We propose an evaluation of the plain
                 language laws to determine the characteristics of
                 language and design associated with greatest ease of
                 use, and the design strategies of companies and
                 designers which produce the most usable and
                 comprehensible contracts. This analysis would enable us
                 to identify the best model for plain language
                 legislation. Such an evaluation of plain language laws
                 would require two phases: an analysis of contracts and
                 consumers' ability to use them, and an analysis of the
                 design process which led to the contracts that are
                 easiest to use.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special Issue: Promoting Plain English. Guest Editor:
                 Erwin R. Steinberg",
}

@Article{Williams:1986:PER,
  author =       "Joseph M. Williams",
  title =        "{Plain English}: The Remaining Problems",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XX",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "166--173",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1986",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:02 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V20N2_1986_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Those who must write clear, readable sentences now
                 have access to about 90\% of everything they need to
                 know to write those sentences. That knowledge can be
                 encapsulated in three principles: (1) Express crucial
                 actions as verbs; (2) locate the participants of those
                 actions in the subjects of the verbs; (3) arrange
                 information in those sentences so that older, more
                 familiar precedes newer, less familiar. But if some
                 scholarly knowledge is available, other needed
                 information is not. We know relatively little about the
                 nature of form. More importantly, we know relatively
                 little about how to teach the knowledge we do have. And
                 most importantly, we know less yet about how to train
                 those responsible for managing the prose of others.
                 There is, though, one crucial piece of certain
                 knowledge that takes precedent over all the rest:
                 before we can train those in an organization how to
                 write plain English, the highest levels of management
                 must make it clear by their active participation in the
                 program that clear communication is their highest
                 priority.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special Issue: Promoting Plain English. Guest Editor:
                 Erwin R. Steinberg",
}

@Article{Huckin:1986:PLP,
  author =       "Thomas N. Huckin and Elizabeth H. Curtin and Debra
                 Graham",
  title =        "Prescriptive Linguistics and Plain {English}: The Case
                 of ``Whiz-deletions''",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XX",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "174--187",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1986",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:02 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V20N2_1986_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The plain English movement is under considerable
                 pressure to produce simple, easy-to-apply guidelines
                 for writers. Often, however, such guidelines are not
                 consistent with the actual practices of good writers
                 and are therefore ineffective. As a case in point, this
                 paper discusses the guideline ``Avoid whiz-deletions,''
                 taken from a highly acclaimed plain English handbook.
                 It is shown that whiz-deletions, or reduced relative
                 clauses, actually abound in good writing. They
                 outnumber full relative clauses by a 4-to-1 margin in
                 good standard prose and by an 8-to-1 margin in model
                 plain English documents. Whiz-deletions are useful in
                 helping to de-emphasize information, promote sentence
                 rhythm, facilitate parsing, avoid ambiguity, and omit
                 needless words. The maxim in its original form should
                 be replaced by a more descriptively accurate one that
                 reflects these features. In general, the plain English
                 movement should promote only those guidelines that are
                 consistent with the practices of good writers.
                 Furthermore, such guidelines should be formulated so as
                 to direct the attention of novice writers to broader
                 contextual factors, not just sentence-based ones.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special Issue: Promoting Plain English. Guest Editor:
                 Erwin R. Steinberg",
}

@Article{Miller:1986:CCS,
  author =       "Lance A. Miller",
  title =        "Computers for Composition: a Stage Model Approach to
                 Helping",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XX",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "188--218",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1986",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:02 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V20N2_1986_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "This paper is concerned with how computer can assist
                 text composition. It is a review of what has been or is
                 being done --- particularly in the EPISTLE project at
                 the Yorktown IBM Watson Research Center --- and it is
                 also a preview of what could be done in the future. The
                 discussion is centered around a stage model of
                 composition adapted from computer programming. The
                 model's psychological validity, although credible, is
                 secondary to the rather natural way it appears to
                 organize possible computer functions supporting
                 composition. Some stages of this model clearly require
                 powerful language technologies, and the stronger
                 interest is clearly in these. Nevertheless, a number of
                 functions are identified for other stages, which
                 functions do not require extensive linguistic
                 capability to implement or enhance. Throughout the
                 paper there is a deliberate bias towards ``practical''
                 writing --- writing whose fruits are of unquestioned
                 value and whose authors receive monies undetermined by
                 word counts or reviewers' praise. The notion of this
                 type of writing --- most frequent by far --- is that
                 the composition meets a requirement of business or
                 social commerce, whether it is an interagency status
                 report, product documentation, a step in the process of
                 attempting to free a client, or a worded advertising
                 fantasy designed to attract cash customers. The paper
                 concludes with some consideration of specialized
                 audiences for the various computer functions as well as
                 the roles educators might play in promoting (or
                 obstructing) their development.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special Issue: Promoting Plain English. Guest Editor:
                 Erwin R. Steinberg",
}

@Article{Jereb:1986:PEP,
  author =       "Barry Jereb",
  title =        "{Plain English} on the Plant Floor",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XX",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "219--225",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1986",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:02 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V20N2_1986_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Product documentation such as user's guides and
                 programming manuals are key components of the products
                 they support. In 1982 the Allen-Bradley Company,
                 Industrial Computer Group, recognized the need to
                 redefine the way we prepare our manuals --- for several
                 reasons: to reduce complaints, to make our products
                 safer and easier to use, and to increase sales. This
                 case study shows how we identified problems with our
                 manual writing, scheduling, and graphics. It shows how
                 we solved these problems by using plain English and
                 clear document design, and identifies the benefits
                 we've gained from our new approach.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special Issue: Promoting Plain English. Guest Editor:
                 Erwin R. Steinberg",
}

@Article{Steinberg:1986:PID,
  author =       "Erwin R. Steinberg",
  title =        "A Program for Improving Documentation",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XX",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "226--232",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1986",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:02 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V20N2_1986_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The Communication Design Center of Carnegie-Mellon
                 University undertook two projects for the Systems
                 Division of Allen-Bradley: (1) A management study of
                 the Allen-Bradley manual-writing process, which
                 addressed problems with the content and presentation of
                 information in manuals, training of technical writers,
                 enforcement of document tracking and style guidelines,
                 and needed critical documentation. (2) A Handbook for
                 Manual Writers. The Center helps Allen-Bradley with
                 quality control in the manual-writing process by
                 assigning reviewers to sample additions or revisions.
                 Allen-Bradley manuals carry the seal of the Center to
                 attest to the procedure established for drafting,
                 testing, and editing those manuals (but not to the
                 readability of any particular manual).",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special Issue: Promoting Plain English. Guest Editor:
                 Erwin R. Steinberg",
}

@Article{Agnew:1986:WBU,
  author =       "G. Reed Agnew",
  title =        "Writing Backwards: The Use of Visual Models in
                 Writing",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XX",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "233--241",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1986",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:02 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V20N2_1986_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The use of visual models in writing technical material
                 can affect the order of the entire writing process ---
                 in effect, reversing it. A single case study is used to
                 explain how a model is developed, what purpose it
                 serves, and how it affects the writing process. A few
                 tips on using visual models in writing are given.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special Issue: Promoting Plain English. Guest Editor:
                 Erwin R. Steinberg",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1986:Ab,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "The Authors",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XX",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "242--243",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1986",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 17 14:59:00 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V20N2_1986_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special Issue: Promoting Plain English. Guest Editor:
                 Erwin R. Steinberg",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1986:BIVb,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Back issues of {{\booktitle{Visible Language}}} still
                 in print",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XX",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "??--??",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1986",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 17 14:59:00 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V20N2_1986_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special Issue: Promoting Plain English. Guest Editor:
                 Erwin R. Steinberg",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1986:GIc,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "General Information",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XX",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "246--246",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1986",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 17 14:59:00 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V20N3_1986_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special Issue: The Origins and Functions of Literacy.
                 Guest Editors: David Olson and Derrick de Kerckove.",
}

@Article{Wrolstad:1986:ABc,
  author =       "Merald E. Wrolstad",
  title =        "{Advisory Board}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XX",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "247--247",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1986",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 17 14:59:00 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V20N3_1986_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special Issue: The Origins and Functions of Literacy.
                 Guest Editors: David Olson and Derrick de Kerckove.",
}

@Article{Olson:1986:ISI,
  author =       "David Olson and Derrick de Kerckove",
  title =        "Introduction: [to special issue]",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XX",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "248--249",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1986",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 17 14:59:00 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V20N3_1986_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special Issue: The Origins and Functions of Literacy.
                 Guest Editors: David Olson and Derrick de Kerckove.",
}

@Article{Schmandt-Besserat:1986:TFI,
  author =       "Denise Schmandt-Besserat",
  title =        "Tokens: Facts and Interpretations",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XX",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "250--273",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1986",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:02 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V20N3_1986_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The first part of the article summarizes some of the
                 major pieces of evidence concerning the archaeological
                 clay tokens and in particular the technique for their
                 manufacture, their geographic distribution, chronology,
                 and the context in which they are found. The second
                 part is devoted to the interpretation of tokens as the
                 first example of visible language and, in particular,
                 as an antecedent of Sumerian writing.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special Issue: The Origins and Functions of Literacy.
                 Guest Editors: David Olson and Derrick de Kerckove.",
}

@Article{deKerckhove:1986:ALB,
  author =       "Derrick de Kerckhove",
  title =        "Alphabetic Literacy and Brain Processes",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XX",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "274--293",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1986",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:02 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V20N3_1986_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Several relationships are explored in this paper to
                 support the hypothesis that writing systems affect
                 cognitive strategies at a deeper level of human
                 information-processing than is generally accepted in
                 present-day psychology. It appears reasonable to claim
                 that the structure of orthographies is strongly
                 correlated with the specific linguistic features of the
                 language they represent. The Greek alphabet developed
                 in the high density area of different Mediterranean
                 cultures and its lineage combines features of the
                 Sumerian and the Egyptian scripts. However, it was
                 worked out as an adaptation to the specific needs of
                 the Greek language. The word ``alphabet'' presents
                 enough ambiguity to warrant a category distinction
                 between consonantal and vocalic types of alphabetic
                 systems. Both types require different processing
                 strategies. Among the indicators of such differences,
                 it has been observed that both orthographies adopted
                 different orientations. In almost all varieties of
                 alphabets and syllabaries, consonantal systems have
                 been written leftwards while vocalic ones have been
                 written to the right. Why? The answer to this question
                 may be found in different neurophysiological
                 constraints imposed on the brain by different types of
                 orthographies.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special Issue: The Origins and Functions of Literacy.
                 Guest Editors: David Olson and Derrick de Kerckove.",
}

@Article{Stock:1986:TRE,
  author =       "Brian Stock",
  title =        "Texts, Readers, and Enacted Narratives",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XX",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "394--301",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1986",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:02 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V20N3_1986_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "My paper is about writers, readers, and the enactment
                 of roles in society. My point of departure is the
                 notion of the ``textual community,'' which is
                 essentially a group of people who have a common
                 understanding of a text, spoken or read, and who
                 organize aspects of their lives as the playing out of a
                 script. I discuss the meaning of ``text'' in this
                 context, the problem of reading, and some of the
                 behavioral principles which lie behind the personal or
                 group narratives.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special Issue: The Origins and Functions of Literacy.
                 Guest Editors: David Olson and Derrick de Kerckove.",
}

@Article{Olson:1986:ITI,
  author =       "David R. Olson",
  title =        "Interpreting Texts and Interpreting Nature: The
                 Effects of Literacy on Hermeneutics and Epistemology",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XX",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "302--317",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1986",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:02 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V20N3_1986_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "In this paper it is argued that literacy has its
                 cognitive effects indirectly, through the conceptual
                 distinctions and social practices that it fosters,
                 rather than directly, through the actual activities of
                 reading and writing. The conceptual distinction
                 examined in particular is that between what is given,
                 whether in texts or in nature, and what is inferred or
                 interpreted by the reader or observer. Children's
                 acquisition of this distinction is decisive, it is
                 argued, to the development of a literate mode of
                 thought.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special Issue: The Origins and Functions of Literacy.
                 Guest Editors: David Olson and Derrick de Kerckove.",
}

@Article{Goody:1986:WRR,
  author =       "Jack Goody",
  title =        "Writing, Religion, and Revolt in {Bahia}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XX",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "318--343",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1986",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:02 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V20N3_1986_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The impact of writing on culture is discussed,
                 especially the psychological consequences of literacy
                 as a ``technology of the intellect.'' The role played
                 by writing is described (a) in a slave revolt in
                 nineteenth-century Brazil and, (b) in a preliterate
                 African culture (the LoDigaa) and its religious myths.
                 Writing was a crucial factor in the planning of the
                 revolt and writing tends to turn a religion of
                 inheritance into a religion of conversation. But in
                 view of the diversity of functions it served in these
                 cultures, literacy, as an all-encompassing descriptive
                 term, is unsatisfactory. We need to devote attention to
                 the uses of text within a culture.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special Issue: The Origins and Functions of Literacy.
                 Guest Editors: David Olson and Derrick de Kerckove.",
}

@Article{diNorcia:1986:SBF,
  author =       "Vincent di Norcia",
  title =        "Of Stone, Books, and Freedom",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XX",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "344--354",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1986",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:02 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V20N3_1986_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Harold Innis' original social theory has often been
                 charged with ``technological determinism.'' If this
                 means that Innis ascribed social structure and
                 historical developments to ``technology'', the charge
                 is false. By studying two widely separated examples we
                 can see that Innis had a sophisticated ecological
                 understanding of the many forces at work in social
                 dynamics, of which technologies were but one set. The
                 impact of stone and its competition with papyrus in
                 ancient Egypt was, Innis showed, not totally
                 deterministic. There were significant attempts to play
                 one medium off against another and the related
                 institution of politics off against religion. Millennia
                 later, in modern Europe, Gutenberg's invention of the
                 mechanical printing press led to the book's ultimately
                 successful competition with the traditional medium,
                 parchment manuscript, and to the decline of the Church.
                 Here too freedom flourished in the social interstices,
                 as the essay shows.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special Issue: The Origins and Functions of Literacy.
                 Guest Editors: David Olson and Derrick de Kerckove.",
}

@Article{Marvin:1986:IMM,
  author =       "Carolyn Marvin",
  title =        "{Innis}, {McLuhan}, and {Marx}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XX",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "355--359",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1986",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:02 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V20N3_1986_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "To help sort the useful theoretical similarities and
                 distinctions between Innis, McLuhan, and Marx, this
                 brief comment considers some unresolved problems in how
                 Innis conceptualizes the logic of historical process
                 and the impact of media on social organization. The
                 comment argues that certain fundamental notions in
                 Innis' work, including his categories of spatial and
                 temporal bias, inaccurately analyze key features of the
                 historical interaction of media with social
                 organization, and in particular shortchange the
                 flexibility and persistence of oral-gestural modes of
                 communication.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special Issue: The Origins and Functions of Literacy.
                 Guest Editors: David Olson and Derrick de Kerckove.",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1986:Ac,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "The Authors",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XX",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "360--361",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1986",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 17 14:59:00 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V20N3_1986_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special Issue: The Origins and Functions of Literacy.
                 Guest Editors: David Olson and Derrick de Kerckove.",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1986:BIVc,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Back issues of {{\booktitle{Visible Language}}} still
                 in print",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XX",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "362--362",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1986",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 17 14:59:00 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V20N3_1986_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special Issue: The Origins and Functions of Literacy.
                 Guest Editors: David Olson and Derrick de Kerckove.",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1986:NPM,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Notes on Preparation of a Manuscript for
                 {{\booktitle{Visible Language}}}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XX",
  number =       "3",
  pages =        "363--363",
  month =        "Summer",
  year =         "1986",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 17 14:59:00 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V20N3_1986_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special Issue: The Origins and Functions of Literacy.
                 Guest Editors: David Olson and Derrick de Kerckove.",
}

@Article{Wrolstad:1986:ABd,
  author =       "Merald E. Wrolstad",
  title =        "{Advisory Board}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XX",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "366--366",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1986",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 17 15:19:56 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V20N4_1986_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1986:GId,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "General Information",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XX",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "367--367",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1986",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 17 15:19:56 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V20N4_1986_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Kerr:1986:ITT,
  author =       "Stephen T. Kerr",
  title =        "Instructional Text: The Transition from Page to
                 Screen",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XX",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "368--392",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1986",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:02 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V20N4_1986_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Textual materials increasingly are being presented in
                 electronic form. This change creates problems for both
                 creators and users of these materials. These problems
                 arise because the physical form of electronic materials
                 is quite different from that of printed materials. The
                 problems lie primarily in two areas: design of the
                 surface, and design of the interface. Surface design
                 involves typography, layout, graphics and
                 illustrations, and the quality of language; also
                 important to consider are users' subjective reactions
                 to these elements. Interface design is closely tied to
                 the ``wayfinding problem'' --- helping users navigate
                 through the text. The wayfinding problem manifests
                 itself on three different levels: the immediate
                 structure of the text (how information is provided at
                 the page level), the internal structure (how such
                 information is provided within a given document), and
                 the external structure (navigational aids that allow
                 the users to move from one document to another). Three
                 directions for further research are identified:
                 realistic studies of how users represent to themselves
                 the structure of text; and how users might best be
                 introduced to environments incorporating electronic
                 text.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Clement:1986:ISC,
  author =       "Richard W. Clement",
  title =        "{Italian Sixteenth-Century Italian} Writing Books and
                 the Scribal Reality of {Verona}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XX",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "393--412",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1986",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:02 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V20N4_1986_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The sixteenth-century copybooks of the Italian writing
                 masters have long been considered to be reflections of
                 the contemporary scribal condition. The impression one
                 gains from reading the works of Arrighi, Taglienti,
                 Palatino, and Cresci, among others, is that
                 cancellaresca was the dominant notarial script of the
                 first half of the century, that cancellaresca formata,
                 developed by Palatino at mid-century, supplanted it,
                 and that Cresci's cancellaresca corsiva reigned supreme
                 at the end. In fact, if we consider the manuscript
                 evidence, specifically the Rosenthal Collection of
                 North Italian Documents at the University of Chicago,
                 we find a very different reality. In sixteenth-century
                 Verona, at least, cancellaresca was a rather uncommon
                 script. Cancellaresca formata indeed appears soon after
                 Palatino's popularization of the script, but it never
                 became popular in Verona. Cresci's claim to have been
                 the inventor of cancellaresca corsiva is undetermined
                 by the script's appearance prior to the publication of
                 his Essemplara (1560). The most common scripts used
                 throughout the century were the italic and the
                 mercantilist. For the common scribes of
                 sixteenth-century Verona, the writing books seem to
                 have had little influence.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Weber:1986:VSS,
  author =       "Rose-Marie Weber",
  title =        "Variations in Spelling and the Special Case of
                 Colloquial Contractions",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XX",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "413--426",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1986",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:02 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V20N4_1986_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Colloquial contractions --- spelling variants such as
                 kinda, hafta, and ya --- are widely used to represent
                 informal speech. They are examined here against a
                 background of other sorts of variation in our writing
                 system. Variation in spelling that is independent of
                 variation in speech includes abbreviations, regional
                 spellings, the adaptation of loanwords, brand names,
                 and eye dialect. Variation ties to speech includes
                 forms marked for region, social identity, and
                 colloquial style. Colloquial contractions are described
                 here with respect to their morphological identity,
                 their characteristic spelling patterns, and their
                 significance in print.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{DeJulio:1986:PDM,
  author =       "Maryanne {De Julio}",
  title =        "Proximit{\'e} du Murmure: {Dupin} and {Ubac}
                 Collaboratel",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XX",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "427--436",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1986",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:02 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V20N4_1986_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The emblematic rapport between verbal text and visual
                 image is examined. To the extent that the contemporary
                 French poet and art critic Jacques Dupin and the
                 Belgian born artist Raoul Ubac both present a kind of
                 landscape whose difficult terrain simultaneously
                 implies and retracts human presence, I propose a study
                 of Proximit{\'e} du murmure that employs the notion of
                 landscape as a strategy enabling us to read the
                 artist's images and the poet's words in a collaborative
                 enterprise devoted to the tradition of the book:
                 literary artifact and physical object. In particular, I
                 emphasize what I perceive to be the figurative and
                 material properties of written language as highlighted
                 in a collaborative work of this kind.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Ormrod:1986:DBG,
  author =       "Jeanne Ellis Ormrod",
  title =        "Differences between Good and Poor Spellers in Reading
                 Style and Short-Term Memory",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XX",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "437--447",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1986",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:02 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V20N4_1986_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Three experiments were conducted to test Frith's
                 (1980) hypothesis that good spellers read by full cues
                 while poor spellers read by partial cues; a fourth
                 experiment was conducted to investigate short-term
                 memory differences between the two groups. Subjects for
                 all four experiments were ten pairs of 9th- and
                 10th-grade students matched fro sex and intelligence
                 but differing in spelling ability. Good spellers were
                 found to be faster readers than poor spellers
                 (Experiment 1), contrary to Frith's prediction that
                 poor spellers should read faster. Good spellers were
                 found to be more accurate in identifying matches and
                 mismatches in similarly spelled pairs of nonsense words
                 (Experiment 2) and in spelling nonsense words they had
                 just seen (Experiment 3). Experiments 2 and 3 both lend
                 support to Frith's hypothesis regarding different
                 reading styles in good and poor spellers; however, an
                 alternative explanation, that of differences in
                 short-term memory, must also be considered. Experiment
                 4 involves the comparison of good and poor spellers in
                 short-term visual memory for digits, consonant-vowel
                 strings, and consonants, under both simultaneous and
                 sequential presentation methods. Good spellers were
                 found to have better short-term memory for all three
                 content types and both presentation methods.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Moriarty:1986:LLS,
  author =       "Sandra E. Moriarty",
  title =        "Line Lengths and Starch Scores",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XX",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "448--455",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1986",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:02 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V20N4_1986_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "There is a wide range of confusing and often
                 contradictory recommendations for the length of typeset
                 lines. This study investigates the lengths of lines
                 used in advertising body copy. It compared length in
                 terms of character counts and pica widths on the basis
                 of adjusted Starch ``read most'' scores. The study
                 hypothesized a normal curve with lower scores for the
                 shorter and longer lines and scores above the mean for
                 the lines in the middle of the distribution. The study
                 found support for lower scores for short lines. It also
                 found some evidence of two optimum line lengths rather
                 than one. There is still confusion about the reading
                 ease of the longer lines.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1986:Ad,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "The Authors",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XX",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "456--457",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1986",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 17 15:19:56 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V20N4_1986_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1986:IVX,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Index to {Volume XX}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XX",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "458--459",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1986",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 17 15:19:56 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V20N4_1986_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1986:BIVd,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Back issues of {{\booktitle{Visible Language}}} still
                 in print",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XX",
  number =       "4",
  pages =        "460--460",
  month =        "Autumn",
  year =         "1986",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 17 15:19:56 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V20N4_1986_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Briem:1987:VTM,
  author =       "Gunnlaugur S. E. Briem and Richard L. Venezky and Wim
                 Crouwel and Michael Twyman and Robert Norton and John
                 Mountford and Colin Banks and Krzysztof Lenk and
                 Dominic W. Massaro and Fernand Baudin and Sharon Helmer
                 Poggenpohl",
  title =        "A Visible Tribute to {Merald Wrolstad}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XXI",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "3--15",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1987",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 17 15:51:58 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V21N1_1987_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special issue: a Visible Tribute to Merald Wrolstad,
                 1923--1987.",
}

@Article{Hodgson:1987:F,
  author =       "Richard Hodgson and Ralph Sarkonak",
  title =        "Foreword",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XXI",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "16--17",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1987",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 17 15:51:58 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V21N1_1987_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special issue: a Visible Tribute to Merald Wrolstad,
                 1923--1987.",
}

@Article{Hodgson:1987:GCL,
  author =       "Richard Hodgson and Ralph Sarkonak",
  title =        "Graphic Collisions: Languages in Contact",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XXI",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "18--41",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1987",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:02 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V21N1_1987_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The problems of bilingualism and of languages in
                 contact are ones which are best studied in an
                 interdisciplinary context. Languages ``collide'' in
                 many different ways and for many different reasons. The
                 ``collision'' or contacts (and the resulting conflicts)
                 can take place for historical, political, social,
                 cultural, and economic reasons, or simply because the
                 source language has become fashionable. They can take
                 place within the boundaries of a single country, often
                 a former colony of the ``mother'' country, or between
                 such geographically distant countries as the United
                 States and Japan. Just as the contexts of language
                 content can vary, so can the types of contact, whether
                 it be interference, integration, or code-switching.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special issue: a Visible Tribute to Merald Wrolstad,
                 1923--1987.",
}

@Article{Crawford:1987:BT,
  author =       "Alistair Crawford",
  title =        "Bilingual Typography",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XXI",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "42--65",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1987",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:02 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V21N1_1987_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Drawn from the results of recent investigations into
                 both the history or typography of printed Welsh and
                 bilingual typography in English and Welsh, this article
                 discusses both the history and the current state of
                 typography. It argues, on the basis of the questions
                 raised by the typography of Welsh --- a minority
                 language with no typographic history --- that if we are
                 to regard typography as a subject and a discipline, as
                 distinct from a form of applied decoration or
                 self-expression, we need to begin to consider
                 typography as essentially language-based. The solution
                 to the problem of designing for multilingual texts
                 rests in the need to produce individual language-based
                 typographic systems.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special issue: a Visible Tribute to Merald Wrolstad,
                 1923--1987.",
}

@Article{Schogt:1987:FLD,
  author =       "Henry Schogt",
  title =        "Foreign Loanwords in {Dutch}: Integration and
                 Adaptation",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XXI",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "66--87",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1987",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:02 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V21N1_1987_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Foreign elements in Dutch are usually spelled in the
                 same way as in the language of origin, provided that
                 language uses the Roman alphabet. Some adaptation to
                 Dutch pronunciation rules always takes place, the
                 degree mainly depending on the level of instruction of
                 the Dutch speaker and on the gap between Dutch and the
                 source language. The three main source languages ---
                 German, French, and English --- have their own social
                 and/or political connotations and each creates specific
                 problems when Dutch syntactic rules and Dutch
                 inflections have to be applied. Of the other source
                 languages, classical Latin and Greek stand apart, as no
                 effort is made to pronounce the numerous loanwords they
                 provide in a way that comes close to the original
                 pronunciation. As for other languages, their
                 contribution to Dutch is less significant. For some
                 languages there exists transliteration systems, e.g.,
                 Russian, for others oral approximation and adaptation
                 are the rule, e.g., Hebrew and Yiddish.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special issue: a Visible Tribute to Merald Wrolstad,
                 1923--1987.",
}

@Article{Saint-Jacques:1987:RAJ,
  author =       "Bernard Saint-Jacques",
  title =        "The {Roman} Alphabet in the {Japanese} Writing
                 System",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XXI",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "88--105",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1987",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:02 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  note =         "See also later study \cite{Backhaus:2007:AAP}.",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V21N1_1987_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "In the seventh century, the Japanese language adopted
                 the Chinese script. It represents one of the most
                 striking cases of languages in contact. In the last
                 five years, Japanese has entered a new phase of
                 languages in contact, this time not through the
                 borrowing of Chinese characters, but through the
                 increasing use of the Roman alphabet in the Japanese
                 writing system. Some have called this new phase the
                 beginning of a ``second Chinese invasion.'' This novel
                 use of Roman letters is particularly evident in the
                 field of advertising. Japanese is now unique because it
                 uses the three existing types of writing systems in the
                 world: alphabetical, syllabic, and ideographic. This
                 paper examines the use of the Roman alphabet in
                 advertising and various areas of Japanese life. It also
                 considers the possible consequences of this new
                 addition to the Japanese script for the Japanese
                 language and culture. A Japanese scholar has even
                 stated that in present-day Japan, a Japanese totally
                 ignorant of the Roman alphabet would be seriously
                 inconvenienced.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special issue: a Visible Tribute to Merald Wrolstad,
                 1923--1987.",
}

@Article{Wrenn:1987:OMG,
  author =       "Phyllis Wrenn",
  title =        "Ortho and Morpho-graphic Transcoding of {Acadian
                 `Franglais'}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XXI",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "106--129",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1987",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:02 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V21N1_1987_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The occurrence of English forms in Franco-Acadian
                 discourse acts is a fact of life. Insofar as such
                 occurrences are a matter of choice, they reflect, not
                 linguistic poverty, but the performative bilingualism
                 of the speaker. The visual effect of the insertion of
                 English forms into written Franco-Acadian discourse is
                 determined by the way in which they are formally
                 incorporated into the discourse --- syntactic,
                 morphological and orthographic adaptation. The
                 aesthetic effect of this visual bilingualism is
                 determined additionally by the ways in which the
                 English forms are used. A descriptive analysis of data
                 from a published collection of letters-to-the-editor
                 (1895-98) is the basis for a classification of spelling
                 tricks used to make an English word look or ``sound''
                 French, the combinatory tricks used to make a word seem
                 French, and the adaptation of English forms to delimit
                 the ``speaker'' roles. Further evidence from modern
                 written monologues and dialogues is provided. When the
                 discourse act in question has an aesthetic function,
                 the writer's treatment of Anglicisms becomes a tool in
                 his creative bag of tricks, and a factor in the
                 coherence of the text.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special issue: a Visible Tribute to Merald Wrolstad,
                 1923--1987.",
}

@Article{Flores:1987:CLW,
  author =       "Lauro Flores",
  title =        "Converging Languages in a World of Conflicts:
                 Code-switching in {Chicano} Poetry",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XXI",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "130--152",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1987",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:02 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V21N1_1987_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The contact and interaction of English and Spanish, of
                 Mexican and Anglo-American cultures, lies at the heart
                 of the Chicano experience in the United States.
                 Accordingly, code-switching has been a salient feature
                 of many Chicano literary works. The simultaneous
                 incorporation of both languages into poetry and other
                 artistic forms is sometimes interpreted as an
                 expression of the ambiguity permeating the historical
                 evolution of this people. However, it can also be
                 explained as part of the Chicanos' attempt to achieve
                 cultural definition and autonomy in a conflicting
                 reality.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special issue: a Visible Tribute to Merald Wrolstad,
                 1923--1987.",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1987:Aa,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "The Authors",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XXI",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "153--154",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1987",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 17 15:51:58 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V21N1_1987_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special issue: a Visible Tribute to Merald Wrolstad,
                 1923--1987.",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1987:SFR,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Suggestions for Further Reading",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XXI",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "155--156",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1987",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 17 15:51:58 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V21N1_1987_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special issue: a Visible Tribute to Merald Wrolstad,
                 1923--1987.",
}

@Article{Poggenpohl:1987:ABa,
  author =       "Sharon Helmer Poggenpohl",
  title =        "{Advisory Board}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XXI",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "157--157",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1987",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 17 15:51:58 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V21N1_1987_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special issue: a Visible Tribute to Merald Wrolstad,
                 1923--1987.",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1987:GIa,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "General Information",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XXI",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "158--158",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1987",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 17 15:51:58 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V21N1_1987_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special issue: a Visible Tribute to Merald Wrolstad,
                 1923--1987.",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1987:BIa,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Back Issues",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XXI",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "159--159",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1987",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 17 15:51:58 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V21N1_1987_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special issue: a Visible Tribute to Merald Wrolstad,
                 1923--1987.",
}

@Article{Monaghan:1987:I,
  author =       "E. Jennifer Monaghan",
  title =        "Introduction",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XXI",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "161--165",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1987",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 17 15:51:58 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V21N2_1987_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special issue: a Visible Tribute to Merald Wrolstad,
                 1923--1987.",
}

@Article{Monaghan:1987:RWC,
  author =       "E. Jennifer Monaghan",
  title =        "Readers Writing: The Curriculum of the Writing Schools
                 of {Eighteenth Century Boston}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XXI",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "167--213",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1987",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:02 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V21N2_1987_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Housed at the Houghton Library, Harvard University, is
                 a collection of 188 single-page manuscripts penned
                 between 1748 and 1782 by 117 boys at Boston's three
                 eighteenth-century writing schools. Because of
                 reduplication, there are only 106 different texts on
                 the 188 manuscripts. This collection formed the basis
                 for a reconstruction of the form and content of the
                 writing school curriculum. The source for two-thirds of
                 the pieces longer than a single sentence was George
                 Bickham's Universal Penman (1743). At a time when
                 writing was equated with penmanship, school progress
                 was measured in terms of mastering successive scripts,
                 beginning with the round hand. The 106 different texts
                 copied by the boys, when analyzed for their content,
                 were found to portray the secularism, rationalism,
                 optimism, and materialism of the eighteenth century.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Hodges:1987:ASI,
  author =       "Richard E. Hodges",
  title =        "{American} Spelling Instruction: Retrospect and
                 Prospect",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XXI",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "215--234",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1987",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:02 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/spell.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V21N2_1987_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Spelling as a school subject provides a valuable
                 mechanism for examining the history of curriculum
                 making in the United States. The subject of spelling
                 has had a secure place in the common school curriculum
                 from colonial times to the present because of the
                 importance attributed to correct spelling by the larger
                 society. Once linked directly with reading instruction,
                 the teaching of spelling emerged over time as a subject
                 taught largely independent of other language
                 instruction, with its form of presentation shaped by
                 prevailing views of curriculum makers concerning the
                 nature of English spelling and learning to spell, and
                 subsequently also by the application of scientific
                 method in curriculum development. Recent insights into
                 the acquisition of spelling proficiency reveal,
                 however, the inextricable relationship that spelling
                 has in the development of written language ability in
                 general and which, in turn, pose significant
                 implications for the spelling curriculum.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{vonBrachtDonsky:1987:WP,
  author =       "Barbara {von Bracht Donsky}",
  title =        "Writing as Praxis 1900--1959",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XXI",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "237--251",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1987",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:02 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V21N2_1987_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "This study of elementary school textbooks published
                 between 1900 and 1959 investigates trends in writing
                 instruction. In order to determine whether quantitative
                 changes in the frequency and types of assignments had
                 occurred over this timespan, the sixty-year interval
                 was divided into three roughly equal periods: period A
                 included textbooks published between 1900 and 1917;
                 period B, 1918 and 1935; and period C, 1936 and 1959.
                 All textbooks tasks were allocated into one of twelve
                 categories such as grammar, letter writing, or
                 narrative and expository writing. Generally speaking,
                 the results of trend analysis indicate an increased
                 emphasis on oral language tasks throughout the period,
                 with a concomitant decrease in the amount of time spent
                 on writing tasks. Moreover, it is clear that current
                 enthusiasm for the idea of writing-as-process has
                 antecedents in earlier textbooks on American writing
                 instruction. Teachers have long understood the demands
                 and nature of the writing process, but have yet to
                 commit themselves to the implications, namely, that the
                 one indispensable prerequisite for good writing is
                 increasing amounts of time spent of the task.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Campbell:1987:FGW,
  author =       "Anne Campbell",
  title =        "Fourth Grade Writing Achievement and Instruction,
                 1974--1984: {NAEP}'s Report Card",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XXI",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "253--268",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1987",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:02 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V21N2_1987_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The National Assessment of Educational Progress
                 reports its trend results for the writing achievement
                 of 9-year-old students from 1974--1984. The results are
                 based on writing exercises which were administered
                 using identical administration procedures in at least
                 two of three assessments. The nationally representative
                 sample of responses was scored using two methods,
                 primary trait scoring (task accomplishment) and
                 holistic scoring (fluency). Three types of tasks were
                 given to the students, persuasive, imaginative, and
                 informative. Performance on the persuasive task was
                 somewhat less successful in 1984 than in 1979.
                 Nine-year-olds showed steady improvement from 1974 to
                 1984 in their ability to write in response to an
                 imaginative task. Improvement on the informative task
                 was very slight. The results for various subgroups
                 reveal that Hispanics made the greatest improvement.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Mavrogenes:1987:YCT,
  author =       "Nancy A. Mavrogenes",
  title =        "Young Children Then and Now: Recent Research on
                 Emergent Literacy",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XXI",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "271--297",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1987",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:02 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V21N2_1987_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "This study traces the development of composition in
                 the elementary school from the nineteenth century to
                 the present. Evolving slowly from an emphasis on
                 copying and correctness, writing by young children is
                 seen today as a crucial component of emerging literacy.
                 Researchers are observing preschoolers and
                 kindergartners as they write, interviewing them and
                 their parents, and giving them special tasks and tests
                 in order to find out what they know about print and how
                 they should be instructed in composition. The focus is
                 on process rather than product and from ``inside out''
                 rather than ``outside in.'' The recent research is
                 reviewed as to what young children know about reading
                 and writing, how their writing develops, how they
                 learn, and how to develop their writing capacities. The
                 recommendation is to allow young children to write
                 freely and to emphasize meaning, not mechanics. The
                 advantages of young children composing are summarized,
                 and the schools' traditional neglect of composition at
                 the preschool and primary levels is examined. Finally,
                 suggestions are made for improving the situation and
                 encouraging the writing skills of young children as
                 they emerge into literate users of their language.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1987:Ab,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "The Authors",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XXI",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "298--299",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1987",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 17 15:51:58 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V21N2_1987_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special issue: a Visible Tribute to Merald Wrolstad,
                 1923--1987.",
}

@Article{Poggenpohl:1987:AB,
  author =       "Sharon Helmer Poggenpohl",
  title =        "{Advisory Board}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XXI",
  number =       "2",
  pages =        "300--300",
  month =        "Spring",
  year =         "1987",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 17 15:51:58 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V21N2_1987_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
  remark =       "Special issue: a Visible Tribute to Merald Wrolstad,
                 1923--1987.",
}

%%% Warning: v21 v3--4 has an unusual layout, with one set of articles
%%% printed in portrait mode on odd-numbered pages from start to end,
%%% and a second set in landscape mode on even-numbered pages from
%%% end to start.  What was the designer thinking?  Why didn't they
%%% print the second set in right-to-left lines, for good measure!

@Article{Anonymous:1987:GIc,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "General Information",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XXI",
  number =       "3--4",
  pages =        "308--308",
  month =        "Summer\slash Autumn",
  year =         "1987",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 17 16:35:42 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V21N3_1987_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1987:DN,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Design Notes",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XXI",
  number =       "3--4",
  pages =        "309--309",
  month =        "Summer\slash Autumn",
  year =         "1987",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 17 16:35:42 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V21N3_1987_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "This issue of \booktitle{Visible Language} has a dual
                 function, on one side, consecutive right-reading pages
                 form a critical analyses of the Avant-Garde text ---
                 while on the other side, consecutive left-reading pages
                 running in the opposite direction (back to front) form
                 the catalogue for a traveling exhibition of selections
                 from the Kleinschmidt collection of Dada paperworks.
                 Rather than separate the journal from the catalogue, we
                 present a more direct contrast of two different means
                 of appreciating these objects.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1987:C,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Colophon",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XXI",
  number =       "3--4",
  pages =        "310--310",
  month =        "Summer\slash Autumn",
  year =         "1987",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 17 16:35:42 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V21N3_1987_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Allen:1987:P,
  author =       "Roy F. Allen and Stephen C. Foster and Estera
                 Milman",
  title =        "Preface",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XXI",
  number =       "3--4",
  pages =        "311--311",
  month =        "Summer\slash Autumn",
  year =         "1987",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 17 16:35:42 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V21N2_1987_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1987:Ac,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Abstracts",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XXI",
  number =       "3--4",
  pages =        "312--312",
  month =        "Summer\slash Autumn",
  year =         "1987",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 17 16:35:42 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V21N2_1987_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Foster:1987:PT,
  author =       "Stephen C. Foster",
  title =        "The Prerequisite Text",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XXI",
  number =       "3--4",
  pages =        "313--333",
  month =        "Summer\slash Autumn",
  year =         "1987",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:02 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V21N3_1987_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "This essay maintains that the importance of the
                 avant-garde text, as a prerequisite of the avant-garde,
                 rests in the fact that it is the text itself that most
                 bears and transmits patterns of culture. Both a visible
                 record of its emergence from culture and the basis upon
                 which culture could be visibly recomposed, the text was
                 a recognition and reflection of culture. As a
                 ``configuration'' of institutions, ideas, and events,
                 the avant-garde text drew attention to the nature of
                 culture, per se. This act was more important than
                 advocating any specific historical expression of
                 culture. Thus freed, for the most part, from
                 party-specific politics, reigning ideologies, and the
                 limitations of their expressions in conventional texts,
                 the avant-garde text could intercept and critique
                 normative culture, propose alternatives to it, and
                 project future visions of it on an operational rather
                 than historical basis. Although questionable as an
                 instrument of practical politics, the impact of the
                 avant-garde text on humanistic social perspectives and
                 concepts of culture has been considerable.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Milman:1987:TMA,
  author =       "Estera Milman",
  title =        "The Text and the Myth of the Avant-Garde",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XXI",
  number =       "3--4",
  pages =        "335--363",
  month =        "Summer\slash Autumn",
  year =         "1987",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:02 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V21N3_1987_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "This essay defends the assumption that the avant-garde
                 text most importantly served to perpetuate the
                 avant-garde's own mythic basis in culture. This author,
                 in analyzing a sample of little magazines, identifies
                 the paradigms consulted by the artists and through
                 which they felt they could, based on these paradigm's
                 cultural pervasiveness, most effectively secure a
                 viable social standing and reception as art. Rarely
                 involved in contributing to substantial aspects of the
                 cultural perspectives they appropriated (politics,
                 science, etc.), they were nevertheless of heuristic
                 value to the avant-garde which translated them into
                 expanded and challenging artistic spaces. Arguing that
                 they were intentionally offered primarily to arts and
                 humanities audiences, the paper maintains that
                 traditional interpretations of them as efficacious
                 crossovers between the arts and other dimensions of
                 culture confuses the myth they mean to perpetuate in
                 text. Their purposes should, consequently, be
                 reexamined.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Benson:1987:TCA,
  author =       "Timothy O. Benson",
  title =        "The Text and the Coming of Age of the Avant-Garde in
                 {Germany}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XXI",
  number =       "3--4",
  pages =        "365--411",
  month =        "Summer\slash Autumn",
  year =         "1987",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:02 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V21N3_1987_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "This essay traces the revolution in the avant-garde
                 text from the initial absolutist intentions of the
                 expressionists to the strategic use of the text by the
                 dadaists. Centering on the shortlived balance between
                 the text as the aesthetic activity and its employment
                 in broader cultural criticism, the discussion most
                 concerns itself with Berlin dada. The author argues
                 that the altered appearance of the text reflects
                 changes in the avant-garde's perception of itself and,
                 in particular, its role within the context of culture
                 in general. With the disillusion of rationalism and
                 teleology, artists rejected the concept of contexts
                 shared with its audience, ideas of a casual historical
                 motion, and with them, the whole notion of progressive
                 social change. Opposed to art's conventional social
                 setting, the expressionists sought their absolutes ---
                 the totality of experience --- in art, an idealism that
                 was perpetuated, at least in part, in Zurich dada's
                 appropriation and aestheticization of the text in their
                 attempts to define an avant-garde, as opposed to
                 establishment, art setting. In contrast, Berlin dada
                 turned to promotional and strategic uses of the text in
                 their attempts to infiltrate the wider culture.
                 Admitting a variety of influences from other,
                 non-aesthetic, areas of culture (the press,
                 entertainment, advertising, etc.), their approach
                 became more materialist and their texts more
                 objectified. Their texts reflected their historical
                 context and social positioning and, as a result, the
                 texts operated on a level as concrete as did their
                 counterparts in other dimensions of culture. Their
                 reconstruction betrayed their sources in both
                 fragmentation and contradiction. Although wearing a
                 public face, they continued to be evaluated in terms of
                 their successes or failures, as the subjects of
                 aesthetic criteria. Losing power with the stabilization
                 of the Weimar Republic to even symbolize social
                 subversion or significant alternatives the avant-garde
                 text finally took its place as part of the new
                 structure of modernism that it was instrumental in
                 creating.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Guenther:1987:BD,
  author =       "Peter Guenther",
  title =        "{Berlin} Dada",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XXI",
  number =       "3--4",
  pages =        "413--451",
  month =        "Summer\slash Autumn",
  year =         "1987",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:02 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V21N3_1987_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Through a careful examination of existing Berlin dada
                 performance documents, the present essay attempts to
                 refocus attention from the text itself to how the text
                 was presented. Frequently meant to be read aloud, the
                 performatory nature of these texts provided a power and
                 impact impossible to achieve by the text designed for
                 reading. Direct verbal assaults intended to confront
                 live audiences, the public's reaction was
                 understandably hostile and negative. A radical revolt
                 against the entire period, committed to change in
                 society through a change in man, the mode of these text
                 performances do, nevertheless, throw doubt on the
                 common assertion that Berlin dada was heavily
                 political. Although insisting in their aggression and
                 audibility on being heard, their unqualified ``no'' to
                 German culture is rarely followed by a plan for
                 constructive action. The text, centered in events,
                 seeks neither political reform nor advocacy of a
                 coherent dada platform, but ``\ldots an image which was
                 capable of driving one not necessarily into the arms of
                 the dadaists, but into solitude where one could find at
                 least one human being: himself. And nothing else.''",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Rumold:1987:DTP,
  author =       "Rainer Rumold",
  title =        "The {Dadaist} Text: Politics, Aesthetics, and
                 Alternative Cultures?",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XXI",
  number =       "3--4",
  pages =        "453--489",
  month =        "Summer\slash Autumn",
  year =         "1987",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:02 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V21N3_1987_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The question addressed in the following essay both
                 affirms the mission of the avant-garde text and
                 acknowledges its historical fate; the consignment of
                 this vital movement to the archives and museums,
                 staunch symbols of the very social structure that it
                 sought to criticize and replace. The answer is to be
                 sought in the nature of art and its inevitable
                 structured integration into society. Contrary to this
                 anti-art myth, dada did not destroy art's aura but
                 rather sought art's resurrection. Although it
                 flourished as a counterculture, it did so within the
                 confines of art's traditional social place. Operating
                 within, rather than against, the institution of art,
                 dada sought to expose art's ideological mechanisms and
                 open the text to social context. In maintaining art's
                 autonomy, dada preserved the distance required of
                 significant criticism but limited itself to change
                 through reflection rather than through revolution.
                 Zurich dada sought, by destroying ruling text, to
                 compete for social influence, the movement's radical
                 alternatives and its successes as a counterculture were
                 felt most keenly in the community of art. Ultimately
                 creating an alternative elitist audience, Zurich dada
                 remained squarely situated within the structure of
                 establishment culture. Aware of the text's role in the
                 mediation of reality, dada was committed to unmasking
                 culture's ``big slogans,'' to rupturing the closure and
                 isolation of the text in favor or its integration with
                 life, and to defamiliarzing the audience from culture
                 in ways that would generate primary meanings. Although
                 enriching existing modes of cultural communication, the
                 text remained aesthetic and reached only the
                 aristocratic reader. Aware of this, the dadaists turned
                 to the liberation of themselves from their own
                 enslavement. Forced to adopt new strategies a
                 self-critical Berlin dada attempted to change the
                 cultural context into which the text was placed; to
                 revolutionize the institution of art through political
                 events. Reducing art in the interest of effectiveness,
                 the text was employed as a weapon. Engaged in what this
                 author identifies as ``revolutionary pragmatics,''
                 Berlin dada achieved, at least momentarily, the
                 convergence of political art and political life.
                 Brought sharply into tension with establishment
                 culture, it nevertheless remained with the institution
                 of art.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1987:Ad,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Abstracts",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XXI",
  number =       "3--4",
  pages =        "491--495",
  month =        "Summer\slash Autumn",
  year =         "1987",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 17 16:35:42 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V21N2_1987_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1987:IVX,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Index to {Volume XXI}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XXI",
  number =       "3--4",
  pages =        "497--501",
  month =        "Summer\slash Autumn",
  year =         "1987",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 17 16:35:42 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V21N2_1987_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

%%% Three articles run backwards on even-numbered pages through
%%% this isuse:

@Article{Allen:1987:TAG,
  author =       "Roy Allen",
  title =        "The Tradition of the Avant-Garde",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XXI",
  number =       "3--4",
  pages =        "494--??",
  month =        "Summer\slash Autumn",
  year =         "1987",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:02 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V21N3_1987_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "For some, the essence of the avant-garde is found less
                 in its analysis than in a sympathetic reading. This
                 paper seeks an attitudinal common denominator that
                 informs and identifies all authentic avant-garde art
                 and literature. That common denominator is the embrace
                 of change. Breaking with outmoded means for copying
                 with a new and changing environment leads to breaks
                 with established traditions (for example, rationalism)
                 and to an exploration of alternative approaches.
                 Rejection of conventions leads the avant-gardist to a
                 course of self-determination explained here through
                 discussion of a number of twentieth century movements
                 and individuals. Among alternatives could be counted
                 the discovery of the subconscious and political
                 engagement. Yet any single possible approach is less
                 important to identifying the avant-garde than it is a
                 symbol of its openness to and inclusiveness at all
                 possible approaches. The fluidity and limitlessness of
                 the avant-garde define its freedom. Although a
                 tradition, the avant-garde maintains as its center the
                 imperative of change.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Greenberg:1987:BTA,
  author =       "Allen Greenberg",
  title =        "Between Text and Audience: a Path to the Future",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XXI",
  number =       "3--4",
  pages =        "454--??",
  month =        "Summer\slash Autumn",
  year =         "1987",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:02 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V21N3_1987_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "This author is most interested in identifying the
                 problematics inherent in the communication by an
                 artist, through a text, to the audience(s). In creating
                 a bridge to the public, ideally one which avoids the
                 intervention of the critic or other agents of culture,
                 the artist or author is providing a vision of
                 possibilities for the future and attempting to induce
                 actions taken on behalf of their realization. Having
                 said this, however, leaves open the question of how and
                 whether this path to communication is based on problems
                 inherent to the process. These are aspects of
                 communication that frustrate the ideal correspondence
                 between the artist's intended purposes and the
                 audience's reception; factors such as the conflict
                 decisions required of a challenging text (the security
                 at the old as opposed to the risk and uncertainty at
                 the new) and the particular convergence or
                 non-convergence of the respective social contexts of
                 the artists, text, and audience. Each context requires
                 a different organization of perception that may
                 facilitate or limit the usefulness of the text as a
                 catalyst. The avant-garde seeks to transcend audience
                 expectations (the context of their perception), to
                 challenge old concepts, and open up the communication
                 situation which would permit the new. Their texts seeks
                 to translate their vision into action and to engage the
                 audience as active participants. Their impact on
                 subsequent actions, measurable only after the text, may
                 disclose that ideal communication may require the
                 audience's prior understanding of the context of the
                 artist and his or her text. For this author, however,
                 the avant-garde may ultimately be better clarified
                 through the nature of quest than through its successes
                 and failures.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Anonymous:1987:CC,
  author =       "Anonymous",
  title =        "Catalogue Checklist",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XXI",
  number =       "3--4",
  pages =        "416--??",
  month =        "Summer\slash Autumn",
  year =         "1987",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 17 16:35:42 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V21N2_1987_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Poggenpohl:1988:ABa,
  author =       "Sharon Helmer Poggenpohl",
  title =        "{Advisory Board}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XXII",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "4--4",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1988",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 17 17:24:25 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V22N1_1988_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Campbell:1988:IGE,
  author =       "Ruth Campbell",
  title =        "Introduction by {Guest Editor}",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XXII",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "5--7",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1988",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 17 17:24:25 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V22N1_1988_E.pdf",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Massaro:1988:VLS,
  author =       "Dominic W. Massaro and Michael M. Cohen and Laura A.
                 Thompson",
  title =        "Visible Language in Speech Perception: Lipreading and
                 Reading",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XXII",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "8--31",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1988",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:02 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V22N1_1988_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Watching a speaker in face-to-face communication can
                 influence what the perceiver hears the speaker saying.
                 Faced with this influence of visible language on the
                 perception of audible language, an interesting question
                 is whether language would also influence audible speech
                 perception. To test this possibility, subjects
                 identified spoken syllables either while viewing the
                 speaker's face or while reading a written syllable. In
                 both conditions, subjects identified what they heard
                 the speaker saying. Replicating previous studies,
                 lipreading had a large influence on the identification.
                 In contrast, reading a written syllable had a much
                 smaller, but statistically significant effect. A fuzzy
                 logical model of perception accounted for both the
                 lipreading and reading contributions to speech
                 perception. A model assuming that the reading
                 contribution was due to a post-perceptual bias gave a
                 poor description of the results. Although lipreading
                 appears to be much more influential than reading, it
                 remains a possibility that written language can
                 contribute to our auditory experience of speech.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Campbell:1988:TLM,
  author =       "Ruth Campbell",
  title =        "Tracing Lip Movements: Making Speech Visible",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XXII",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "32--57",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1988",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:02 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V22N1_1988_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Lipreading cannot deliver the phonetic structure of a
                 spoken language very effectively; for no phenomena can
                 be unambiguously identified from lip-pattern alone.
                 Nevertheless, under some circumstances, speech that is
                 not heard, but just seen by lip movements on a
                 speaker's face, can be understood and recalled
                 verbatim. Moreover, under some conditions, heard speech
                 that is different from that which is seen to be spoken,
                 seems to `fuse' to produce a different speech percept
                 (The McGurk Effect). These paradoxical aspects of
                 lipreading and the constraints on the conditions under
                 which lipreading can be helpful or can `fuse' with
                 heard speech are hard to accommodate within some
                 theories of auditory speech perception. An interactive
                 activation account is offered in which lipreading is
                 considered to provide a phonetic feature --- that of
                 seen mouth opening and closing --- to the speech
                 analysis system. While such a feature appears to be
                 necessary to account for these effects, it is not yet
                 clear whether such a single seen phonetic feature may
                 be sufficient for effective integration of seen and
                 heard speech in all circumstances.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Dodd:1988:CME,
  author =       "Barbara Dodd and Michael Oerlemans and Ray Robinson",
  title =        "Cross-Model Effects in Repetition Priming: a
                 Comparison of Lipread Graphic and Heard Stimuli",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XXII",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "58--77",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1988",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:02 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V22N1_1988_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "A series of experiments investigated the processing of
                 lipread information, as compared to that of heard and
                 read stimuli, using the repetition priming paradigm.
                 Experiment 1 showed that lipread priming facilitated
                 the semantic categorization of lipread words to the
                 same extent as that found for auditory prime, auditory
                 test, and graphic prime, graphic test conditions.
                 Experiments 2, 3 and 4 measured the effects of
                 cross-modal priming. Lipreading primes by both auditory
                 and graphic processing, and is primed by both. While
                 auditory priming did not speed the processing of
                 graphic stimuli, graphic priming facilitated the
                 semantic categorization of heard words. A tenative
                 explanation of the findings is offered: lipreading
                 provides incomplete information about words, and thus
                 there is a need to access stored linguistic knowledge
                 to `fill in' missing features, allowing identification
                 of the stimulus.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Vinter:1988:PFM,
  author =       "Annie Vinter",
  title =        "Perception of Facial Movements in Early Infancy: Some
                 Reflections in Relation to Speech Perception",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XXII",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "78--111",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1988",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:02 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V22N1_1988_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Some aspects of the literature dedicated to the study
                 of perception of facial features and movements by
                 infants are examined. More particularly, we try to
                 analyze the kind of visual information infants can
                 process at different ages, and how this may be linked
                 to their developing speech perception. Empirical data
                 related to imitation of facial movements, to prespeech
                 activity, to lip-reading ability and auditory-visual
                 integration are reviewed. These data show that the
                 ability of young infants to encode face features and
                 process facial information undergoes a complex
                 development in the first year of life. In the final
                 part of this paper, we discuss briefly the
                 relationships between face perception processes and
                 visual speech perception within a developmental and
                 cognitive framework. A central concern in this
                 discussion is related to the ``segmentation'' problem,
                 i.e., to the nature of the unit of perception used when
                 speech is processed.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Storey:1988:RSD,
  author =       "Darryl Storey and Martin Roberts",
  title =        "Reading the Speech of Digital Lips: Motives and Method
                 for Audio-Visual Speech Synthesis",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XXII",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "112--127",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1988",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:02 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V22N1_1988_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "The widespread practice of lipreading among the
                 hearing impaired has, for a number of years, stimulated
                 research into the feasibility of transmitting visible
                 images of articulation to accompany acoustically
                 conveyed speech, in those circumstances where visual
                 reinforcement of the speech signal is typically
                 lacking. Although there already exists several systems
                 which, exploiting computer graphics, are capable of
                 generating animated images of articulation while
                 allowing for eventual audio/visual synchrony, each is
                 open to criticism on the grounds of its perceptual
                 inadequacy and/or cost. This paper offers a brief
                 review of these initiatives to date and describes the
                 recent development of a relatively simple, effective,
                 and hence economical method of audio/visual speech
                 synthesis.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Graves:1988:STS,
  author =       "Roger E. Graves and Susan M. Potter",
  title =        "Speaking with Two Sides of the Mouth",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XXII",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "128--137",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1988",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Tue Feb 9 08:33:02 MST 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V22N1_1988_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "Differences while speaking from the two sides of the
                 mouth are both visible and audible. Careful observation
                 has shown that the right side of the mouth typically
                 opens wider and moves more during speech. This visible
                 asymmetry reveals the underlying physiology in which
                 expression of speech is controlled primarily by the
                 left side of the brain. Since the left side of the
                 brain has better control of the right side mouth
                 muscles, an asymmetry favoring the activity of the
                 muscles of the right side results during articulation
                 of speech sounds. In contrast, more equal activity from
                 the left side of the mouth can be seen during emotional
                 expression, prosodic expression, and signing which
                 reveals a greater role of the right side of the brain
                 during these latter types of expression. There are also
                 audible manifestations of the physiological
                 asymmetries. In a new study, subjects were required to
                 speak from only one side of the mouth. Better quality
                 of articulation was audible from the right side for
                 most subjects.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}

@Article{Poggenpohl:1988:VLA,
  author =       "Sharon Helmer Poggenpohl",
  title =        "{{\booktitle{Visible Language}}} Advisors, Research
                 Interests, and Upcoming Issues",
  journal =      j-VISIBLE-LANGUAGE,
  volume =       "XXII",
  number =       "1",
  pages =        "138--144",
  month =        "Winter",
  year =         "1988",
  CODEN =        "VSLGAO",
  ISSN =         "0022-2224 (print), 2691-5529 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "0022-2224",
  bibdate =      "Wed Feb 17 17:24:25 2021",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/visible-language.bib",
  URL =          "https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/visiblelanguage/pdf/V22N1_1988_E.pdf",
  abstract =     "New and returning Advisory Board members are
                 introduced along with their research interests and
                 their relationship to the Journal. Board members
                 suggested areas of investigation for the future, many
                 of which relate to the problems and opportunities of
                 new technology",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  ajournal =     "Visible Lang.",
  fjournal =     "Visible Language",
  old-journal-URL =  "http://visiblelanguage.herokuapp.com/",
  journal-URL =  "https://journals.uc.edu/index.php/vl",
}