Entry Dorrendorf:2009:CRN from tissec.bib
Last update: Sun Oct 15 02:58:48 MDT 2017
Top |
Symbols |
Numbers |
Math |
A |
B |
C |
D |
E |
F |
G |
H |
I |
J |
K |
L |
M |
N |
O |
P |
Q |
R |
S |
T |
U |
V |
W |
X |
Y |
Z
BibTeX entry
@Article{Dorrendorf:2009:CRN,
author = "Leo Dorrendorf and Zvi Gutterman and Benny Pinkas",
title = "Cryptanalysis of the random number generator of the
{Windows} operating system",
journal = j-TISSEC,
volume = "13",
number = "1",
pages = "10:1--10:32",
month = oct,
year = "2009",
CODEN = "ATISBQ",
DOI = "https://doi.org/10.1145/1609956.1609966",
ISSN = "1094-9224 (print), 1557-7406 (electronic)",
ISSN-L = "1094-9224",
bibdate = "Tue Mar 16 10:18:12 MDT 2010",
bibsource = "http://portal.acm.org/;
http://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/tissec.bib",
abstract = "The PseudoRandom Number Generator (PRNG) used by the
Windows operating system is the most commonly used
PRNG. The pseudorandomness of the output of this
generator is crucial for the security of almost any
application running in Windows. Nevertheless, its exact
algorithm was never published.\par
We examined the binary code of a distribution of
Windows 2000. This investigation was done without any
help from Microsoft.We reconstructed the algorithm used
by the pseudorandom number generator (namely, the
function CryptGenRandom). We analyzed the security of
the algorithm and found a nontrivial attack: Given the
internal state of the generator, the previous state can
be computed in 223 steps. This attack on forward
security demonstrates that the design of the generator
is flawed, since it is well known how to prevent such
attacks. After our analysis was published, Microsoft
acknowledged that Windows XP is vulnerable to the same
attack.\par
We also analyzed the way in which the generator is used
by the operating system and found that it amplifies the
effect of the attack: The generator is run in user mode
rather than in kernel mode; therefore, it is easy to
access its state even without administrator privileges.
The initial values of part of the state of the
generator are not set explicitly, but rather are
defined by whatever values are present on the stack
when the generator is called. Furthermore, each process
runs a different copy of the generator, and the state
of the generator is refreshed with system-generated
entropy only after generating 128KB of output for the
process running it. The result of combining this
observation with our attack is that learning a single
state may reveal 128KB of the past and future output of
the generator.\par
The implication of these findings is that a buffer
overflow attack or a similar attack can be used to
learn a single state of the generator, which can then
be used to predict all random values, such as SSL keys,
used by a process in all its past and future
operations. This attack is more severe and more
efficient than known attacks in which an attack",
acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
articleno = "10",
fjournal = "ACM Transactions on Information and System Security",
journal-URL = "http://portal.acm.org/browse_dl.cfm?idx=J789",
}
Related entries
- administrator,
2(1)34,
2(2)177,
11(2)2,
11(3)16,
14(1)2
- algorithm,
1(1)26,
2(1)3,
2(1)65,
2(1)105,
2(3)295,
9(2)162,
9(4)391,
9(4)421,
10(1)4,
10(4)3,
11(1)4,
11(3)12,
12(2)8,
12(3)17,
12(4)20,
13(3)20,
13(3)22,
13(3)24,
13(3)26,
13(3)27,
13(3)28,
13(4)36,
13(4)41,
14(1)3,
14(1)13,
14(3)25,
15(3)11,
15(4)15,
15(4)17,
16(1)4,
17(3)11,
17(4)13,
18(1)1,
18(1)4,
18(4)14
- all,
1(1)93,
2(2)159,
2(3)332,
2(4)416,
10(1)4,
10(2)5,
10(4)2,
10(4)4,
11(2)1,
11(2)3,
11(2)4,
11(2)5,
11(2)6,
11(3)13,
11(4)18,
11(4)20,
11(4)22,
12(2)10,
12(3)18,
13(3)25,
13(3)28,
13(4)38,
13(4)41,
14(1)6,
14(1)14,
14(3)27,
15(1)4,
15(2)9,
15(3)14,
15(4)16,
15(4)17,
16(1)4,
17(1)2,
17(3)9,
17(3)11,
18(1)2,
18(2)5
- almost,
9(4)461,
11(4)21,
12(2)11,
14(1)14
- analysis,
1(1)66,
2(1)34,
2(2)138,
2(3)230,
2(3)332,
4(1)1,
6(4)443,
7(2)175,
7(4)489,
8(3)312,
9(3)292,
9(4)391,
10(1)2,
10(3)9,
10(3)10,
10(3)11,
10(4)2,
10(4)6,
11(2)3,
11(3)13,
11(3)15,
11(4)17,
11(4)18,
11(4)23,
12(1)4,
12(2)10,
12(3)16,
13(3)25,
13(3)26,
13(3)27,
13(4)41,
14(1)6,
14(1)8,
14(1)13,
14(2)15,
14(4)28,
15(3)14,
15(4)17,
15(4)18,
16(1)2,
16(1)4,
16(2)8,
16(3)10,
16(3)11,
16(4)14,
16(4)17,
17(1)1,
17(1)4,
17(2)7,
17(3)9,
17(4)14,
18(1)1,
18(1)4,
18(2)6
- analyzed,
11(2)3,
14(4)28,
16(3)10
- any,
1(1)66,
1(1)93,
2(4)390,
9(4)461,
10(3)10,
10(3)12,
10(4)1,
10(4)4,
11(2)4,
11(2)6,
11(3)13,
11(3)16,
11(4)20,
12(1)3,
12(1)5,
12(1)6,
12(2)8,
12(2)9,
12(2)10,
12(3)14,
12(3)18,
12(3)19,
12(4)20,
13(3)28,
13(4)33,
13(4)39,
14(1)6,
14(1)8,
14(1)9,
14(4)32,
15(1)2,
15(2)9,
15(2)10,
15(4)17,
16(2)6,
16(2)7,
16(3)12,
16(4)13,
16(4)15,
17(2)8,
17(3)9,
17(3)11,
18(1)1
- application,
1(1)66,
2(2)159,
2(2)177,
2(4)354,
4(2)103,
7(1)1,
7(1)97,
8(3)287,
9(1)1,
9(1)94,
10(1)2,
10(2)6,
10(4)3,
11(1)2,
11(1)3,
11(3)14,
11(3)16,
11(4)22,
12(1)2,
12(1)3,
12(2)11,
12(3)14,
12(4)21,
13(1)4,
13(2)17,
13(3)22,
13(3)26,
13(4)38,
13(4)39,
14(1)2,
14(1)3,
14(1)6,
14(1)8,
14(1)9,
14(2)19,
14(3)27,
15(1)2,
15(1)4,
16(1)1,
16(1)2,
16(2)6,
16(3)9,
16(4)13,
16(4)17,
17(2)5,
17(4)13,
18(3)10,
18(4)12
- binary,
12(2)11,
14(1)6,
15(1)4,
18(1)4
- buffer,
12(3)16
- called,
1(1)3,
1(1)66,
2(1)105,
2(2)177,
2(3)269,
10(1)4,
11(1)3,
11(3)14,
12(3)15,
13(3)26,
13(3)27,
14(1)13,
14(4)28,
15(1)2,
15(2)9,
15(4)18,
16(2)6,
17(1)2,
17(3)10,
17(4)16,
18(1)3
- code,
5(3)238,
6(2)258,
11(4)23,
12(2)10,
12(2)11,
12(3)14,
12(3)19,
13(2)17,
13(3)21,
15(1)2,
15(1)3,
15(2)10,
16(1)1,
16(2)6,
16(2)7,
16(3)9,
18(4)12
- combining,
1(1)93,
13(3)22,
14(3)24,
15(1)5
- commonly,
11(3)14,
11(3)16,
13(3)21,
16(2)7,
18(4)13
- computed,
10(3)10,
12(1)6,
16(3)11
- crucial,
9(2)162,
11(3)13,
16(3)10,
18(1)2
- cryptanalysis,
2(4)416,
11(4)17
- defined,
2(1)105,
12(1)1,
13(3)20,
13(3)26,
14(3)25,
15(2)6,
16(1)4,
16(2)5,
17(1)3
- demonstrate,
2(3)295,
10(1)4,
10(4)1,
10(4)4,
10(4)6,
11(1)3,
11(3)16,
11(4)22,
12(1)4,
12(3)19,
13(4)30,
13(4)31,
13(4)38,
14(3)27,
15(1)2,
15(1)4,
15(2)7,
15(3)12,
15(3)13,
15(4)16,
16(3)9,
16(3)10,
17(2)8,
17(3)10,
17(3)12,
17(4)16,
18(2)8,
18(4)12,
18(4)14
- design,
1(1)66,
2(1)34,
2(1)105,
2(2)138,
2(3)269,
2(4)390,
2(4)416,
10(2)7,
10(3)11,
10(4)1,
11(1)2,
11(2)1,
11(4)18,
11(4)23,
12(1)3,
12(2)8,
12(2)11,
12(3)17,
12(4)20,
12(4)22,
13(4)29,
13(4)32,
14(1)8,
14(3)24,
15(3)13,
16(2)5,
16(2)6,
16(2)8,
16(4)16,
17(1)4,
17(2)7,
17(2)8,
17(4)13,
18(1)1,
18(1)3,
18(4)12
- different,
1(1)26,
1(1)93,
2(1)105,
2(2)138,
2(3)269,
10(1)2,
10(1)4,
10(4)4,
12(1)3,
12(3)14,
13(3)27,
13(3)28,
14(1)4,
14(4)28,
15(1)2,
15(2)7,
15(2)10,
16(1)3,
16(2)7,
16(3)9,
16(4)15,
17(2)7,
17(4)14,
18(1)1,
18(3)11
- distribution,
11(1)3,
11(4)19,
14(1)13,
15(3)14
- done,
16(3)10,
17(1)3,
17(3)12
- each,
2(1)65,
2(2)138,
2(4)390,
9(4)421,
9(4)461,
10(1)4,
10(2)8,
10(3)10,
10(3)12,
11(3)14,
11(4)18,
11(4)23,
12(1)6,
12(2)8,
12(2)10,
12(3)18,
12(4)20,
13(4)29,
13(4)34,
14(3)25,
14(3)26,
14(3)27,
14(4)32,
15(1)2,
15(2)6,
16(4)14,
16(4)17,
17(2)8,
17(3)10,
17(3)12,
17(4)13,
18(1)4
- easy,
2(3)269,
10(4)5,
14(3)27,
15(2)6,
18(1)3
- effect,
10(4)1,
11(2)3,
12(3)17,
13(3)20,
14(1)10,
15(3)12,
17(1)1
- efficient,
1(1)26,
3(2)63,
6(2)258,
6(3)365,
7(1)21,
9(4)391,
9(4)461,
10(1)3,
10(2)5,
10(2)6,
10(4)2,
11(1)3,
11(2)4,
11(2)6,
11(3)15,
11(4)19,
12(1)1,
12(3)15,
12(3)18,
12(4)21,
13(1)9,
13(3)24,
13(3)27,
13(4)31,
13(4)32,
13(4)34,
13(4)38,
14(1)5,
14(1)14,
15(1)4,
15(2)6,
15(2)9,
15(4)16,
16(1)2,
16(1)4,
17(3)10,
17(4)15,
18(3)11
- even,
1(1)66,
2(3)332,
2(4)416,
10(1)2,
11(1)4,
11(2)6,
11(4)22,
12(2)11,
12(4)20,
13(4)30,
13(4)35,
13(4)41,
14(3)25,
14(3)27,
15(1)5,
16(3)12,
17(3)11,
17(3)12,
18(1)1
- exact,
11(4)17,
14(1)14,
17(3)10
- examined,
18(2)6
- explicitly,
16(4)16,
17(1)2
- finding,
12(2)10,
13(3)20,
15(2)7,
15(4)15,
16(1)4,
17(4)14,
18(1)1,
18(4)13
- forward,
11(3)15,
13(4)29,
14(1)11,
15(2)9,
17(2)7,
18(3)10
- found,
10(3)9,
11(2)3,
15(4)18,
17(4)13,
18(1)1
- function,
2(3)230,
2(4)390,
9(2)181,
10(2)7,
10(4)3,
11(4)18,
11(4)22,
12(1)1,
12(3)18,
13(4)33,
16(2)6,
17(4)14,
18(1)1
- furthermore,
2(3)295,
2(4)390,
10(4)2,
12(1)6,
12(4)20,
13(3)26,
13(3)28,
13(4)32,
13(4)40,
14(1)4,
15(2)6,
16(1)3,
17(2)7,
17(4)16
- future,
14(4)29,
17(3)10
- generating,
12(2)10,
12(2)11,
18(3)9
- generator,
12(2)11,
14(1)11,
14(1)13
- given,
1(1)3,
1(1)93,
2(1)3,
2(1)105,
10(1)2,
10(2)5,
10(4)1,
11(2)3,
11(4)19,
11(4)20,
12(1)2,
12(1)5,
12(1)6,
12(3)14,
12(4)20,
13(3)26,
14(3)26,
15(2)10,
15(3)12,
15(4)15,
16(1)3,
16(1)4,
17(3)12
- help,
10(4)1,
12(1)2,
12(1)4,
13(4)40,
15(2)6,
18(1)1
- how,
2(1)3,
2(2)138,
2(3)269,
7(2)319,
10(2)5,
10(2)8,
10(4)1,
10(4)2,
10(4)5,
11(3)13,
11(4)18,
12(1)2,
12(2)9,
12(2)12,
12(3)18,
12(3)19,
13(2)13,
13(3)25,
13(4)31,
13(4)36,
14(1)2,
14(3)26,
15(1)5,
15(3)14,
15(4)15,
16(1)3,
16(2)5,
16(2)8,
17(1)1,
17(1)2,
17(1)3,
17(4)15,
18(1)1,
18(1)3,
18(2)6,
18(3)9,
18(4)14
- implication,
10(2)5,
13(3)27,
13(4)35,
15(2)7
- internal,
10(4)6,
12(3)15
- investigation,
13(2)15,
13(4)41,
15(2)7,
15(3)12,
17(3)12
- it,
1(1)26,
10(3)10,
11(3)12,
14(1)12,
16(2)5
- kernel,
12(3)14,
15(4)16,
16(2)6,
16(2)7
- known,
10(3)11,
10(4)1,
10(4)3,
11(2)1,
11(2)3,
11(2)4,
11(4)20,
13(3)27,
13(4)33,
14(1)7,
14(3)27,
17(1)2,
17(2)7,
18(1)1
- learn,
1(1)66,
10(3)10,
15(4)15
- learning,
2(3)295,
12(3)16,
14(1)10,
14(2)21,
14(4)29
- may,
2(2)138,
2(2)177,
9(4)391,
10(3)12,
10(4)2,
11(2)2,
11(2)5,
11(3)12,
11(4)18,
11(4)21,
12(1)5,
12(2)8,
12(3)15,
12(3)16,
13(3)22,
13(3)25,
13(4)35,
13(4)38,
13(4)40,
15(2)10,
16(1)4,
17(1)2,
17(1)4,
18(1)1,
18(2)5
- Microsoft,
15(1)2,
16(2)7,
17(4)14
- mode,
2(3)269,
6(3)365,
11(1)3
- more,
2(1)3,
2(1)65,
2(3)332,
9(2)181,
9(4)391,
9(4)421,
9(4)461,
10(1)4,
10(3)9,
10(4)1,
10(4)4,
10(4)6,
11(2)3,
11(2)4,
11(2)6,
11(3)14,
11(4)21,
12(1)1,
12(2)8,
12(2)10,
12(2)12,
12(2)13,
12(3)18,
13(3)20,
13(3)21,
13(3)22,
13(3)28,
13(4)32,
13(4)34,
13(4)39,
14(3)27,
14(4)31,
15(1)2,
15(1)5,
15(2)8,
15(2)9,
15(3)11,
15(3)12,
15(4)16,
16(1)2,
16(2)8,
16(3)10,
16(3)11,
16(4)17,
17(1)2,
17(1)3,
17(3)9,
17(4)14,
17(4)16,
18(1)1,
18(3)11,
18(4)13
- most,
2(3)332,
9(4)391,
11(2)2,
11(3)12,
11(4)22,
12(2)8,
12(2)12,
12(3)14,
12(4)21,
13(3)27,
13(4)30,
14(3)27,
15(1)5,
15(2)6,
15(4)15,
15(4)18,
16(1)4,
16(2)6,
16(4)13,
16(4)14,
17(3)11,
17(3)12,
17(4)16,
18(1)1
- namely,
12(2)13,
13(3)26,
17(3)12,
18(1)4,
18(2)5
- never,
10(4)6,
11(4)17,
14(3)27
- Nevertheless,
11(4)20
- nontrivial,
12(4)20,
14(1)10,
17(1)4
- not,
1(1)26,
2(1)65,
2(2)177,
2(3)230,
2(3)269,
2(4)390,
9(4)421,
10(1)3,
10(4)2,
11(1)3,
11(1)4,
11(2)2,
11(2)4,
11(2)5,
11(3)12,
11(3)13,
11(3)15,
11(3)16,
11(4)19,
11(4)20,
11(4)22,
12(1)1,
12(1)2,
12(1)3,
12(1)6,
12(2)10,
12(2)11,
12(2)13,
12(3)14,
12(4)22,
13(3)28,
13(4)33,
13(4)35,
13(4)36,
13(4)37,
13(4)39,
13(4)40,
14(3)23,
14(3)27,
14(4)28,
14(4)29,
14(4)31,
15(2)6,
15(2)9,
15(2)10,
15(3)12,
15(3)13,
16(1)1,
16(2)5,
16(2)6,
16(3)9,
16(3)12,
16(4)13,
16(4)15,
16(4)16,
17(1)2,
17(3)10,
17(4)15,
18(1)1,
18(3)9,
18(4)13
- number,
7(2)319,
9(2)181,
10(1)4,
10(2)5,
10(3)11,
10(3)12,
10(4)5,
11(1)2,
11(2)5,
11(3)12,
11(3)14,
11(3)15,
12(1)1,
12(1)2,
12(1)5,
12(1)6,
12(2)8,
12(2)9,
12(2)13,
12(3)16,
12(3)18,
12(4)21,
13(3)20,
13(3)22,
13(3)25,
13(4)32,
13(4)34,
14(1)11,
14(3)26,
14(4)31,
15(1)4,
15(2)7,
15(2)8,
15(4)15,
16(1)4,
16(2)7,
16(4)14,
16(4)16,
17(3)10,
17(4)16,
18(2)8
- observation,
2(1)34,
2(3)295,
11(2)4,
12(1)4,
18(1)4
- only,
2(3)230,
2(3)295,
10(4)3,
11(1)3,
11(2)4,
11(3)13,
11(4)20,
12(1)2,
12(1)3,
12(2)13,
12(3)19,
12(4)21,
13(3)25,
13(3)28,
13(4)35,
13(4)37,
13(4)39,
14(1)5,
14(1)11,
14(3)26,
14(4)31,
15(2)9,
15(4)16,
15(4)18,
16(1)3,
16(2)6,
16(2)7,
16(3)9,
16(3)10,
16(4)13,
17(3)9,
17(4)15,
18(2)5,
18(2)8
- operating,
2(2)138,
2(2)177,
2(3)295,
2(4)354,
4(1)72,
5(1)36,
11(4)20,
12(3)14,
13(4)30,
14(1)6,
14(1)8,
14(3)24,
15(4)16,
17(4)14,
18(2)5,
18(3)11
- operation,
1(1)93,
2(4)416,
6(3)365,
9(4)421,
10(3)11,
11(4)20,
11(4)23,
12(2)10,
12(3)14,
12(3)18,
13(1)9,
14(1)13,
14(4)31,
16(3)12,
16(4)14,
18(1)2
- output,
10(4)3,
14(1)7,
14(3)26,
14(4)30,
16(2)6,
17(3)12
- part,
2(3)332,
10(3)9,
10(4)4,
11(2)2,
11(4)20,
12(1)1,
15(2)8,
15(2)9,
16(4)15,
17(2)6,
17(4)16
- past,
10(3)10,
13(4)37
- predict,
10(4)5,
14(1)2
- present,
1(1)26,
2(1)3,
2(1)65,
2(2)177,
2(3)230,
2(3)269,
2(3)295,
2(4)354,
7(2)319,
9(2)181,
9(4)461,
10(1)2,
10(2)7,
10(3)10,
10(3)11,
10(3)12,
10(4)2,
10(4)3,
11(1)2,
11(1)4,
11(2)2,
11(2)5,
11(3)14,
11(4)22,
12(1)2,
12(1)4,
12(2)10,
12(2)11,
12(3)14,
12(3)15,
12(3)16,
12(3)17,
12(4)22,
13(3)20,
13(3)22,
13(3)25,
13(3)28,
13(4)29,
13(4)41,
14(1)4,
14(1)5,
14(1)6,
15(1)2,
15(2)6,
15(2)8,
15(2)10,
15(3)12,
15(3)13,
15(4)16,
15(4)18,
16(2)6,
16(2)7,
16(4)13,
16(4)14,
17(1)4,
17(2)6,
17(2)7,
17(2)8,
17(3)9,
17(3)12,
17(4)14,
17(4)15,
17(4)16,
18(1)3,
18(1)4,
18(2)7,
18(3)9,
18(3)10,
18(3)11,
18(4)12,
18(4)14
- prevent,
2(4)354,
13(4)37,
14(1)11,
14(3)27,
15(1)2,
15(2)10,
16(1)1,
16(1)3
- previous,
1(1)3,
1(1)93,
2(2)138,
11(2)3,
11(4)20,
12(3)16,
12(3)18,
13(3)25,
14(1)3,
14(1)4,
15(2)9,
15(2)10,
16(2)5,
16(4)13,
16(4)15,
16(4)17,
17(3)12
- privileges,
2(1)3,
9(4)391,
10(2)7,
12(3)18
- PRNG,
14(1)11
- process,
1(1)26,
2(1)65,
9(4)421,
10(3)9,
10(4)4,
11(1)2,
11(1)4,
11(4)18,
11(4)20,
12(2)11,
12(3)14,
13(3)25,
13(4)36,
15(3)13,
16(2)5,
16(2)7,
17(2)6,
17(4)14,
18(1)3
- pseudorandom,
12(3)18,
14(1)11
- published,
16(4)14
- random,
10(4)3,
11(2)3,
11(2)4,
11(3)13,
11(3)15,
12(1)2,
12(3)18,
14(1)12,
15(2)9,
15(3)12
- rather,
2(1)65,
2(3)332,
9(4)461,
10(2)8,
12(3)16,
13(4)31,
15(4)15,
18(4)13
- reconstructed,
9(4)461
- result,
1(1)3,
1(1)26,
2(3)230,
2(4)390,
9(2)162,
10(1)3,
10(1)4,
10(2)5,
10(2)6,
10(3)9,
10(3)11,
10(4)2,
10(4)5,
11(2)3,
11(2)5,
11(3)13,
11(3)15,
11(4)18,
11(4)20,
11(4)21,
11(4)22,
12(1)4,
12(2)9,
12(3)14,
12(3)17,
13(3)22,
13(3)24,
13(3)25,
13(4)33,
13(4)35,
14(1)2,
14(1)14,
14(2)19,
15(1)5,
15(2)7,
15(2)8,
15(3)12,
15(3)13,
15(3)14,
15(4)15,
16(1)2,
16(1)3,
16(2)5,
16(2)6,
16(2)7,
16(3)10,
16(3)11,
16(4)14,
16(4)17,
17(2)7,
17(3)9,
17(3)10,
17(3)12,
17(4)14,
18(1)4,
18(2)5,
18(2)6,
18(3)9,
18(3)11,
18(4)12,
18(4)13
- reveal,
12(1)6,
12(2)13,
13(4)30,
15(4)17,
17(1)1
- run,
2(2)177,
12(2)10,
12(2)11,
12(3)14,
12(3)19,
14(1)8,
14(4)31,
18(1)1
- running,
10(4)4,
11(4)20,
12(2)10,
12(3)14,
15(2)6,
15(4)16,
16(2)5,
16(4)13
- same,
2(2)177,
2(3)269,
2(4)390,
10(1)3,
10(1)4,
11(2)3,
12(2)10,
12(3)18,
12(4)21,
13(3)25,
13(4)31,
15(1)3,
15(2)7,
15(2)10,
15(4)16,
17(3)10,
17(4)15,
18(1)1
- set,
2(1)34,
2(2)138,
2(4)390,
8(1)3,
9(4)421,
10(2)5,
10(3)12,
10(4)2,
10(4)3,
10(4)5,
11(2)1,
11(2)3,
11(3)13,
11(4)18,
11(4)21,
12(2)11,
12(3)18,
12(3)19,
12(4)20,
12(4)21,
13(1)9,
13(3)27,
13(4)40,
14(1)12,
14(3)25,
14(4)31,
15(1)2,
15(2)7,
15(2)10,
15(3)13,
15(4)15,
16(1)4,
17(1)2,
17(2)8,
17(3)11,
17(4)13,
17(4)14,
18(1)4,
18(3)10,
18(3)11
- severe,
11(3)14,
14(1)2,
14(1)7
- similar,
9(4)391,
10(4)1,
11(4)18,
16(1)1,
17(1)1,
17(1)2
- since,
2(2)177,
11(4)17,
12(2)11,
13(3)22,
13(4)35,
13(4)37,
13(4)39,
15(2)6,
15(2)10,
17(2)6
- single,
2(2)177,
2(4)354,
10(1)4,
10(3)11,
10(4)1,
10(4)2,
11(1)4,
11(2)5,
12(3)18,
14(1)3,
15(1)4,
17(3)10,
17(4)16
- SSL,
2(3)332,
12(3)17
- stack,
16(1)1
- state,
1(1)93,
2(2)177,
10(2)5,
12(1)4,
12(1)5,
12(2)8,
12(4)20,
13(3)20,
14(1)6,
14(1)10,
14(1)13,
14(4)32,
16(1)3,
17(2)7,
18(1)3,
18(1)4
- step,
10(1)2,
10(1)4,
12(3)18,
12(3)19,
12(4)22,
13(4)40,
14(3)26,
14(3)27,
15(4)18,
16(1)4,
16(3)10
- than,
2(1)3,
2(1)65,
2(3)332,
9(4)391,
9(4)461,
10(1)4,
11(2)3,
11(2)6,
11(3)14,
12(1)1,
12(2)10,
12(3)16,
12(4)22,
13(3)21,
13(4)29,
13(4)31,
13(4)35,
14(3)27,
14(4)31,
15(1)5,
15(2)9,
15(2)10,
15(4)15,
15(4)16,
16(2)8,
16(4)17,
17(1)2,
17(3)9,
17(3)10,
17(3)12,
17(4)14,
17(4)16,
18(4)13
- then,
1(1)3,
2(1)3,
2(1)65,
2(2)138,
9(4)461,
10(1)2,
10(1)4,
11(2)4,
11(4)18,
12(2)8,
12(2)13,
12(3)18,
12(4)22,
13(3)22,
13(3)25,
13(4)32,
14(4)30,
14(4)31,
14(4)32,
15(1)4,
15(2)6,
15(3)13,
15(4)18,
16(2)5,
16(2)8,
17(3)9,
17(4)15,
18(1)3,
18(1)4,
18(4)12
- therefore,
2(2)177,
10(4)4,
11(4)19,
12(2)11,
13(3)28,
14(3)24,
15(1)5,
15(4)16,
17(1)3
- used,
1(1)3,
2(1)65,
2(4)416,
7(2)319,
9(2)181,
10(1)2,
10(2)5,
10(2)7,
10(2)8,
10(4)2,
11(1)2,
11(1)3,
11(2)3,
11(3)14,
11(3)15,
11(3)16,
11(4)21,
11(4)22,
12(2)8,
12(3)15,
13(3)22,
13(3)25,
13(4)29,
13(4)34,
14(1)3,
14(1)12,
14(1)13,
14(3)27,
15(1)3,
15(1)5,
15(3)12,
15(4)17,
15(4)18,
16(2)7,
16(2)8,
16(3)10,
17(1)1,
17(2)7,
17(3)9,
17(4)13,
18(1)3,
18(2)5,
18(2)6,
18(3)9,
18(4)13,
18(4)14
- value,
10(3)10,
10(4)1,
10(4)4,
11(2)5,
11(4)18,
12(1)6,
12(2)10,
14(1)9,
14(1)14,
15(1)4,
15(2)9,
15(4)17,
16(1)1,
17(3)10,
18(1)1,
18(2)5,
18(3)10
- vulnerable,
10(3)11,
10(4)5,
10(4)6,
11(3)15,
11(4)22,
12(2)11,
13(3)25,
14(3)24,
14(3)27,
15(4)16,
16(4)13,
17(1)4
- was,
2(1)105,
11(1)2,
12(3)16,
14(1)8,
16(3)10,
16(3)11,
16(4)16,
17(1)1,
18(1)3,
18(4)13
- way,
2(1)3,
2(1)65,
2(3)230,
2(3)269,
2(4)416,
9(4)461,
10(4)3,
10(4)4,
11(1)2,
11(3)13,
12(1)5,
12(2)8,
12(2)11,
12(3)14,
13(3)22,
13(3)28,
13(4)34,
15(2)10,
15(4)15,
16(3)10,
16(3)11,
16(4)17,
17(2)6
- well,
1(1)93,
10(1)2,
10(2)8,
10(3)11,
10(3)12,
11(1)3,
11(1)4,
11(2)5,
11(3)15,
12(1)1,
12(1)3,
12(1)5,
12(2)10,
13(3)26,
14(1)3,
14(1)5,
14(1)14,
14(3)23,
15(3)12,
15(4)15,
15(4)16,
15(4)18,
16(2)8,
17(3)9,
17(3)10,
17(3)11,
18(1)3,
18(2)5
- when,
2(3)295,
10(2)7,
10(3)12,
10(4)4,
10(4)6,
11(2)3,
11(2)6,
11(3)15,
11(3)16,
11(4)17,
11(4)18,
12(2)10,
12(2)11,
12(4)20,
12(4)22,
13(3)27,
13(4)32,
13(4)34,
13(4)35,
13(4)37,
15(2)6,
15(2)9,
15(2)10,
15(3)14,
16(1)3,
16(2)8,
17(3)9,
17(4)13,
18(3)9,
18(4)12
- Windows,
5(4)398,
15(4)16,
16(2)7,
17(4)14