Entry DeCarneDeCarnavalet:2015:LSE from tissec.bib
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BibTeX entry
@Article{DeCarneDeCarnavalet:2015:LSE,
author = "Xavier {De Carn{\'e} De Carnavalet} and Mohammad
Mannan",
title = "A Large-Scale Evaluation of High-Impact Password
Strength Meters",
journal = j-TISSEC,
volume = "18",
number = "1",
pages = "1:1--1:??",
month = jun,
year = "2015",
CODEN = "ATISBQ",
DOI = "https://doi.org/10.1145/2739044",
ISSN = "1094-9224 (print), 1557-7406 (electronic)",
ISSN-L = "1094-9224",
bibdate = "Wed Jun 10 08:04:25 MDT 2015",
bibsource = "http://portal.acm.org/;
http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/tissec.bib",
abstract = "Passwords are ubiquitous in our daily digital lives.
They protect various types of assets ranging from a
simple account on an online newspaper website to our
health information on government websites. However, due
to the inherent value they protect, attackers have
developed insights into cracking/guessing passwords
both offline and online. In many cases, users are
forced to choose stronger passwords to comply with
password policies; such policies are known to alienate
users and do not significantly improve password
quality. Another solution is to put in place proactive
password-strength meters/checkers to give feedback to
users while they create new passwords. Millions of
users are now exposed to these meters on highly popular
web services that use user-chosen passwords for
authentication. More recently, these meters are also
being built into popular password managers, which
protect several user secrets including passwords.
Recent studies have found evidence that some meters
actually guide users to choose better passwords-which
is a rare bit of good news in password research.
However, these meters are mostly based on ad hoc
design. At least, as we found, most vendors do not
provide any explanation for their design choices,
sometimes making them appear as a black box. We analyze
password meters deployed in selected popular websites
and password managers. We document obfuscated
source-available meters, infer the algorithm behind the
closed-source ones, and measure the strength labels
assigned to common passwords from several password
dictionaries. From this empirical analysis with
millions of passwords, we shed light on how the server
end of some web service meters functions and provide
examples of highly inconsistent strength outcomes for
the same password in different meters, along with
examples of many weak passwords being labeled as strong
or even excellent. These weaknesses and inconsistencies
may confuse users in choosing a stronger password, and
thus may weaken the purpose of these meters. On the
other hand, we believe these findings may help improve
existing meters and possibly make them an effective
tool in the long run.",
acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
articleno = "1",
fjournal = "ACM Transactions on Information and System Security",
journal-URL = "http://portal.acm.org/browse_dl.cfm?idx=J789",
}
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14(1)4
- known,
10(3)11,
10(4)1,
10(4)3,
11(2)1,
11(2)3,
11(2)4,
11(4)20,
13(1)10,
13(3)27,
13(4)33,
14(1)7,
14(3)27,
17(1)2,
17(2)7
- Large-Scale,
17(4)13
- least,
10(2)5,
11(3)13,
11(4)19,
14(4)28,
15(3)14,
18(4)13
- light,
12(4)21,
14(4)32,
16(3)10,
18(1)2
- long,
10(4)1,
16(4)13
- make,
2(3)332,
9(1)31,
10(1)2,
10(3)11,
10(4)6,
11(1)4,
11(3)13,
11(3)14,
11(4)22,
11(4)23,
12(1)1,
12(3)15,
13(3)22,
13(3)26,
13(3)28,
13(4)35,
14(4)29,
15(1)3,
15(1)4,
15(4)17,
16(3)10,
17(3)10,
18(2)7,
18(4)13
- making,
2(2)159,
10(4)2,
12(3)18,
13(3)22,
14(1)3,
16(3)11,
17(4)16
- manager,
6(2)232,
17(3)11
- many,
1(1)93,
2(1)65,
2(2)159,
2(3)332,
10(1)4,
10(4)1,
11(3)13,
11(4)22,
11(4)23,
12(1)2,
12(3)17,
12(3)18,
13(3)20,
13(3)22,
13(4)38,
13(4)39,
15(1)4,
15(2)6,
15(2)7,
16(2)5,
16(3)9,
16(4)17,
17(1)4,
17(3)12,
18(4)13
- may,
2(2)138,
2(2)177,
9(4)391,
10(3)12,
10(4)2,
11(2)2,
11(2)5,
11(3)12,
11(4)18,
11(4)21,
12(1)5,
12(2)8,
12(3)15,
12(3)16,
13(1)10,
13(3)22,
13(3)25,
13(4)35,
13(4)38,
13(4)40,
15(2)10,
16(1)4,
17(1)2,
17(1)4,
18(2)5
- measure,
2(3)269,
2(3)295,
9(2)162,
10(4)5,
11(4)17,
12(3)17,
12(4)22,
13(3)22,
13(4)36,
15(1)2,
16(2)6,
17(1)1,
18(2)5
- meter,
14(1)13,
18(2)7
- more,
2(1)3,
2(1)65,
2(3)332,
9(2)181,
9(4)391,
9(4)421,
9(4)461,
10(1)4,
10(3)9,
10(4)1,
10(4)4,
10(4)6,
11(2)3,
11(2)4,
11(2)6,
11(3)14,
11(4)21,
12(1)1,
12(2)8,
12(2)10,
12(2)12,
12(2)13,
12(3)18,
13(1)10,
13(3)20,
13(3)21,
13(3)22,
13(3)28,
13(4)32,
13(4)34,
13(4)39,
14(3)27,
14(4)31,
15(1)2,
15(1)5,
15(2)8,
15(2)9,
15(3)11,
15(3)12,
15(4)16,
16(1)2,
16(2)8,
16(3)10,
16(3)11,
16(4)17,
17(1)2,
17(1)3,
17(3)9,
17(4)14,
17(4)16,
18(3)11,
18(4)13
- most,
2(3)332,
9(4)391,
11(2)2,
11(3)12,
11(4)22,
12(2)8,
12(2)12,
12(3)14,
12(4)21,
13(1)10,
13(3)27,
13(4)30,
14(3)27,
15(1)5,
15(2)6,
15(4)15,
15(4)18,
16(1)4,
16(2)6,
16(4)13,
16(4)14,
17(3)11,
17(3)12,
17(4)16
- mostly,
10(3)9,
11(4)22
- new,
1(1)3,
1(1)93,
2(1)105,
2(2)138,
2(3)295,
9(2)181,
9(4)461,
10(1)3,
10(2)6,
10(4)6,
11(4)17,
12(1)2,
12(1)3,
12(2)11,
12(3)14,
12(3)15,
12(3)16,
12(4)21,
12(4)22,
13(2)15,
13(4)29,
13(4)34,
14(1)4,
14(1)5,
14(1)6,
14(1)13,
14(3)23,
14(3)27,
14(4)30,
15(1)3,
15(2)7,
15(2)9,
15(2)10,
15(3)12,
15(4)15,
16(2)5,
16(2)7,
16(3)12,
16(4)16,
16(4)17,
17(1)4,
17(2)7,
17(3)10,
17(4)15,
18(1)2,
18(3)10,
18(3)11
- news,
12(3)16
- not,
1(1)26,
2(1)65,
2(2)177,
2(3)230,
2(3)269,
2(4)390,
9(4)421,
10(1)3,
10(4)2,
11(1)3,
11(1)4,
11(2)2,
11(2)4,
11(2)5,
11(3)12,
11(3)13,
11(3)15,
11(3)16,
11(4)19,
11(4)20,
11(4)22,
12(1)1,
12(1)2,
12(1)3,
12(1)6,
12(2)10,
12(2)11,
12(2)13,
12(3)14,
12(4)22,
13(1)10,
13(3)28,
13(4)33,
13(4)35,
13(4)36,
13(4)37,
13(4)39,
13(4)40,
14(3)23,
14(3)27,
14(4)28,
14(4)29,
14(4)31,
15(2)6,
15(2)9,
15(2)10,
15(3)12,
15(3)13,
16(1)1,
16(2)5,
16(2)6,
16(3)9,
16(3)12,
16(4)13,
16(4)15,
16(4)16,
17(1)2,
17(3)10,
17(4)15,
18(3)9,
18(4)13
- now,
13(3)28,
16(2)8,
16(3)10,
18(4)12
- obfuscated,
12(2)11,
15(3)12
- offline,
12(4)22
- one,
1(1)26,
1(1)93,
2(1)3,
2(1)65,
2(3)295,
9(4)461,
10(1)2,
10(2)5,
10(2)8,
10(3)12,
10(4)3,
11(2)6,
11(3)14,
12(1)1,
12(1)5,
12(2)13,
12(3)14,
13(3)21,
13(3)25,
13(3)26,
13(3)27,
13(4)41,
14(1)3,
14(1)5,
14(4)30,
14(4)32,
15(2)10,
15(3)11,
15(4)16,
15(4)18,
16(1)3,
16(1)4,
16(3)9,
16(4)14,
17(2)8,
17(4)13,
18(3)11,
18(4)13
- online,
1(1)3,
9(3)235,
11(2)5,
11(4)19,
12(2)13,
12(4)22,
13(4)41,
14(1)11,
14(4)32,
15(2)9,
16(2)7,
16(4)14,
17(4)14,
18(4)13
- other,
1(1)93,
2(4)354,
9(4)461,
10(3)9,
10(3)10,
10(3)11,
10(3)12,
10(4)1,
10(4)5,
11(2)2,
11(2)6,
11(3)15,
11(4)18,
11(4)23,
12(1)3,
12(2)8,
12(2)10,
12(3)14,
12(3)17,
12(4)22,
13(3)24,
13(3)25,
13(4)40,
14(3)23,
14(3)27,
14(4)30,
15(1)5,
15(2)6,
15(3)11,
15(3)14,
15(4)15,
16(4)15,
17(2)8,
17(3)9,
18(1)3,
18(2)6,
18(4)12
- outcome,
11(2)6,
14(1)8
- password,
1(1)3,
2(3)230,
2(4)390,
10(4)5,
11(4)17,
13(4)37,
16(4)15,
17(2)6,
17(4)14,
18(4)13
- password-strength,
18(4)13
- place,
12(4)21,
14(1)4,
17(2)8
- popular,
10(4)5,
14(3)27,
15(2)8,
15(2)10,
15(3)11,
15(4)16,
16(4)13,
17(3)11,
17(4)15
- proactive,
1(1)3,
8(3)259,
10(4)5,
13(4)34,
17(3)9
- protect,
2(3)332,
11(1)3,
12(3)15,
13(3)22,
13(3)28,
13(4)32,
15(4)18,
16(1)1,
16(2)6,
17(1)4,
17(3)10
- provide,
1(1)3,
1(1)93,
2(1)3,
2(1)34,
2(1)65,
2(1)105,
2(3)230,
2(4)390,
7(2)319,
10(1)3,
10(2)8,
10(3)10,
10(4)2,
10(4)6,
11(1)3,
11(1)4,
11(2)2,
11(3)12,
11(3)13,
11(4)17,
11(4)20,
11(4)23,
12(1)2,
12(1)3,
12(2)8,
12(2)9,
12(3)14,
12(3)15,
12(3)16,
12(4)22,
13(3)22,
13(3)24,
13(4)31,
13(4)34,
13(4)38,
13(4)41,
14(1)4,
14(1)7,
14(1)8,
14(3)25,
14(4)28,
15(2)6,
15(2)10,
15(4)17,
15(4)18,
16(1)3,
16(2)5,
16(3)9,
16(3)11,
16(4)17,
17(2)5,
17(3)11,
17(3)12,
17(4)16,
18(1)2,
18(2)5,
18(2)7,
18(4)13,
18(4)14
- purpose,
10(3)9,
10(4)4,
11(4)20,
12(2)11,
13(3)22,
13(3)24,
14(1)14,
16(3)10,
16(4)17,
17(1)3,
17(3)12
- put,
10(4)4,
11(4)19,
13(4)37,
16(3)9,
16(4)17,
18(3)10
- quality,
2(3)269,
2(3)295,
11(4)17,
12(2)11,
15(2)7
- ranging,
10(4)5,
17(4)13
- recent,
2(1)65,
2(2)138,
10(2)8,
10(3)9,
11(1)2,
11(4)22,
12(1)2,
12(2)12,
14(1)7,
14(1)14,
14(4)29,
15(1)3,
16(2)7,
16(3)10,
18(2)5,
18(2)7,
18(4)13
- recently,
2(4)416,
9(2)181,
13(3)26,
13(3)28,
13(4)37,
14(3)27,
15(1)2,
15(2)7,
16(3)10,
16(4)14,
16(4)17,
17(4)14,
17(4)16
- research,
2(1)65,
13(3)27,
15(2)10,
15(3)12,
16(2)8,
16(3)10,
17(3)12,
18(4)13,
18(4)14
- run,
2(2)177,
12(2)10,
12(2)11,
12(3)14,
12(3)19,
13(1)10,
14(1)8,
14(4)31
- same,
2(2)177,
2(3)269,
2(4)390,
10(1)3,
10(1)4,
11(2)3,
12(2)10,
12(3)18,
12(4)21,
13(1)10,
13(3)25,
13(4)31,
15(1)3,
15(2)7,
15(2)10,
15(4)16,
17(3)10,
17(4)15
- Scale, Large-,
17(4)13
- secret,
8(3)259,
9(4)461,
10(3)10,
13(4)34,
14(1)4,
14(4)28,
16(1)1,
16(4)15
- selected,
2(3)295,
17(1)1,
17(1)2
- server,
1(1)66,
2(1)34,
2(3)230,
2(4)390,
10(4)4,
11(2)2,
11(2)5,
11(3)14,
12(2)10,
12(3)14,
12(3)16,
12(3)17,
12(4)21,
14(1)3,
14(1)12,
14(4)29,
16(4)13,
16(4)15,
17(2)5,
17(4)15
- service,
2(4)354,
4(4)453,
6(4)472,
10(1)2,
10(2)8,
10(3)11,
10(4)4,
10(4)6,
11(1)2,
11(1)4,
11(3)15,
11(4)19,
12(2)12,
12(3)16,
13(4)38,
13(4)39,
13(4)41,
14(1)5,
14(3)23,
15(2)6,
15(3)12,
15(3)13,
16(2)5,
16(2)6,
16(3)11,
16(3)12,
16(4)14,
17(4)13,
17(4)15,
18(1)2,
18(4)12,
18(4)13
- several,
1(1)93,
2(1)65,
2(2)138,
2(3)230,
2(3)295,
10(1)2,
10(1)4,
10(2)6,
10(2)7,
10(3)12,
10(4)6,
11(1)4,
11(2)4,
11(4)17,
12(2)8,
12(4)20,
13(3)27,
13(4)30,
13(4)39,
13(4)41,
14(3)27,
14(4)29,
14(4)31,
15(2)6,
15(2)10,
16(3)12,
17(1)4,
17(3)9,
17(3)10
- shed,
16(3)10
- significantly,
1(1)93,
9(2)181,
9(4)461,
11(2)3,
12(3)17,
13(4)29,
14(1)7,
15(1)4,
15(2)9,
15(2)10,
15(3)11,
16(3)9,
17(1)1
- simple,
2(3)230,
5(3)203,
9(2)181,
10(1)4,
10(3)11,
12(2)9,
12(2)13,
12(3)18,
12(4)21,
12(4)22,
13(3)26,
13(4)33,
14(3)27,
15(2)9,
15(4)17,
17(1)2
- solution,
9(2)162,
10(4)1,
11(1)2,
11(1)4,
11(4)20,
12(1)3,
12(1)6,
12(3)16,
12(3)18,
12(4)21,
13(3)22,
13(3)25,
13(3)27,
13(3)28,
15(2)7,
16(2)6,
16(3)11,
17(1)4,
17(3)9,
17(3)10,
17(3)11,
18(1)3
- sometimes,
12(3)17
- strength,
2(3)269,
2(4)416,
10(2)5,
10(4)6,
11(1)2,
11(4)22,
17(2)7,
18(4)13
- strength, password-,
18(4)13
- strong,
2(3)230,
2(4)390,
3(3)161,
10(3)11,
11(3)13,
12(4)21,
13(1)7,
13(4)39,
15(1)3,
15(1)4,
16(2)6,
16(3)12,
18(4)13
- stronger,
12(2)8,
18(4)13
- study,
2(3)230,
2(4)416,
7(2)206,
10(2)5,
10(4)5,
11(1)3,
11(2)3,
11(4)23,
12(1)6,
12(3)14,
12(4)20,
13(4)40,
14(1)7,
14(2)18,
14(2)19,
15(1)5,
15(2)7,
15(2)8,
15(2)10,
15(3)13,
17(1)1,
17(2)7,
17(3)12,
17(4)14,
18(1)2,
18(1)4,
18(2)5,
18(2)7,
18(3)9,
18(4)13
- thus,
2(2)138,
10(3)12,
10(4)5,
13(3)20,
14(1)12,
14(3)26,
14(3)27,
15(1)4,
16(2)7,
17(3)10,
17(3)11,
18(4)13
- tool,
1(1)66,
2(3)332,
2(4)390,
7(2)274,
9(2)181,
10(4)2,
12(2)10,
13(3)24,
13(3)26,
13(4)30,
13(4)40,
14(1)6,
15(1)3,
15(4)18,
16(1)4,
16(2)7,
17(2)7,
18(1)4
- type,
10(1)2,
10(1)3,
10(3)11,
10(4)5,
11(2)1,
11(3)14,
12(1)1,
12(3)15,
13(3)21,
13(3)25,
13(4)32,
15(2)7,
15(2)10,
16(1)4,
18(3)9
- ubiquitous,
10(4)4,
12(3)15,
12(4)21
- use,
2(1)3,
2(1)105,
2(2)138,
2(2)177,
2(3)230,
2(3)269,
2(3)332,
2(4)354,
2(4)390,
4(2)103,
7(1)21,
9(4)391,
9(4)421,
9(4)461,
10(1)4,
10(2)5,
10(3)11,
10(4)1,
10(4)3,
10(4)5,
10(4)6,
11(1)2,
11(1)3,
11(1)4,
11(2)1,
11(2)4,
11(3)13,
11(3)14,
11(4)18,
11(4)19,
11(4)21,
11(4)22,
12(2)10,
12(3)16,
12(3)18,
13(3)22,
13(3)24,
13(3)25,
13(4)29,
13(4)31,
13(4)36,
14(1)6,
14(1)8,
14(1)10,
14(1)11,
14(4)31,
14(4)32,
15(1)3,
15(1)4,
15(1)5,
15(2)7,
15(3)12,
15(4)15,
15(4)16,
15(4)17,
16(2)8,
16(4)15,
16(4)17,
17(2)5,
17(2)6,
17(2)7,
17(2)8,
17(4)15,
17(4)16,
18(2)6,
18(3)9,
18(4)14
- value,
10(3)10,
10(4)1,
10(4)4,
11(2)5,
11(4)18,
12(1)6,
12(2)10,
13(1)10,
14(1)9,
14(1)14,
15(1)4,
15(2)9,
15(4)17,
16(1)1,
17(3)10,
18(2)5,
18(3)10
- various,
10(1)3,
10(3)11,
10(4)2,
11(1)3,
11(2)3,
11(2)6,
11(3)14,
11(3)15,
12(1)4,
13(4)35,
14(1)13,
14(4)28,
18(2)5
- vendor,
2(4)354
- weak,
1(1)3,
2(3)230,
2(4)390,
10(4)5,
15(4)16,
16(4)17,
17(2)7
- web,
1(1)66,
2(1)34,
2(4)390,
4(1)37,
10(2)8,
10(3)12,
11(1)4,
11(2)3,
11(3)15,
12(2)12,
12(3)17,
13(4)39,
14(2)21,
14(3)26,
16(4)13,
16(4)14,
16(4)16
- while,
2(3)230,
2(4)354,
9(4)391,
9(4)421,
9(4)461,
10(2)5,
10(4)2,
11(1)4,
11(2)2,
11(2)6,
11(4)18,
11(4)19,
11(4)22,
12(2)9,
12(3)16,
13(1)5,
13(3)22,
13(3)25,
13(4)39,
13(4)41,
14(3)25,
14(3)26,
14(4)31,
15(3)12,
15(4)15,
15(4)17,
16(3)9,
16(3)12,
16(4)16,
17(1)4,
17(3)9,
17(4)15,
18(2)7